Prospective study to determine early hypertrophy of the contra-lateral liver lobe after unilobar, Yttrium-90, selective internal radiation therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Liver resection is a major curative option in patients presenting with hepatocellular carcinoma. An inadequate functional liver remnant is a major limiting factor precluding liver resection. In recent years, hypertrophy of the functional liver remnant after selective internal radiation therapy hypertrophy has been observed, but the degree of hypertrophy in the early postselective internal radiation therapy period has not been well studied. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study on patients undergoing unilobar, Yttrium-90 selective internal radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma to evaluate early hypertrophy at 4-6 weeks and 8-12 weeks after selective internal radiation therapy. RESULTS: In the study, 24 eligible patients were recruited and had serial volumetric measurements performed. The median age was 66 years (38-75 years). All patients were either Child-Pugh Class A or B, and 6/24 patients had documented, clinically relevant portal hypertension; 15 of the 24 patients were hepatitis B positive. At 4-6 weeks, modest hypertrophy was seen (median 3%; range -12 to 42%) and this increased at 8-12 weeks (median 9%; range -12 to 179%). No preprocedural factors predictive of hypertrophy were identified. CONCLUSION: Hypertrophy of the functional liver remnant after selective internal radiation therapy with Yttrium-90 occurred in a subset of patients but was modest and unpredictable in the early stages. Selective internal radiation therapy cannot be recommended as a standard treatment modality to induce early hypertrophy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. (Surgery 2017;160:XXX-XXX.).

Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Tumors in the Left Lateral Liver Section.

BACKGROUND: The laparoscopic approach is increasingly adopted for liver resections today especially for lesions located in the left lateral liver section. This study was conducted to determine the impact of the introduction of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) as a surgical option for suspected small- to medium-sized (<8 cm) tumors located in the left lateral section (LLS). METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 156 consecutive patients who underwent LLR or open liver resection (OLR) of tumors located in the LLS. The study was divided into 2 consecutive periods (period 1, January 2003 through September 2006, and period 2, October 2006 through April 2014); LLR was available as a surgical option only in the latter period. Comparisons made were LLR versus OLR, LLR versus OLR (in period 2 only), and resections performed in period 1 versus period 2. RESULTS: Forty-two patients underwent LLR with 4 conversions. LLR was significantly associated with a longer median operative time [167.5 minutes (range, 60-525) vs 105 minutes (range, 40-235); P < .001], decreased need for the Pringle maneuver [n = 1 (2%) vs 22 (19%); P = .008], and shorter postoperative stay [n = 4 (range, 1-10) days vs 5 days (range, 2-47); P < .001] compared with open resection. Comparison of the 42 patients who underwent LLR with the 64 contemporaneous patients who underwent OLR demonstrated similar outcomes. Again, LLR was associated with a significantly longer operation, decreased need for the Pringle maneuver, and shorter hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: LLR can be safely adopted to treat lesions in the LLS. The procedure is associated with a shorter postoperative stay and a decreased need for the Pringle maneuver, but longer operative time compared with that required for OLR.

Are preoperative blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios useful in predicting malignancy in surgically-treated mucin-producing pancreatic cystic neoplasms?

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine if neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were predictive of malignancy in mucin-producing pancreatic cystic neoplasms (MpPCN). METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients with MpPCN were retrospectively reviewed. Malignant neoplasms were defined as neoplasms harbouring invasive carcinoma or high grade dysplasia. A high NLR and PLR were defined as ≥2.551 and ≥208.1, respectively. RESULTS: High NLR was significantly associated with symptomatic tumors, larger tumors, solid component, main-duct IPMN, and Sendai high risk category. High PLR was significantly associated with jaundice and Sendai high risk category. On univariate analyses, symptomatic tumors, jaundice, solid component, dilated pancreatic duct, and both a high NLR and PLR were significant predictors of malignant and invasive MpPCN. On multivariate analyses, solid component and dilated pancreatic duct were independent predictors of malignant and invasive MpPCN. PLR was an independent predictor for invasive MpPCN. When MpPCN were stratified by the Fukuoka and Sendai Guidelines, both a high NLR and PLR were significantly associated with malignant neoplasms within the high risk categories. CONCLUSIONS: PLR is an independent predictor of invasive carcinoma. The addition of PLR as a criterion to the FCG and SCG significantly improved the predictive value of these guidelines in detecting invasive neoplasms.

Factors associated with and outcomes of open conversion after laparoscopic minor hepatectomy: initial experience at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic liver resection has been increasingly adopted worldwide as a result of the rapid advancement in surgical techniques and equipment. This study aims to determine the factors associated with and outcomes of open conversion after laparoscopic minor hepatectomy (LMH) based on a single center multi-surgeon experience. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of the first 147 consecutive LMH performed between 2006 and April 2014 at a single institution. Data on patient demographics, pathology results, perioperative outcomes, and operative results were collected. Factors associated with open conversion were analyzed via univariate analysis and a P value <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: LMH was performed for malignancy in 114 (77.6%) patients of which hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 82) and colorectal metastases (n = 16) were the most common pathologies. Forty-one (27.9%) patients had cirrhotic livers and 18 (15.7%) had fibrotic livers. Fifty patients (44%) had concomitant surgery in addition to LMH. Twenty (13.6%) procedures required open conversion and the most common reason was for bleeding (n = 12). Twenty-five patients (17%) experienced postoperative complications. Univariate analyses demonstrated that only individual surgeon volume (n ≤ 10 cases) [15 (24.2%) vs 5 (5.9%), P = .001] and institution volume (n ≤ 25 cases) [8 (32%) vs 12 (9.8%), P = .003] were factors associated with open conversion. Open conversion was significantly associated with increased intra-operative blood loss, increased intra-operative blood transfusion, increased postoperative morbidity, and longer postoperative stay. CONCLUSIONS: Individual surgeon and institution volumes were important factors associated with open conversion after LMH. Open conversion after LMH resulted in poorer outcomes compared to procedures that were successfully completed laparoscopically.

Laparoscopic liver resection for posterosuperior and anterolateral lesions-a comparison experience in an Asian centre.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgery has been one of the recent developments in liver surgery, laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) was initially performed for benign lesions at easily accessible locations. As the surgical techniques, technology and experience improved over the past decades, LLR surgery had evolved to tackle malignant lesions, major resections and even in difficult locations without compromising safety and principles of oncology. It was also shown to be beneficial in cirrhotic patients. We describe our initial experience with LLR in a population with significant proportion having cirrhosis, emphasising our approach for lesions in the posterosuperior (PS) segments of the liver (segments 1, 4a, 7, and 8). METHODS: A review of patients undergoing LLR in single institution from 2006 to 2015 was performed from a prospective surgical database. Clinicopathological, operative and perioperative parameters were analyzed to compare outcomes in patients who underwent LLR for PS vs. anterolateral lesions (AL). RESULTS: LLR was performed in consecutive 197 patients, with a mean age of 60 years. The indications for resection were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (n=105; 53%), colorectal cancer liver metastasis (n=31; 16%), other malignancies (n=19; 10%) and benign lesions (n=42; 21%). A significant proportion had liver cirrhosis (25.9%). More females underwent surgery in the AL group and indications for surgery were similar between both groups. Major liver resection was performed more frequently for the PS group than for the AL group (P<0.001) and significantly more PS resections was performed in our latter experience (P=0.02). The mean operative time and the conversion rate were significantly greater in the PS group than in the AL group (P≤0.001 and 0.03, respectively). However, the estimated blood loss (EBL), rate of blood transfusion and mean postoperative stay were similar in the two groups (P=0.04, 0.88 and 0.92, respectively). The overall 90-day morbidity and mortality rate was 21.3% and 0.5% respectively, with no differences between the two groups. Surrogates of difficulty such as operative time, blood loss, conversion and outcomes e.g., morbidity and mortality, were similar in patients who underwent PS resections with or without cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: LLR in selected patients is technically feasible and safe including cirrhotic patients with lesions in the PS segments.

Are the Sendai and Fukuoka consensus guidelines for cystic mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas useful in the initial triage of all suspected pancreatic cystic neoplasms? A single-institution experience with 317 surgically-treated patients.

BACKGROUND: The Sendai Consensus Guidelines (SCG) were formulated in 2006 and updated in Fukuoka in 2012 (FCG) to guide management of cystic mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. This study aims to evaluate the clinical utility of the SCG and FCG in the initial triage of all suspected pancreatic cystic neoplasms. STUDY DESIGN: Overall, 317 surgically-treated patients with a suspected pancreatic cystic neoplasm were classified according to the SCG as high risk (HR(SCG)) and low risk (LR(SCG)), and according to the FCG as high risk (HR(FCG)), worrisome (W(FCG)), and low risk (LR(FCG)). Cystic lesions of the pancreas (CLP) were classified as potentially malignant/malignant or benign according to the final pathology. RESULTS: The presence of symptoms, proximal lesions with obstructive jaundice, elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen/carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CEA/CA 19-9), size ≥3 cm, presence of solid component, main pancreatic duct dilatation, thickened enhancing walls, and change in ductal caliber with distal atrophy were predictive of a potentially malignant/malignant CLP on univariate analyses. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of HR(SCG) and HR(ICG2012) for a potentially malignant/malignant lesion was 67 and 88 %, and 88 and 92.5 %, respectively. There were no malignant lesions in both LR groups but some potentially malignant lesions such as cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with uncertain behavior were classified as LR. CONCLUSION: The updated FCG was superior to the SCG for the initial triage of all suspected pancreatic cystic neoplasms. CLP in the LR(FCG) group can be safely managed conservatively, and those in the HR(FCG) group should undergo resection.

Migraine prevalence by age and sex in the United States: a life-span study.

The present study assessed age- and sex-specific patterns of migraine prevalence in a US population of 40,892 men, women, and children who participated in the 2003 National Health Interview Survey. Gaussian mixture models characterised the relationship between migraine, age, and sex. Migraine prevalence was 8.6% (males), 17.5% (females), and 13.2% (overall) and showed a bimodal distribution in both sexes (peaking in the late teens and 20s and around 50 years of age). Rate of change in migraine prevalence for both sexes increased the fastest from age 3 years to the mid-20s. Beyond the age of 10 years, females had a higher prevalence of migraine than males. The prevalence ratio for females versus males was highest during the female reproductive/child-bearing years, consistent with a relationship between menstruation and migraine. After age 42 years, the prevalence ratio was approximately 2-fold higher in women.

Minimally invasive retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy in the management of infected pancreatitis.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical debridement is the mainstay in the management of infected pancreatic necrosis. Minimally invasive techniques have been shown to minimize surgical insult. We aim to review our recent experience with minimally invasive retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy (MIRP). METHODS: The medical records of consecutive patients between October 2007 and April 2008 who underwent MIRP at our hospital were reviewed. All the patients had a preoperative computed tomography-guided aspiration and positive bacteriologic culture of the peripancreatic collection. RESULTS: Five patients underwent MIRP during the 8-month period. Fourteen procedures were carried out, with a median of 3 (range, 1 to 5) procedures per patient. Only 1 patient required postoperative intensive care monitoring. One patient had a left renal contusion that resolved, and 2 patients developed pancreatic fistula owing to pancreatic duct disruption requiring stenting of the pancreatic duct. There were no mortalities. CONCLUSION: MIRP is a good alternative technique in the management of selected patients with infected peripancreatic necrosis.

Association between migraine, anxiety and depression.

Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between self-reported medical diagnosis of migraine, self-reported depressive symptomology (RDS) and self-reported anxious symptomology (RAS) in the National Health Interview Survey (n = 30 852). Semipartial squared correlations evaluated the population-level variability between RDS, RAS and migraine impairment. Migraine prevalence was 15.2% (overall), 20.5% (women) and 9.4% (men). Migraine risk was higher in participants with RAS [odds ratio (OR) 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.09, 2.52), with RDS (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.93, 2.58), who smoked (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09, 1.30), or who consulted a mental health provider (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.27, 1.65). Although migraine risk was increased in both women (OR 1.93) and men (OR 2.42) with RAS (P < 0.001), men with RAS had a higher migraine risk than did women with RAS (P < 0.001). Only 7% of the variability in migraine impairment (population level) was predicted by variability in RDS and/or RAS.

Expanding the donor pool for liver transplantation in the setting of an "opt-out" scheme: 3 years after new legislation.

INTRODUCTION: The revised Human Organ Transplant Act (HOTA) was implemented in Singapore in July 2004. We aim to evaluate expanding the potential donor pool for liver transplant in Singapore with the inclusion of marginal donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All donor referrals between July 2004 and June 2007 were studied. All potential deceased liver donors were heart-beating. After being reviewed by the transplant coordinator, potential donors were assessed by a transplant hepatologist and a transplant surgeon for suitability of organ donation strictly based on the programme's donor assessment protocol. Reasons for rejection as potential donors were documented. The clinical characteristics of all donor referrals were retrospectively reviewed, and an independent decision was made as to whether liver retrieval in each rejected case might have been possible. RESULTS: Among the 128 potential donor referrals, 20 donors (15.6%) underwent liver retrieval. Of the 20 livers retrieved, 16 were implanted and 4 were not implanted (3 unfit recipients, and 1 donor liver with 40% steatosis). Another 10 donor livers were assessed intraoperatively and were rejected because of varying levels of steatosis. Of these livers assessed, 5 donor livers had steatosis <40% and 5 had steatosis >40%. Of the remaining potential donors, 45 were deemed not possible because of prolonged hypotension (9), on-going or unresolved sepsis (13), high-risk behaviour (4), non-actualisation (8), or pre-existing medical conditions (11). Another 53 donors may potentially have been suitable donors but were rejected because of possible sepsis (13), no suitable recipients (12), transient hypotension (10), transient abnormal liver function test (6), history of alcohol ingestion (5), non-actualisation because of consent (4) and other reasons (3). Overall, it was deemed that 61 donors (47.7%) might potentially have been suitable liver donors. CONCLUSIONS: Despite new legislation (HOTA) in Singapore, the utilisation of cadaveric donor livers showed no increase in the last 3 years. By expanding our donor criteria to include marginal donors, we could potentially increase the availability of deceased donor livers to meet our waiting list demands.

Expanding the donor pool for liver transplantation in the setting of an "opt-out" scheme: 3 years after new legislation

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>The revised Human Organ Transplant Act (HOTA) was implemented in Singapore in July 2004. We aim to evaluate expanding the potential donor pool for liver transplant in Singapore with the inclusion of marginal donors.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>All donor referrals between July 2004 and June 2007 were studied. All potential deceased liver donors were heart-beating. After being reviewed by the transplant coordinator, potential donors were assessed by a transplant hepatologist and a transplant surgeon for suitability of organ donation strictly based on the programme's donor assessment protocol. Reasons for rejection as potential donors were documented. The clinical characteristics of all donor referrals were retrospectively reviewed, and an independent decision was made as to whether liver retrieval in each rejected case might have been possible.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 128 potential donor referrals, 20 donors (15.6%) underwent liver retrieval. Of the 20 livers retrieved, 16 were implanted and 4 were not implanted (3 unfit recipients, and 1 donor liver with 40% steatosis). Another 10 donor livers were assessed intraoperatively and were rejected because of varying levels of steatosis. Of these livers assessed, 5 donor livers had steatosis <40% and 5 had steatosis >40%. Of the remaining potential donors, 45 were deemed not possible because of prolonged hypotension (9), on-going or unresolved sepsis (13), high-risk behaviour (4), non-actualisation (8), or pre-existing medical conditions (11). Another 53 donors may potentially have been suitable donors but were rejected because of possible sepsis (13), no suitable recipients (12), transient hypotension (10), transient abnormal liver function test (6), history of alcohol ingestion (5), non-actualisation because of consent (4) and other reasons (3). Overall, it was deemed that 61 donors (47.7%) might potentially have been suitable liver donors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Despite new legislation (HOTA) in Singapore, the utilisation of cadaveric donor livers showed no increase in the last 3 years. By expanding our donor criteria to include marginal donors, we could potentially increase the availability of deceased donor livers to meet our waiting list demands.</p>

Infected pancreatic necrosis--an evaluation of the timing and technique of necrosectomy in a Southeast Asian population.

INTRODUCTION: Acute pancreatitis appears to be less prevalent in multi-ethnic Southeast Asia, where the aetiology also appears to be influenced by ethnicity. As with acute pancreatitis elsewhere, however, pancreatic necrosis is a cause of significant mortality and the aim of this study was to review our institutional experience with pancreatic necrosectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of all patients who underwent pancreatic necrosectomy from January 2000 to December 2004 were analysed. Indications for surgery were the presence of infected necrosis, unresolving sepsis attributable to ongoing pancreatitis or the presence of gas in the pancreatic bed on imaging. Surgical debridement was achieved by debridement with closure over drains or by debridement with open packing. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 14 of 373 patients admitted for acute pancreatitis (3.8%), with an overall mortality rate of 29%. All patients had infected necrosis with positive bacteriological cultures. Eight patients (57%) underwent debridement with closure over drains and 6 patients (43%) underwent debridement with open packing. All mortalities occurred in patients who underwent open packing, who were also associated with a higher mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score. The mortality rate in patients who underwent debridement less than 4 weeks after admission was 33% (2 of 6), compared with 25% (2 of 8) in patients who underwent debridement after 4 weeks. There were no mortalities in patients operated on after 6 weeks. CONCLUSION: Surgical debridement with closure of drains and a policy of performing delayed necrosectomy are viable in our population.

Renal cell carcinoma of 4 cm or less: an appraisal of its clinical presentation and contemporary surgical management.

OBJECTIVE: Greater availability and utilization of modern radiological imaging modalities have resulted in an increase in the incidental discovery of renal cell carcinoma. Such tumours tend to be smaller than their symptomatic counterparts and may potentially be adequately treated using nephron-sparing surgery. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients who were diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma of 4 cm or less between January 1990 and December 2001 was conducted to review clinical presentation, surgical management and survival. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 102 patients who underwent surgery, of 402 patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma over the study period. Sixty-eight patients (67%) had tumours detected incidentally. Thirty patients (29%) were managed with partial nephrectomy and 72 (71%) with radical nephrectomy. The median tumour size was 3.0 cm (range, 1.5-4.0 cm). Overall, median follow-up was 60 months (range, 1-148 months). Overall 5-year survival for patients who underwent partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy was 96.6% and 85.8%, respectively. Cancer-specific 5-year survival was 100%. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of patients had incidental diagnosis of small renal cell carcinoma. Local control may be achieved with either radical or partial nephrectomy, with excellent survival expected.

Infected pancreatic necrosis--an evaluation of the timing and technique of necrosectomy in a Southeast Asian population

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Acute pancreatitis appears to be less prevalent in multi-ethnic Southeast Asia, where the aetiology also appears to be influenced by ethnicity. As with acute pancreatitis elsewhere, however, pancreatic necrosis is a cause of significant mortality and the aim of this study was to review our institutional experience with pancreatic necrosectomy.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>The records of all patients who underwent pancreatic necrosectomy from January 2000 to December 2004 were analysed. Indications for surgery were the presence of infected necrosis, unresolving sepsis attributable to ongoing pancreatitis or the presence of gas in the pancreatic bed on imaging. Surgical debridement was achieved by debridement with closure over drains or by debridement with open packing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cohort comprised 14 of 373 patients admitted for acute pancreatitis (3.8%), with an overall mortality rate of 29%. All patients had infected necrosis with positive bacteriological cultures. Eight patients (57%) underwent debridement with closure over drains and 6 patients (43%) underwent debridement with open packing. All mortalities occurred in patients who underwent open packing, who were also associated with a higher mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score. The mortality rate in patients who underwent debridement less than 4 weeks after admission was 33% (2 of 6), compared with 25% (2 of 8) in patients who underwent debridement after 4 weeks. There were no mortalities in patients operated on after 6 weeks.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Surgical debridement with closure of drains and a policy of performing delayed necrosectomy are viable in our population.</p>

Mucosal repair of posterior perforation of duodenal diverticulitis using roux loop duodenojejunostomy.

Perforation of duodenal diverticulum is a rare occurrence but has a potentially fatal outcome. It is a difficult surgical problem because of delayed diagnosis and the attendant risk of duodenal fistula following primary repair. We present a case of posterior perforation of duodenal diverticulitis, diagnosed on computed tomography and successfully repaired with a Roux loop duodenojejunostomy. We also discuss the rare pathology, diagnosis and surgical options with special reference to this alternative form of mucosal repair.

Record linkage of healthcare insurance claims.

Limitations of current record linkage techniques include difficulty in handling large and heterogeneous data sets, low sensitivity in deterministic matching, the necessity to provide a priori weights for probabilistic matching, low computational efficiency, and complex software. This paper provides a detailed description of a method developed for purposes of linking records of individuals across time and geography. The procedure for record-linkage consists of three major components: data standardization, weight estimation, and matching. The proposed method was designed to incorporate a combination of exact and probabilistic matching techniques. The procedure was validated using convergent, divergent, and criterion- validity measures. The authors feel that the procedure outlined in this paper is a first step in addressing the current trend toward larger and more complex databases.

Record linkage of health care insurance claims.

OBJECTIVE: This paper provides a detailed description of a method developed for purposes of linking records of individual patients, represented in diverse data sets, across time and geography. DESIGN: The procedure for record linkage has three major components-data standardization, weight estimation, and matching. The proposed method was designed to incorporate a combination of exact and probabilistic matching techniques. MEASUREMENTS: The procedure was validated using convergent, divergent, and criterion validity measures. RESULTS: The output of the process achieved a sensitivity of 92 percent and a specificity that approached 100 percent. CONCLUSIONS: The procedure is a first step in addressing the current trend toward larger and more complex databases.