Resuscitation fluid practices in Brazilian intensive care units: a secondary analysis of Fluid-TRIPS. / Práticas de ressuscitação volêmica em unidades de terapia intensiva brasileiras: uma análise secundária do estudo Fluid-TRIPS.

OBJECTIVE: To describe fluid resuscitation practices in Brazilian intensive care units and to compare them with those of other countries participating in the Fluid-TRIPS. METHODS: This was a prospective, international, cross-sectional, observational study in a convenience sample of intensive care units in 27 countries (including Brazil) using the Fluid-TRIPS database compiled in 2014. We described the patterns of fluid resuscitation use in Brazil compared with those in other countries and identified the factors associated with fluid choice. RESULTS: On the study day, 3,214 patients in Brazil and 3,493 patients in other countries were included, of whom 16.1% and 26.8% (p < 0.001) received fluids, respectively. The main indication for fluid resuscitation was impaired perfusion and/or low cardiac output (Brazil: 71.7% versus other countries: 56.4%, p < 0.001). In Brazil, the percentage of patients receiving crystalloid solutions was higher (97.7% versus 76.8%, p < 0.001), and 0.9% sodium chloride was the most commonly used crystalloid (62.5% versus 27.1%, p < 0.001). The multivariable analysis suggested that the albumin levels were associated with the use of both crystalloids and colloids, whereas the type of fluid prescriber was associated with crystalloid use only. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that crystalloids are more frequently used than colloids for fluid resuscitation in Brazil, and this discrepancy in frequencies is higher than that in other countries. Sodium chloride (0.9%) was the crystalloid most commonly prescribed. Serum albumin levels and the type of fluid prescriber were the factors associated with the choice of crystalloids or colloids for fluid resuscitation.

OBJETIVO: Descrever as práticas de ressuscitação volêmica em unidades de terapia intensiva brasileiras e compará-las com as de outros países participantes do estudo Fluid-TRIPS. MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo observacional transversal, prospectivo e internacional, de uma amostra de conveniência de unidades de terapia intensiva de 27 países (inclusive o Brasil), com utilização da base de dados Fluid-TRIPS compilada em 2014. Descrevemos os padrões de ressuscitação volêmica utilizados no Brasil em comparação com os de outros países e identificamos os fatores associados com a escolha dos fluidos. RESULTADOS: No dia do estudo, foram incluídos 3.214 pacientes do Brasil e 3.493 pacientes de outros países, dos quais, respectivamente, 16,1% e 26,8% (p < 0,001) receberam fluidos. A principal indicação para ressuscitação volêmica foi comprometimento da perfusão e/ou baixo débito cardíaco (Brasil 71,7% versus outros países 56,4%; p < 0,001). No Brasil, a percentagem de pacientes que receberam soluções cristaloides foi mais elevada (97,7% versus 76,8%; p < 0,001), e solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% foi o cristaloide mais comumente utilizado (62,5% versus 27,1%; p < 0,001). A análise multivariada sugeriu que os níveis de albumina se associaram com o uso tanto de cristaloides quanto de coloides, enquanto o tipo de prescritor dos fluidos se associou apenas com o uso de cristaloides. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados sugerem que cristaloides são usados mais frequentemente do que coloides para ressuscitação no Brasil, e essa discrepância, em termos de frequências, é mais elevada do que em outros países. A solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9% foi o cristaloide mais frequentemente prescrito. Os níveis de albumina sérica e o tipo de prescritor de fluidos foram os fatores associados com a escolha de cristaloides ou coloides para a prescrição de fluidos.

Cell sources of inflammatory mediators present in bone marrow areas inside the meniscus.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the production of inflammatory mediators by cells located in bone marrow spaces inside rodent menisci. METHODS: Mice subjected to transection of the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments and meniscotomy (osteoarthritis model) or to a sham procedure, as well as non-operated (naive) mice and rats, had knee joints excised. Tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). CD68+ cells, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1ß, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) expression were detected using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Lamellar ossified areas, bone-entrapped osteocytes and bone marrow spaces were found inside menisci of one week up to 6 months-old naïve mice, regardless of gender. Menisci from naive rats also showed the same pattern with bone marrow areas. CD68+ cells were identified in bone marrow areas inside the meniscus of mice. TRAP+ osteoclasts, and hematogenous precursors expressing IL-1ß, TNF, and iNOS were identified inside bone marrow areas in meniscal samples from both naïve and sham operated mice. Quantitative immunoexpression of IL-1 ß, TNF and iNOS was more intense, P = 0.0194, 0.0293, 0.0124, respectively, in mouse knees from mice sacrificed 49 days after being subjected to an osteoarthritis (OA) model as compared to sham operated animals. CONCLUSION: We provide novel data showing that rodent menisci display bone marrow areas with cells able to produce inflammatory mediators. Immunoexpression of inflammatory mediators in those bone marrow areas is significantly more pronounced in mice subjected to experimental OA.

Two kinds of apoplexy in the Colonial press. / Dos clases de apoplejía en la prensa novohispana.

In 1787, three Colonial physicians quoted from Le Clerc (1726-1798) in the Gazeta de México. The French author lists six specific cases where bloodletting is often fatal, including two kinds of apoplexy: the serous and the lacteal. Both conditions are nowadays unknown to the majority of specialists in clinical neurology, and we therefore conducted an historical review of these conditions.

[On Alexander's pneumothorax: A critical appraisal]. / El neumotórax de Alejandro Magno: una apreciación crítica.

According to the testimony of Ptolemy, which we know through Arrian, it has been assumed that Alexander the Great suffered a pneumothorax during his campaign against the Malli. In general, this assumption has been interpreted as a historical fact in medical literature. We consulted the same sources and concluded that it is unlikely that Alexander's arrow wound had given him a pneumothorax. In addition, we stressed the extra-historical content of classical sources.

Does salt addiction exist? / ¿Existe la adicción a la sal?

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Salt consumption activates the brain reward system, inducing cravings and the search for salted food. Its excessive intake is associated with high blood pressure and obesity. The high quantity of salt in processed food is most likely a major cause of the global pandemic of hypertension (HT). OBJECTIVE: To review the current information on the topic of salt addiction and the health consequences this has. METHOD: A search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and EBSCOhost databases was conducted with the keywords "salt", "salt addiction", and "food addiction". Articles with information relative to the topic of interest were checked, as were references of those articles and historical and culturally complementary information. RESULTS: We described the historical relationship between man and salt, the physiology of salty taste perception, its role in the reward system and the health consequences of a high sodium diet. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There is physiological and behavioural evidence that some people may develop a true addiction to food. Among these people, salt addiction seems to be of great importance in the development of obesity, HT and other diseases. Sodium is present in high quantities in processed food as salt and monosodium glutamate (MSG), used as flavour enhancers and food preservatives, including in non-salty foods like bread and soft drinks.

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: El consumo de sal activa el sistema de recompensa cerebral, induciendo el deseo y búsqueda de alimentos salados. Su ingesta excesiva se asocia a presión arterial elevada y obesidad. La gran cantidad de sal en los alimentos procesados ha permitido que la hipertensión (HT) se instale hoy día como una pandemia. OBJETIVO: Revisar la bibliografía existente en el tema de adicción a la sal y sus consecuencias en la salud. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos PubMed, EBSCOhost y ScienceDirect con las palabras claves "salt", "salt addiction", "food addiction"; se revisaron los artículos que contuvieran información relativa al tema de interés así como referencias en estos mismos artículos e información histórica y cultural complementaria. RESULTADOS: Describimos la relación histórica entre el hombre y la sal, los mecanismos fisiológicos de percepción del sabor salado, su acción sobre el sistema de recompensa y las consecuencias en la salud de una dieta alta en sodio. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Existe evidencia fisiológica y comportamental de que las personas pueden desarrollar una verdadera adicción a la ingestión de alimentos. Entre estas personas la adición a la sal juega un papel muy importante para el desarrollo de obesidad, hipertensión y otras enfermedades. El sodio está presente en altas cantidades en los alimentos procesados en forma de sal y glutamato monosódico (MSG), usados como conservadores o aditivos alimentarios, incluso en alimentos no salados como harinas y refrescos dulces.

Lipoenxertia subcicatricial associada à rigottomy: uma análise clínica e microestrutural / Subcicatricial fat grafting associated with rigotomy: a clinical and microstructural analysis

INTRODUÇÃO: O aumento da sobrevida na fase aguda do paciente grande queimado faz também aumentar a prevalência das sequelas cicatriciais estético-funcionais. Ao pensarmos na relevância clínica da lipoenxertia subcicatricial, necessita-se da compreensão e avaliação microscópica das reais alterações após o procedimento. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados oito pacientes, vítimas de queimadura por álcool, com tempo médio após queimadura de 12 meses (10-14 meses), sendo submetidos à lipoenxertia subcicatricial associada à Rigottomy. Foram realizadas biópsias cutâneas no pré e pós-operatório tardio com 14 semanas. Avaliados os quesitos: 1 - Melhora estético funcional da cicatriz pela escala de Vancouver; 2 - Análise quantitativa e qualitativa do colágeno cicatricial; 3 -Análise imunohistoquímica da vascularização cicatricial com anti-fator de crescimento derivado do endotélio vascular (antiVEGE). RESULTADOS: Ao compararmos o período pré e pós-lipoenxertia, pôde-se avaliar que houve melhora estético-funcional significativa e, microscopicamente, redefinição entre os limites da derme papilar e reticular; redução quantitativa e reorganização do colágeno, além do decréscimo da vascularização tecidual pela análise imunohistoquímica. CONCLUSÃO: O princípio básico de todo processo cicatricial fisiológico é reestabelecer a homeostasia local, ou seja, as etapas exageradamente intensificadas levam a alterações clínicas catastróficas. Ao realizar a lipoenxertia subcicatricial associada à Rigotomia, foi verificada, neste estudo, a melhora qualitativa e quantitativa do tecido. Sendo assim, torna-se evidente o futuro promissor deste procedimento para a complementação terapêutica das patologias cicatriciais.

INTRODUCTION: The increase in survival of large burn patients during the acute phase has also increased the prevalence of esthetic-functional scarring sequelae. With regard to the clinical relevance of subcicatricial fat grafting, the actual changes after the procedure need to be understood and microscopically evaluated. METHODS: Eight patients with alcohol burns, with an average time after burn of 12 months (10-14 months), who underwent subcicatricial fat grafting associated with rigotomy were selected. Skin biopsies were performed in before and 14 weeks after operation. The following issues were assessed: 1) esthetic-functional improvement of the scar, by using the Vancouver scar scale; 2) quantitative and qualitative analyses of cicatricial collagen; 3) immunohistochemical analysis of scar vascularization with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) antibody. RESULTS: When comparing the pre- and post-fat grafting period, a significant esthetic-functional improvement and, microscopically, a redefinition of the boundaries of the papillary and reticular dermis were observed, as well as quantitative reduction and reorganization of collagen, in addition to the decrease of the vascularization of the tissue through immunohistochemical analysis. CONCLUSION: The basic principle of the whole physiological healing process is to reestablish local homeostasis, that is, excessively intensified steps that lead to severe clinical changes. When subcicatricial fat grafting associated with rigotomy was performed, qualitative and quantitative improvements of the tissue were verified in this study. Thus, it becomes evident that this procedure can complement the treatment of cicatricial pathologies.

Reward and aversion systems of the brain as a functional unit. Basic mechanisms and functions / Sistemas de recompensa y aversión del cerebro como una unidad funcional. Mecanismos básicos y funciones

INTRODUCTION: It is increasingly important to recognize the reward and aversion systems of the brain as a functional unit. A fundamental task of the mammalian brain is to assign an emotional/motivational valence to any stimuli by determining whether they are rewarding and should be approached or are aversive and should be avoided. Internal stimuli are also assigned an emotional/motivational valence in a similar fashion.OBJECTIVE: To understand the basic mechanisms and functions of the reward and aversion system of the brain.METHOD: A bibliographical search was conducted in the Pubmed database using different key words. Documents on relevant aspects of the topic were selected.RESULTS: In the ventral tegmental area, dopaminergic (VTA-DA) neurons play a role in reward-dependent behaviors. It is also known that the inhibition of the VTA-DA neurons by GABAergic neurons contributes to a reward prediction error calculation that promotes behaviors associated with aversion. The ventral dopaminergic mesolimbic system and the nucleus accumbens are activated during reward and inhibited during aversions. The amygdala is activated during aversive behavior.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The reward/aversion system is highly relevant for survival, which is most likely its primary function. It is involved in important pathologies such as addiction, depression and autonomic and endocrine disturbances. Therefore, its knowledge has become of clinical importance.Although great advances have been made in the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of the reward/aversion system, the detailed circuits within the VTA that mediate reward and aversion and the anatomical substrates are not completely clear.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Es muy importante reconocer el sistema de recompensa y aversión del cerebro como una unidad funcional. Una de las funciones fundamentales del cerebro de los mamíferos es la capacidad para designar un valor emocional/motivacional a cualquier estímulo. Esta capacidad permite identificar un estímulo como gratificante y aproximarnos a él, o reconocerlo como aversivo y evitarlo.OBJETIVO: Comprender los mecanismos fisiológicos del sistema de recompensa-aversión.MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Pubmed con las diferentes palabras clave. Se seleccionaron los documentos sobre los aspectos relevantes.RESULTADOS: Las neuronas dopaminérgicas del área tegmental ventral (ATV) cumplen un papel importante en los comportamientos dependientes de la recompensa. Asimismo, la inhibición de las neuronas dopaminérgicas ATV por parte de las neuronas GABAérgicas contribuye a predecir la recompensa y promueve comportamientos aversivos. Este sistema se activa durante actividades de recompensa y se inhibe durante la aversión. La amígdala es la principal estructura relacionada con la aversión.DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Este sistema se considera de gran importancia para la supervivencia de las especies, la que parece ser su función primordial. Interviene en distintas patologías como adicciones, depresión, trastorno por estrés postraumático, fobias y trastornos endocrinos y autonómicos, por lo que el conocimiento de este sistema es de gran importancia clínica.Aunque se ha avanzado mucho en el estudio y entendimiento de este sistema y de sus circuitos anatómicos ubicados en el ATV mesencefálica y sus conexiones con áreas subcorticales, el conocimiento de este sistema funcional sigue siendo un desafío científico.

Reconhecimento de frações do veneno de cobras corais brasileiras pelo soro antielapídico / Recognition of venom fractions from Brazilian coral snakes by antielapid serum

Objetivos: Investigar a capacidade do soro antielapídico produzido no Brasil na identificação de frações do veneno de seis espécies, incluindo as que constituem o pool de inoculação: Micrurus brasiliensis, M. corallinus, M. frontalis, M. lemniscatus, M. spixii e M. surinamensis. Métodos: As amostras utilizadas fazem parte do banco de venenos do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas Biológicas, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás. O soro antielapídico foi cedido pela Fundação Ezequiel Dias. As metodologias empregadas foram eletroforese e imunoblotting. Resultados: Foi demonstrada uma variabilidade toxinológica e uma capacidade também variável de reconhecimento desses componentes pelo soro antielapídico. A partir da técnica de western-blotting o soro antielapídico da Fundação Ezequiel Dias foi capaz de reconhecer a maioria, mas não todos os componentes presentes nos venenos analisados. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem uma eficácia restrita do soro antielapídico já que o mesmo possui limitações quanto as espécies Amazônicas, o que reforça a necessidade de uma revisão dos estudos intra e interespecíficos dos venenos micrúricos.

Aims: To investigate whether the antielapid serum produced in Brazil could identify venom fractions from six species of Micrurus, including those in the inoculation pool: Micrurus brasiliensis, M. corallinus, M. frontalis, M. lemniscatus, M. spixii, and M. surinamensis. Methods: The samples belong to the venom bank of the Center for Biological Studies and Research from the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Brazil. The antielapid serum was granted by the Ezequiel Dias Foundation. Both electrophoresis and immunoblotting methods were used. Results: Variability in venom components and in the ability to recognize such components was demonstrated by the antielapid serum. Based on the western-blotting technique, the antielapid serum from Ezequiel Dias Foundation was able to recognize most, but not all the components present in the analyzed venoms. Conclusions: The results suggest restricted efficacy of the antielapid serum, due to its limitations against species from the Amazon region, reinforcing the need for a review of intraspecific and interspecific studies of Micrurus venoms.

[Neurological contribution of Manuel Acuña]. / Aportación neurológica de Manuel Acuña.

José María Barceló de Villagrán (1819-1872) was the first Professor of Topographic Anatomy in Mexico. The Mexican poet Manuel Acuña (1849-1873) was among his students. After the death of his mentor, Acuña wrote a monograph entitled"Topographic Anatomy. The Cephalo-Rachidian Cavity" (1893). For the first time we discuss the content and significance of this monograph.

[Myasthenia gravis in adults of institutions pertaining to the Mexican public health system: an analysis of hospital discharges during 2010]. / Miastenia gravis (MG) en adultos de instituciones pertenecientes al sistema público sanitario mexicano: un análisis de egresos hospitalarios durante el año 2010.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies on myasthenia gravis (MG) in Mexico is mainly derived from experiences in referral centers. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of hospital discharges during 2010 with the diagnosis of MG in adults hospitalized in the Mexican public health system. METHODS: We consulted the database of hospital discharges during 2010 of the National Health Information System (Ministry of Health, IMSS, IMSS oportunidades, ISSSTE, PEMEX, and the Ministry of Defense). The MG records were identified by the code G70.0 of the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision. RESULTS: During 2010 there were 5,314,132 hospital discharges (4,254,312 adults). Among them, 587 (0.01%) were adults with MG (median age: 47 years, 60% women). Women with MG were significantly younger than men (median age: 37 vs. 54 years, respectively; p < 0.001). The median hospital stay was six days. The case fatality rate was 3.4%, without gender differences. Age was associated with the probability of death. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the bimodal age-gender distribution in MG. The in-hospital case fatality rate in Mexico is consistent with recent reports around the world.

Cartilagem fragmentada para aumento do radix nasal Diced cartilage / Diced cartilage graft to increase the nasal radix

Introdução: A principal queixa dos pacientes que procuram as clínicas de cirurgia plástica para serem submetidos a rinoplastia é o dorso nasal. A utilização de enxerto cartilaginoso em radix nasal é rotineira e suas indicações habituais são para diminuir o ângulo nasofacial inadequado ou para redefinir o ponto de transição do radix, para alongamento ou encurtamento do nariz. Este trabalho tem o intuito de apresentar a enxertia de cartilagem do radix nasal, com cartilagem fragmentada e introduzida até o radix com seringa. Método: Foi analisado o ato cirúrgico e seu resultado através da revisão de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos ao ato cirúrgico no período de 1/maio/2011 a 1/maio/2013, totalizando 37 casos. Resultados: Em todos os casos, conseguiu-se o resultado planejado de aumento do radix nasal com sucesso. Não foi observada absorção clinicamente detectável do enxerto. Conclusão: A utilização do enxerto de cartilagem fragmentada realizada da forma descrita neste trabalho mostrou-se eficaz para a elevação do radix nasal.

Introduction: The main complaint of patients visiting plastic surgery clinics for rhinoplasty is the nasal dorsum. Cartilage grafts are routinely used in the nasal radix to reduce inappropriate nasofacial angles or redefine the transition point of the radix and then lengthen or shorten the nose. The aim of this study is to present cartilage nasal radix grafts prepared with diced cartilage and introduced to the radix with the aid of a syringe. Method: We evaluated the surgical procedure and the results obtained by analyzing the medical records of 37 patients who underwent this surgery between May 1, 2011 and May 1, 2013. Results: In all cases, we achieved the expected result of successfully increasing the nasal radix. No graft absorption was clinically detected. Conclusion: The use of a diced cartilage graft as described in this study effectively increased the nasal radix.

[Mortality associated with a diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults of Mexican health institutions]. / Mortalidad asociada al diagnóstico de síndrome de Guillain-Barré en adultos ingresados en instituciones del sistema sanitario Mexicano.

INTRODUCTION: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a neurological emergency representing the main cause of flaccid paralysis around the world, affecting all age groups. Little is known about the essential epidemiology of GBS in most Latin American countries. AIM: To determine the mortality associated with the diagnosis of GBS in hospital discharges during 2010 in hospitals of the Ministry of Health, Mexico. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the database of hospital discharges of institutions pertaining to the Ministry of Health. Study cases were identified by the code G61.0 of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). We excluded records of patients younger than 18 years and patients without complete demographic information. RESULTS: During the year 2010 there were 2,634,339 discharges from hospitals of the Ministry of Health. We identified a total of 467 hospitalizations due to GBS in adults (median age: 41 years; 62.1% male) from 121 health institutions of the 32 Republic States. The highest frequency of GBS hospitalizations occurred during summer and fall. The median hospital stay was 8 days. The hospital mortality rate was 10.5%. The probability of death was directly associated with age, without a particular trend regarding gender, hospital care or state. CONCLUSIONS: In 2010 GBS hospital mortality in this part of the Mexican health system was higher than that reported in contemporary studies. A seasonal association was observed regarding the frequency of hospitalizations for GBS.

TITLE: Mortalidad asociada al diagnostico de sindrome de Guillain-Barre en adultos ingresados en instituciones del sistema sanitario mexicano.Introduccion. El sindrome de Guillain-Barre (SGB) es una urgencia neurologica que constituye la principal causa de paralisis flacida en el mundo, y que afecta a todos los grupos etarios. Se desconocen notablemente las caracteristicas epidemiologicas esenciales del SGB en la mayor parte de los paises de America Latina. Objetivo. Determinar la mortalidad asociada con el diagnostico de SGB en altas hospitalarias efectuadas durante el año 2010 en instituciones de la Secretaria de Salud, Mexico. Pacientes y metodos. Se analizo la base de datos de altas hospitalarias de instituciones que pertenecen a la Secretaria de Salud. Se identificaron los casos de SGB mediante el codigo G61.0 de la Clasificacion Internacional de Enfermedades, 10.ª revision (CIE-10). Se excluyeron los registros de pacientes menores de 18 años y los casos sin informacion demografica completa. Resultados. Durante el año 2010 se registraron 2.634.339 altas de hospitales que pertenecen a la Secretaria de Salud. Se identifico un total de 467 hospitalizaciones por SGB en adultos (mediana de edad: 41 años; 62,1% hombres) de 121 instituciones sanitarias de los 32 estados federados de Mexico. Durante el verano y otoño se registro la mayor frecuencia de hospitalizaciones por SGB. La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 8 dias y la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria, del 10,5%. La probabilidad de muerte se asocio directamente con la edad, sin una tendencia particular respecto al sexo, hospital de atencion o entidad federativa. Conclusiones. En 2010, la mortalidad hospitalaria por SGB en esta parte del sistema sanitario mexicano fue mas alta de la que se informa en estudios contemporaneos. Se observo una asociacion estacional con la frecuencia de hospitalizaciones por SGB.

Inversão da porção lateral do músculo orbicular para tratamento das rítides perioculares (pés-de-galinha) / Inversion of the lateral portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle for the treatment of periocular rhytides (crow's feet)

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia plástica, sempre em busca de resultados cada vez mais expressivo, vem associando às técnicas já consagradas aos novos tempos intraoperatórios. Este trabalho descreve uma técnica cirúrgica para ser associada às ritidoplastias baseada na ressecção da porção lateral do músculo orbicular, seguida pela enxertia do próprio músculo, porém invertido, sobre a área ressecada. MÉTODO: Em um período de 5 anos, foram realizadas 54 ritidoplastias associadas a técnica descrita. RESULTADOS: O seguimento no pós-operatório tardio (5 anos) mostrou-se satisfatório com permanente desaparecimento das ritides perioculares por neutralizar as forças exercidas pelo músculo nesta área. Não houve insatisfação por parte dos pacientes. Logo, trata-se de um procedimento com excelentes resultados na resolução das ritides perioculares e na elevação da porção caudal da sobrancelha em relação a orbita. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica descrita gera resultados permanentes e satisfatórios.

INTRODUCTION:In the continued search for increasingly expressive results, plastic surgeons are combining established techniques with new intraoperative times. This article describes a surgical technique associated with rhytidoplasties based on the resection of the lateral portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle, followed by grafting the muscle itself, however inverted, on the resected area. METHOD: In a 5-year period, 54 rhytidoplasties associated with the described technique were performed. RESULTS: The follow-up in the late postoperative period (5 years) was satisfactory, with the permanent disappearance of periocular rhytides due to the neutralization of the forces exerted by the muscle in this area. There was no dissatisfaction on the part of the patients. Consequently, the procedure had excellent results in the resolution of periocular rhytides and in lifting the caudal part of the eyebrow in relation to the orbit. CONCLUSION: The technique described generates permanent and satisfactory results.

[Validation of the ice pack test in ophthalmoparesis due to myasthenia gravis]. / Validacion de la prueba de hielo en oftalmoparesia por miastenia grave.

INTRODUCTION: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction that presents clinically as fluctuating weakness of skeletal muscles, as of the ocular region (myasthenia ocular). AIM: To demonstrate that the sensitivity and specificity of the ice pack test are high, in the differential diagnosis of palpebral ptosis and ophthalmoparesis for myasthenia gravis and myasthenia ocular. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, and non-randomized study of 43 subjects, 21 with myasthenia gravis and 22 controls. All patients received a glove with ice on your upper eyelids affected for 2 minutes, after which we assessed the degree of improvement in palpebral ptosis and ophthalmoparesis. All patients had repetitive nerve stimulation study. RESULTS: We analyzed 36 patients, 18 patients with myasthenia gravis or myasthenia ocular and 18 controls. All patients had palpebral ptosis but ophthalmoparesis only 20 of them. Ice pack test for ophthalmoparesis showed a sensitivity of 83%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 80% in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Ice pack test for palpebral ptosis was determined a sensitivity of 89%, specificity 100%, PPV of 100% and NPV of 90%. For repetitive nerve stimulation was calculated a sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 83%, PPV of 79% and NPV of 68%. CONCLUSION: Ice pack test, both palpebral ptosis and ophthalmoparesis is a simple test, safe, cheap, fast and reliable to be used routinely in patients suspected of palpebral ptosis and/or ophthalmoparesis due to myasthenia gravis, and which has a high validity, safety, and reproducibility as a diagnostic test.

TITLE: Validacion de la prueba de hielo en oftalmoparesia por miastenia grave.Introduccion. La miastenia grave es una enfermedad autoinmune de la union neuromuscular que se presenta clinicamente como debilidad fluctuante de los musculos estriados, como los de la region ocular (miastenia ocular). Objetivo. Demostrar que la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la prueba de hielo son altas en el diagnostico diferencial de la oftalmoparesia y ptosis palpebral por miastenia grave y miastenia ocular. Sujetos y metodos. Estudio observacional, analitico, no aleatorizado, de una muestra de 43 sujetos, 21 con miastenia grave y 22 controles. A todos los pacientes se les aplico un guante con hielo sobre sus parpados superiores afectados durante dos minutos, despues de los cuales se evaluo el grado de mejoria de la ptosis palpebral y la oftalmoparesia. Todos tenian estudio de estimulacion nerviosa repetitiva. Resultados. Se analizaron 36 pacientes, 18 con miastenia grave u ocular y 18 controles. Todos presentaron ptosis palpebral y solo 20 de ellos oftalmoparesia. La prueba de hielo para la oftalmoparesia mostro una sensibilidad del 83%, especificidad del 100%, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) del 100% y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) del 80% en el diagnostico de la miastenia grave. Para la ptosis palpebral, se determino una sensibilidad del 89%, especificidad del 100%, VPP del 100% y VPN del 90%. Para la estimulacion nerviosa repetitiva se calculo una sensibilidad del 61%, especificidad del 83%, VPP del 79% y VPN del 68%. Conclusion. La prueba de hielo es sencilla, segura, economica, rapida y fiable para utilizarse de rutina en pacientes con sospecha de ptosis u oftalmoparesia por miastenia grave, ya que tiene una alta validez, seguridad y reproducibilidad como prueba diagnostica.

[Peredo's Inferno: a Mexican physician-translator in the XIX century]. / El Infierno de Peredo: un médico y traductor mexicano del siglo XIX.

Manuel Peredo (1830-1890) participated fully in Mexico's national literary circles during the second half of the 19th century. Besides being recognized for his translation of Basch's Memories of Mexico, Peredo also translated the first tercets of Inferno's Canto XXXIII. Although forgotten today, his contribution is significant since it is the second Mexican translation of Dante, and particularly, the first Mexican translation of Canto XXXIII.

[Vagotonía. The medical thesis of Salvador Zubirán]. / Vagotonía. La tesis recepcional de Salvador Zubirán.

Salvador Zubirán submitted his thesis for his MD degree in 1923. This thesis falls within the context of the new Mexican physiological medicine and denotes the visionary character of its author. Zubirán appears here as the introducer in Mexico of the physiopharmacological approach in autonomic nervous system disorders.

[The Emperor's physician before and after the Empire]. / El médico imperial antes y después del Imperio.

S. Basch (1837-1905) succeeded F. Semeleder as personal physician to the Mexican emperor. The newly appointed imperial physician had been a pupil of Brücke (1819-1892) in Vienna. After the death of the emperor, Basch returned to Europe, where he would study under the guidance of K. Ludwig (1816-1895). Thereafter he invented the sphygmomanometer in Berlin.

Familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy associated with TTR Ser50Arg mutation.

BACKGROUND: The phenotypic heterogeneity of transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) familial polyneuropathy may be linked to the type of mutation and to the environmental factors. A gender difference in relation to the severity of the disease has been suspected. More than 100 different pathogenic variants of hereditary transthyretin (TTR) mutations have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To describe 32 patients with confirmed TTR Ser50Arg mutation from the same geographical origin. METHODS: Seven families with up to four affected generations underwent genetic testing and prospective clinical and laboratory evaluations. RESULTS: The mutation was confirmed in seven patients from different families with clinical symptoms compatible with ATTR amyloidosis, and in 25 (62%) of the 40 direct relatives tested. Of the 32 patients with positive test results, 18 (56%) were men. Only 5 (16%) subjects were disease-free at the time of the genetic test (mean age: 20, range: 18-30-year-old). The rest developed symptoms at a young age, between ages 36 and 41. Symptomatic, histologically positive patients were older than carriers and symptomatic patients without a confirmatory biopsy. The later generation displayed symptoms at a younger age. Initial manifestations in the 27 symptomatic patients were neuropathic in 19 (70%), gastrointestinal in 6 (22%) and autonomic in 1 (4%). Significant differences were demonstrated among genders, where men had a considerably worse outcome. CONCLUSION: ATTR Ser50Arg mutation was associated with an early onset, an unbalanced male to female ratio, a more aggressive course in males and possibly displayed anticipation.

Cefalea en racimos: [revisión] / Cluster headache: [review]

La cefalea en racimos es un síndrome doloroso primario estereotipado que constituye probablemente la causa de cefalea más severa existente. Se caracteriza por cefalea estrictamente unilateral, de predominio nocturno, con duración de 15 a 180 minutos, acompañada de al menos un fenómeno autonómico ipsilateral. Los síntomas se presentan varias ocasiones al día (en racimos), tienen periodicidad y comportamiento rítmico circadiano. Su incidencia es de 4-15 casos por 100 000, su prevalencia anual es de 53 casos por 100 000, tiene un radio hombre:mujer de 4-9:1 y la edad de inicio más frecuente es de 27 a 31 años. Existe predisposición genética para la enfermedad existiendo un familiar en primera línea en 3,4-12% de los pacientes afectados. En sufisiopatología están involucrados cambios en el sistema trigémino-vascular, el seno cavernoso, el tálamo ventral-posterior, la corteza frontal, el cíngulo, la ínsula, los ganglios basales y la sustancia gris hipotálamica inferior y posterior. Los cambios autonómicos son debidos a activación parasimpática por el nervio facial a través del ganglio pterigopalatino y a deficiencia transitoria del sistema simpático-cervical. Existe modificación en los niveles del péptido relacionado al gen de la calcitonina, péptido intestinal vasoactivo, L-arginina-óxido nítrico, endotelina-1, testosterona, tirotropina, cortisol, hormona del crecimiento, hormona luteinizante, prolactina y melatonina. El tratamiento se divide en: farmacológico agudo que incluye oxígeno, uso de cámara hiperbárica, triptanos -sumatriptán, zolmitriptán, ergotamínicos y lidocaína intranasal; profiláctico transicional y crónico que contiene esteroides, ergotamínicos, verapamilo, metisergide, carbonato de litio, ácido valpróico y melatonina; y tratamiento invasivo consistente en bloqueo, cirugía, entre otros...

Cluster headache is a stereotyped primary pain syndrome that is probably the most severe cause of headache existing. It is characterized by strictly unilateral headache, predominantly nocturnal, lasting from 15 to 180 minutes, accompanied by at least one ipsilateral autonomic phenomena. Symptoms occur several times a day (clusters) having a rhythmic periodicity and a circadian behavior. Its incidence is 4-15 cases per 100 000, the annual prevalence is 53 cases per 100 000, and has a radius male: female 4-9:1. The most common age of onset is 27 to 31 years. There is a genetic predisposition for the disease with the existence of a fi rst line family member in 3,4-12% of affected patients. Pathophysilogically it involves changes in the trigemino-vascular system, the cavernous sinus, the ventralposterior thalamus, frontal cortex, the cingulum, the insula, basal ganglia, the inferior and posterior hypothalamic gray matter. Autonomic changes are due to parasympathetic activation by the facial nerve through the pterygopalatine ganglion and transitory deficiency of the cervical sympathetic system. There is a modification in the levels of gene-relatedpeptide calcitonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, L-arginine nitric oxide, endothelin-1, testosterone, thyrotropin, cortisol, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin and melatonin. The treatment is divided in: acute pharmacology including oxygen, the use of hyperbaric chamber, triptans, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, ergotamine and intranasal lidocaine, transitional and chronic prophylactic containing steroids, ergotamine, verapamil, metisergide, lithium carbonate, valproic acid and melatonin, and invasive treatment consisting on blockade, surgery, among others...

Associação entre lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal e Helicobacter Pylori em pacientes com doença hepática crônica / Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroduodenal lesions in patients with chronic liver disease

Contexto: A relação entre a infecção por Helicobacter pylori e lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal em pacientes com doença hepática crônica permanece controversa. Objetivo: Avaliar a presença de lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal e sua relação com Helicobacter pylori em pacientes com doença hepática crônica. Métodos: Estudaram-se 46 pacientes e 27 controles com dispepsia funcional, submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta. Foram consideradas lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal a gastropatia da hipertensão portal, erosão e úlcera péptica. O Helicobacter pylori foi detectado através de duas amostras de biopsia do antro e do corpo gástrico, pelo método de Giemsa. Resultados: As lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal foram identificadas em 38 (82,6 por cento) pacientes com doença hepática crônica, significantemente mais frequente que nos controles (P = 0,02). A presença de Helicobacter pylori foi observada em 13 (28,2 por cento) dos pacientes com doença hepática e em 17 (62,9 por cento) dos controles. A estimativa de risco mostrou interação significante entre lesão da mucosa e doença hepática crônica (P = 0,04; OR 5,1 IC 95 por cento, 1,6-17,3). Quando associada à presença do Helicobacter pylori, o risco foi mais elevado na ausência da bactéria (P = 0,005; OR 13,0 IC 95 por cento, 1,4-327,9). Conclusão: Pacientes com doença hepática crônica mostram risco aumentado de desenvolver lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal, independente da presença de Helicobacter pylori.

Context: The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroduodenal lesions in chronic liver disease remains controversial. Objective: Evaluate the evidence of the role of H. pylori infection in gastroduodenal lesions in patients with chronic liver disease. Methods: Forty-six patients with chronic liver disease were matched with 27 dyspeptic persons for age and sex. The gastroduodenal lesions were portal hypertension gastropathy, erosion and peptic ulcer. All patients underwent upper endoscopy: two biopsies were taken in the antrum and in the gastric body. The biopsies were used for Giemsa staining. Results: A gastroduodenal lesions were found in 38 (82.6 percent) patients with liver disease and was significantly more frequent than among controls (P = 0.002). H. pylori infection was detected at histological assessment in 13 (28.2 percent) patients with chronic liver disease and in 17 (62.9 percent) controls. The odds ratio (OR) showed an interaction statistically significant between gastroduodenal lesions and chronic liver disease (P = 0.04; OR = 5.1; 95 percent CI = 1.6-17.3). When adjusted for the presence of H. pylori OR was significantly with H. pylori negative (OR 13.0 IC 95 percent, 1.4-327.9). Conclusion: Patients with chronic liver disease showed higher risk of developing gastroduodenal lesions regardless of the presence of the H. pylori infection.