Coinoculation impact on plant growth promotion: a review and meta-analysis on coinoculation of rhizobia and plant growth-promoting bacilli in grain legumes.

Coinoculation of symbiotic N2-fixing rhizobia and plant growth-promoting Bacillus on legume seeds can increase crop productivity. We collected highly resolved data on coinoculation of rhizobia and bacilli on 11 grain legume crops: chickpea, common bean, cowpea, faba bean, groundnut, lentil, mung bean, pea, pigeon pea, soybean, and urad bean to verify the magnitude of additive effects of coinoculation in relation to single inoculation of rhizobia on plant growth and yield of grain legumes. Coinoculation of rhizobia and bacilli on legume seeds and/or soil during sowing significantly increased nodulation, nitrogenase activity, plant N and P contents, and shoot and root biomass, as well as the grain yield of most grain legumes studied. There were however a few instances where coinoculation decreased plant growth parameters. Therefore, coinoculation of rhizobia and Bacillus has the potential to increase the growth and productivity of grain legumes, and can be recommended as an environmental-friendly agricultural practice for increased crop yields.

Caracterização in silico dos genes envolvidos no metabolismo do nitrogênio em milho (Zea mays) / In silico characterization of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism in maize (Zea mays) / Caracterización in silico de genes implicados en el metabolismo de nitrógeno en maíz (Zea mays)

O N é o nutriente mineral requerido pelas plantas em maior quantidade e frequentemente limita o crescimento e produtividade. A partir de uma análise in silico foram identificados 26 genes envolvidos na assimilação do nitrogênio: quatro genes que codificam a enzima nitrato redutase (ZmNR), oito nitrato redutase de transporte (ZmNRT), uma nitrito redutase (ZmNRi), uma nitrito de transporte (ZmNRiT), seis glutamina sintetase (ZmGS), quatro glutamato sintase (ZmGOGAT) e duas glutamato desidrogenase (ZmGDH). A árvore filogenética foi construída onde foi possível observar a formação de cinco grupos distintos de acordo com as funções. A análise da estrutura dos genes mostrou que o número de íntrons variou de 0 a 32. A análise dos domínios conservados mostrou que a maioria dos genes identificados possuem o domínios específicos a função que desempenham na rota de assimilação do N em milho. Além disso, esses genes apresentaram padrões de expressão diferenciais em tecidos e órgãos. Os dados gerados neste trabalho forneceram subsídios para selecionar genes-candidatos para futuras análises funcionais a serem utilizados nos programas de melhoramento de milho.

Nitrogen is a mineral highly requested by plants and often limits both growth and productivity. From an in-silico analysis, a total of 26 genes were identified as being involved in nitrogen assimilation: four genes encoding nitrate reductase enzyme (ZmNR), eight encoding nitrate reductase transporters (ZmNRT), one encoding nitrite reductase (ZmNRi), one encoding nitrite transporter (ZmNRiT), six encoding glutamine synthesis (ZmGOGAT) and two encoding glutamate dehydrogenase (ZmGDH). A phylogenetic tree was generated where the formation of five distinct clusters could be observed according to gene function. Structural genes analysis showed that introns varied from 0 to 32. The analysis of conserved domains showed that most of the identified genes play a domain-specific function in the N assimilation pathway in maize. Moreover, these genes present a differential expression pattern in tissues and organs. Data from this study will provide subsidies to select candidate genes for further functional analyses in maize breeding programs.

N es el nutriente mineral requerido por las plantas en mayor cantidad y a menudo limita el crecimiento y la productividad. Desde un análisis in silico se ha identificado 26 genes implicados en la asimilación de nitrógeno: cuatro genes que codifican la enzima nitrato reductasa (ZmNR), ocho nitrato reductasa de transporte (ZmNRT), un nitrito reductasa (ZmNRi), un nitrito de transporte (ZmNRiT), seis glutamina sintetasa (ZmGS), cuatro sintasa de glutamato (ZmGOGAT) y dos glutamato deshidrogenasa (ZmGDH). El árbol filogenético se ha construido donde ha sido posible observar la formación de cinco grupos distintos de acuerdo con sus funciones. El análisis de la estructura de los genes ha mostrado que el número de intrones ha variado de 0 a 32. El análisis de los dominios conservados mostró que la mayoría de los genes identificados poseen dominios específicos a la función que desempeñan en la ruta de asimilación de N en maíz. Además, esos genes mostraron patrones de expresión diferenciales en tejidos y órganos. Los datos generados en este estudio proporcionan subvenciones para la selección de genes candidatos para posterior análisis funcional, para ser utilizados en programas de mejoramiento de maíz.