Community-based native seed production for restoration in Brazil - the role of science and policy.

Large-scale restoration programmes in the tropics require large volumes of high quality, genetically diverse and locally adapted seeds from a large number of species. However, scarcity of native seeds is a critical restriction to achieve restoration targets. In this paper, we analyse three successful community-based networks that supply native seeds and seedlings for Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado restoration projects. In addition, we propose directions to promote local participation, legal, technical and commercialisation issues for up-scaling the market of native seeds for restoration with high quality and social justice. We argue that effective community-based restoration arrangements should follow some principles: (i) seed production must be based on real market demand; (ii) non-governmental and governmental organisations have a key role in supporting local organisation, legal requirements and selling processes; (iii) local ecological knowledge and labour should be valued, enabling local communities to promote large-scale seed production; (iv) applied research can help develop appropriate techniques and solve technical issues. The case studies from Brazil and principles presented here can be useful for the up-scaling restoration ecology efforts in many other parts of the world and especially in tropical countries where improving rural community income is a strategy for biodiversity conservation and restoration.

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in Spheniscus magellanicus (Foster, 1781) located in Pontal do Sul, PR, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitas gastrintestinais em Spheniscus magellanicus (Foster, 1781) localizados em Pontal do Sul, PR, Brasil

Gastrointestinal parasitism is the main health problem faced by Spheniscus magellanicus, known as Magellanic penguins, in route on the Brazilian coast. The aim of this research was to report the occurrence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in S. magellanicus that reached Pontal do Sul, Paraná, South of Brazil. The study was performed at the Marine Study Center of the Federal University of Parana (CEM-UFPR) with 38 specimens, 31 were necropsied and seven were examined alive with coproparasitological exams. From the necropsied animals, 93.5% (29/31) were parasitized with at least one parasite species. Contracaecum pelagicum was the most prevalent 93,5% (29/31) parasite, followed by Cardiocephaloides physalis (64.5%) and Tetrabothrius lutzi (51.6%). Only one animal was free of parasites and the most infected bird had 1.076 parasites with an average of 194 worms. Willis-Mollay method revealed that 57.1% (4/7) had C. pelagicum eggs. In conclusion, the high rate of gastrointestinal parasites in S. magellanicus confirms the clinical exams, when animals had poor health conditions when they were found in the cost of Paraná. This study provides data to enrich the literature regarding the helminth fauna of the Magellanic penguins, assisting sanitary control programs in Rehabilitation Centers for Marine Animals.(AU)

As parasitoses gastrintestinais são o principal problema sanitário enfrentado pelo Spheniscus magellanicus, conhecido como pinguim-de-magalhães, que faz rota no litoral brasileiro. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi relatar a ocorrência e a intensidade de parasitas gastrintestinais em Spheniscus magellanicus encontrados em Pontal do Sul, Paraná, Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Estudos Marinhos da Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEM-UFPR, com 38 espécimes; 31 dos quais foram necropsiados, e em sete aves vivas foram realizados exames coproparasitológicos. Do total analisado, 93,5% (29/31) aves estavam parasitadas com pelo menos uma espécie, sendo o Contracaecum pelagicum o mais prevalente, 93,5% (29/31), seguido de Cardiocephaloides physalis (64,5%) e de Tetrabothrius lutzi (51,6%). Somente um animal estava livre de parasitas e a ave mais infectada possuía 1.076 parasitas; a média foi em 194 vermes. No exame de Willis-Mollay, foi observada positividade em 57,1% (4/7) para C. pelagicum. Conclui-se que o alto índice de parasitas gastrintestinais em S. magellanicus confirma os exames clínicos que eles apresentaram, de baixa condição sanitária, quando foram encontrados no litoral do Paraná. Este estudo fornece dados que irão enriquecer a literatura sobre a helminto fauna do pinguim-de-magalhães, auxiliando programas de controle sanitário em Centros de Reabilitação de Animais Marinhos.(AU)