RESUMO
In eukaryotes, phosphorylation of the α-subunit of eIF2 is a mechanism to adjust cellular gene expression profiles in response to specific signals. The eIF2α kinases are a group of serine-threonine kinases that perform important functions in response to infection, proteotoxicity, and nutrient scavenging. The conserved nature of eIF2α kinases among fungi makes them potential evolutionary markers, which may contribute to deeper understanding of taxonomy and evolution. To date, only few studies are available of eIF2α kinases in black yeasts, which are members of Chaetothyriales containing potential agents of a gamut of major human diseases, such as chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and mycetoma. To establish the phylogenetic validity of sequences of eIF2α kinases hypothetical genes, we compared these genes between members of different classes of fungi, including black yeasts and allies, aiming at evaluation of the phylogeny of this group using an alternative molecular marker, compared to standard ribosomal genes. Trees generated with eIF2α kinase sequences of fungi were compared with those generated by ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS rDNA) sequences from the same species. Sequences used were obtained from the protein Non-redundant database of NCBI, were aligned using CLUSTALX v1.8 and alignments were analyzed with RAxML v8.2.9 on the CIPRES Science Gateway portal. The trees generated had similar topologies, demonstrating that eIF2α kinases hypothetical gene sequences present a coherent reflection of evolution among fungi, compared to trees reconstructed by the use of ribosomal sequences. Our preliminary findings with a limited dataset strongly suggest that the evolution of kinases among black yeasts follows a similar path as revealed by ribosomal data, which underlines the validity of current taxonomy of black yeasts and relatives.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos , Genes Fúngicos , Filogenia , eIF-2 Quinase/genética , Ascomicetos/enzimologia , Ascomicetos/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genéticaRESUMO
A ordem Uropygi inclui aracnídeos sul tropicais predadores que apresentam pedipalpos raptoriais, um longo e multissegmentado pós-pigídio, e longo flagelo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o repertório comportamental de Mastigoproctus brasilianus (Koch 1843) em condições de laboratório, bem como descrever as diferentes formas de comportamentos envolvidos no ritual de acasalamento. Foram computados 25 atos comportamentais espontâneos. Os mesmos foram agrupados em 9 categorias que incluem: manter-se abrigado, permanecer imóvel, mover os apêndices sem deslocamento, extensão das pernas, limpar-se, mover-se com deslocamento (para frente ou para trás), cavar; se alimentar, "outras formas de comportamento" menos frequentes. As categorias de comportamentos diferiram entre os sexos e entre períodos de atividade. Os comportamentos dos machos diferem dos imaturos e das fêmeas adultas. O comportamento reprodutivo apresentado por M. brasilianus segue os padrões descritos para outras espécies.(AU)
The order Uropygi includes south tropical predator arachnids with large raptorial pedipalps, a long and multi-segmented pos-pygidium, and long flagellum. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the behavior repertoire of Mastigoproctus brasilianus (Koch 1843) in laboratory conditions, as well as describing the different forms of behavior involved in the mating ritual of this species. A total of 25 behavioral acts were witnessed, that were clustered in 9 categories which included: to remain sheltered; to remain immobile; to move appendices without displacement; extensioning the legs; to clean itself; to move (forward or backward); to dig; to feed and "other forms of behavior". The categories of behaviors varied between sexes and between periods of activity. Males differed from all the others and the females presented a similar pattern when compared to the immature forms. The reproductive behavior presented by M. brasilianus follows the standards described for other species(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Escorpiões , Animais de Laboratório , Animais PeçonhentosRESUMO
A ordem Uropygi inclui aracnídeos sul tropicais predadores que apresentam pedipalpos raptoriais, um longo e multissegmentado pós-pigídio, e longo flagelo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o repertório comportamental de Mastigoproctus brasilianus (Koch 1843) em condições de laboratório, bem como descrever as diferentes formas de comportamentos envolvidos no ritual de acasalamento. Foram computados 25 atos comportamentais espontâneos. Os mesmos foram agrupados em 9 categorias que incluem: manter-se abrigado, permanecer imóvel, mover os apêndices sem deslocamento, extensão das pernas, limpar-se, mover-se com deslocamento (para frente ou para trás), cavar; se alimentar, "outras formas de comportamento" menos frequentes. As categorias de comportamentos diferiram entre os sexos e entre períodos de atividade. Os comportamentos dos machos diferem dos imaturos e das fêmeas adultas. O comportamento reprodutivo apresentado por M. brasilianus segue os padrões descritos para outras espécies.
The order Uropygi includes south tropical predator arachnids with large raptorial pedipalps, a long and multi-segmented pos-pygidium, and long flagellum. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the behavior repertoire of Mastigoproctus brasilianus (Koch 1843) in laboratory conditions, as well as describing the different forms of behavior involved in the mating ritual of this species. A total of 25 behavioral acts were witnessed, that were clustered in 9 categories which included: to remain sheltered; to remain immobile; to move appendices without displacement; extensioning the legs; to clean itself; to move (forward or backward); to dig; to feed and "other forms of behavior". The categories of behaviors varied between sexes and between periods of activity. Males differed from all the others and the females presented a similar pattern when compared to the immature forms. The reproductive behavior presented by M. brasilianus follows the standards described for other species