Diagnosis of mental disorders using machine learning: Literature review and bibliometric mapping from 2012 to 2023.

Background: Mental disorders (MDs) are becoming a leading burden in non-communicable diseases (NCDs). As per the World Health Organization's 2022 assessment report, there was a steep increase of 25 % in MDs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Early diagnosis of MDs can significantly improve treatment outcome and save disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). In recent times, the application of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)) has shown promising results in the diagnosis of MDs, and the field has witnessed a huge research output in the form of research publications. Therefore, a bibliometric mapping along with a review of recent advancements is required. Methods: This study presents a bibliometric analysis and review of the research, published over the last 10 years. Literature searches were conducted in the Scopus database for the period from January 1, 2012, to June 9, 2023. The data was filtered and screened to include only relevant and reliable publications. A total of 2811 journal articles were found. The data was exported to a comma-separated value (CSV) format for further analysis. Furthermore, a review of 40 selected studies was performed. Results: The popularity of ML techniques in diagnosing MDs has been growing, with an annual research growth rate of 17.05 %. The Journal of Affective Disorders published the most documents (n = 97), while Wang Y. (n = 64) has published the most articles. Lotka's law is observed, with a minority of authors contributing the majority of publications. The top affiliating institutes are the West China Hospital of Sichuan University followed by the University of California, with China and the US dominating the top 10 institutes. While China has more publications, papers affiliated with the US receive more citations. Depression and schizophrenia are the primary focuses of ML and deep learning (DL) in mental disease detection. Co-occurrence network analysis reveals that ML is associated with depression, schizophrenia, autism, anxiety, ADHD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and PTSD. Popular algorithms include support vector machine (SVM) classifier, decision tree classifier, and random forest classifier. Furthermore, DL is linked to neuroimaging techniques such as MRI, fMRI, and EEG, as well as bipolar disorder. Current research trends encompass DL, LSTM, generalized anxiety disorder, feature fusion, and convolutional neural networks.

Lung Disease Classification in CXR Images Using Hybrid Inception-ResNet-v2 Model and Edge Computing.

Chest X-ray (CXR) imaging is one of the most widely used and economical tests to diagnose a wide range of diseases. However, even for expert radiologists, it is a challenge to accurately diagnose diseases from CXR samples. Furthermore, there remains an acute shortage of trained radiologists worldwide. In the present study, a range of machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and transfer learning (TL) approaches have been evaluated to classify diseases in an openly available CXR image dataset. A combination of the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) and weighted class balancing is used to alleviate the effects of class imbalance. A hybrid Inception-ResNet-v2 transfer learning model coupled with data augmentation and image enhancement gives the best accuracy. The model is deployed in an edge environment using Amazon IoT Core to automate the task of disease detection in CXR images with three categories, namely pneumonia, COVID-19, and normal. Comparative analysis has been given in various metrics such as precision, recall, accuracy, AUC-ROC score, etc. The proposed technique gives an average accuracy of 98.66%. The accuracies of other TL models, namely SqueezeNet, VGG19, ResNet50, and MobileNetV2 are 97.33%, 91.66%, 90.33%, and 76.00%, respectively. Further, a DL model, trained from scratch, gives an accuracy of 92.43%. Two feature-based ML classification techniques, namely support vector machine with local binary pattern (SVM + LBP) and decision tree with histogram of oriented gradients (DT + HOG) yield an accuracy of 87.98% and 86.87%, respectively.

Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Sulcona(®), a traditional Siddha medicine used in the treatment of burns.

Sulcona, a Siddha proprietary medicine used for the treatment of burns, has been in practice for more than 50 years. This medicine has been successfully used on several burned patients with an excellent recovery and safety record. In this manuscript, we investigate some of its pharmacological and safety profiles. Treatment of cells with Sulcona induced a statistically significant increase in population doubling compared to concurrent controls in proliferating human lymphocytes as well as in Balb/c 3T3 cells, suggesting that it stimulates cell proliferation. Sulcona exhibited some antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema testing suggested that Sulcona has some anti-inflammatory properties. Patch testing showed that Sulcona has mild anesthetic effects. The above properties suggest Sulcona's pharmacological properties aidin treatment of burns. Sulcona did not show any skin irritation or sensitization or mutagenic potential suggesting that it is safe for use. Further work is necessary to elucidate its exact mechanisms of action.

Cost analysis of an integrated vaccine-preventable disease surveillance system in Costa Rica.

INTRODUCTION: Following World Health Organization recommendations set forth in the Global Framework for Immunization Monitoring and Surveillance, Costa Rica in 2009 became the first country to implement integrated vaccine-preventable disease (iVPD) surveillance, with support from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). As surveillance for diseases prevented by new vaccines is integrated into existing surveillance systems, these systems could cost more than routine surveillance for VPDs targeted by the Expanded Program on Immunization. OBJECTIVES: We estimate the costs associated with establishing and subsequently operating the iVPD surveillance system at a pilot site in Costa Rica. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data on costs incurred by the institutions supporting iVPD surveillance during the preparatory (January 2007 through August 2009) and implementation (September 2009 through August 2010) phases of the iVPD surveillance project in Costa Rica. These data were used to estimate costs for personnel, meetings, infrastructure, office equipment and supplies, transportation, and laboratory facilities. Costs incurred by each of the collaborating institutions were also estimated. RESULTS: During the preparatory phase, the estimated total cost was 128,000 U.S. dollars (US$), including 64% for personnel costs. The preparatory phase was supported by CDC and PAHO. The estimated cost for 1 year of implementation was US$ 420,000, including 58% for personnel costs, 28% for laboratory costs, and 14% for meeting, infrastructure, office, and transportation costs combined. The national reference laboratory and the PAHO Costa Rica office incurred 64% of total costs, and other local institutions supporting iVPD surveillance incurred the remaining 36%. CONCLUSIONS: Countries planning to implement iVPD surveillance will require adequate investments in human resources, laboratories, data management, reporting, and investigation. Our findings will be valuable for decision makers and donors planning and implementing similar strategies in other countries.

Housing instability and incident hypertension in the CARDIA cohort.

Housing instability, a growing public health problem, may be an independent environmental risk factor for hypertension, but limited prospective data exist. We sought to determine the independent association of housing instability in early adulthood (year 5, 1990-1991) and incident hypertension over the subsequent 15 years of follow-up (years 7, 10, 15, and 20) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (N = 5,115). Because causes of inadequate housing and its effects on health are thought to vary by race and sex, we hypothesized that housing instability would exert a differential effect on incident hypertension by race and sex. At year 5, all CARDIA participants were asked about housing and those free of hypertension were analyzed (N = 4,342). We defined housing instability as living in overcrowded housing, moving frequently, or living doubled up. Of the 4,342 participants, 8.5 % were living in unstable housing. Across all participants, housing instability was not associated with incident hypertension (incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1.1; 95 % CI, 0.9-1.5) after adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, substance use, social factors, body mass index, and study site. However, the association varied by race and sex (p value for interaction, <0.001). Unstably housed white women had a hypertension incidence rate 4.7 times (IRR, 4.7; 95 % CI, 2.4-9.2) that of stably housed white women in adjusted analysis. There was no association among white men, black women, or black men. These findings suggest that housing instability may be a more important risk factor among white women, and may act independently or as a marker for other psychosocial stressors (e.g., stress from intimate partner violence) leading to development of hypertension. Studies that examine the role of these psychosocial stressors in development of hypertension risk among unstably housed white women are needed.

Composite phaeochromocytoma with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour and rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation in a patient without von Recklinghausen disease.

The coexistence of adrenal phaeochromocytoma with non-chromaffin tumours is a rare fascinating occurrence. This category of tumours is subdivided into "composite" and "mixed". The coexistence of adrenal phaeochromocytoma with a malignant Triton tumour does not appear to have been described in the available literature so far. A unique case of composite phaeochromocytoma in a 26-year-old male patient, where the non-chromaffin component was a malignant Triton tumour composed of peripheral nerve sheath tumour and skeletal muscle differentiation, is reported. This admixture was confirmed with immunohistochemical pattern of expression. This is the first case of such a phenomenon in a composite phaeochromocytoma. The present case further widens the histomorphological range of composite phaeochromocytoma of the adrenal gland, which the histopathologist should be aware of. Since the prognosis of composite phaeochromocytoma with malignant nerve sheath tumour would be determined by the nerve sheath component, recognition of this tumour is imperative.

Cutaneous angiosarcoma in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum.

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by photosensitivity, cutaneous pigmentary changes, premature skin ageing and development of various cutaneous and internal malignancies at an early age as a result of a defect in nucleotide excision repair following ultraviolet light exposure. Cutaneous angiosarcomas are aggressive neoplasms that are rarely associated with XP. In this communication, we report the case of a 40-year-old male patient with XP who developed an angiosarcoma of the face and discuss the implications of this association in view of recent developments in this field.

Improving care in ovarian cancer: the role of a clinico-pathological meeting.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the impact of clinico-pathological meetings on the diagnosis and management of patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: Between January 2005 and December 2006, about 400 patients of suspected or confirmed ovarian cancer were evaluated in the 'Gynaecology Tumour Clinic'. Of these, 108 cases were referred for discussion in the weekly clinico-pathology meeting for various indications. These cases were retrospectively analysed regarding their initial clinical and pathological diagnosis, the indication for referring the case for discussion in the meeting and the impact this had on the overall management. Alterations in diagnosis, which impacted management, were classified as 'major changes' and those, which did not, were called 'minor changes'. RESULTS: Ninety-one of the 108 cases discussed were available for analysis; 75.8% of cases were initially diagnosed as epithelial ovarian cancers. In 48 of 91 cases (52%), there was an alteration in the diagnosis as a direct result of discussion in the meeting, mainly after clarifications regarding histological grading in 34 cases. Of the remaining 14 cases, 3 had a change in histopathological diagnosis; 2 cases, which were initially labelled as undifferentiated tumours, had their diagnosis clarified; and in the remaining 9 cases, in which the primary site was not known, a possible primary site could be assigned (with the help of clinical, radiological and pathological inputs). Among the 14 cases with alterations other than grading, the change was contributed by slide review alone in 7 cases and in the rest by a combination of slide review and clinical inputs. As a direct outcome of the meeting, 20 of 91 cases (22%) had their management plan modified (major change). CONCLUSION: The practice of conducting weekly clinicopathological meetings has a major impact on the management of cases of ovarian cancer.

Breakdown enhancement in silicon nanowire p-n junctions.

We demonstrate highly reproducible silicon nanowire diodes fabricated with a fully VLSI compatible etching technology, with diameters down to 30 nm. A contact technology based on recrystallized polysilicon enables specific contact resistances as low as rho approximately 10-7 Omega cm2. Our devices show a strongly diameter-dependent breakdown voltage at reverse bias, which we explain in terms of the influence of the surrounding dielectric. We suggest that this technology is suitable for incorporating nanowire-based functionalities into future integrated circuits.

Adrenal involvement in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: four cases and review of literature.

Primary adrenal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is very rare. We have seen 2 such cases among 241 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (0.83%) over the past 4 years. We could detect 2 more cases who had adrenal involvement, in addition to other extra nodal disease sites. Review of English literature revealed 65 cases of primary adrenal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, most being single case reports. Salient features included-median age of 68 years (mean age of 47.25 years in our series), bilateral adrenal involvement in 60%, and predominantly diffuse large cell histology with 'B' cell immunophenotype. Adrenal insufficiency was present in two-thirds of the patients at diagnosis. Chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment. About half the patients respond to treatment, with median survival of 4 months. The high index of suspicion for early diagnosis and prompt treatment may improve outcome.

Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney with venous thrombus.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the kidney are rare, the diagnosis usually being made at histopathology. A young adult presented with a painful left renal mass. CT Scan of the abdomen revealed a large necrotic tumor of the left kidney. At surgery the patient was found to have a venous thrombus confined to the renal vein. Radical nephrectomy was done. Histopathology showed a round cell neoplasm with typical Homer Wright rosette formation and positive staining for neuron specific enolase (NSE) and MIC-2 on immunohistochemistry. The patient is undergoing multidrug chemotherapy and is alive and well at a follow up of nine months.

Germ cell tumours of the testis: clinical features, treatment outcome and prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with germ cell tumours of the testis has Improved over the past two decades following cisplatinum-based chemotherapy. Currently, staging and risk assessment of the disease is crucial in order to provide curative therapy for patients with poor risk features and not over-treat good risk patients. METHODS: We reviewed the case records of 71 men diagnosed to have germ cell tumours between January 1993 and October 1999. Their clinical characteristics, staging, treatment outcome and prognostic factors for response and survival were analysed. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 30 years (range: 3-65 years); 69% were in the third and fourth decades. Sixty-one patients (86%) had a primary testicular tumour while in 10 (14%) the tumour was extragonadal. Histopathologically, 53 patients (75%) had non-seminomatous germ cell tumours and 15 (21%) had a seminoma. Twenty-seven patients (62%) had evidence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. On prognostication, non-seminomatous germ cell tumour patients could be divded into good, intemediate and poor prognostic groups comprising 41%, 17% and 40% of patients, respectively. All patients with a seminoma were in the good prognostic subgroup. Fifty-eight patients were evaluable for response. Overall, 91% of patients responded: complete response 71% and partial response 20%. Complete response rates were signiflcantly higher for the good risk (95%) compared to the intermediate (49%) and poor risk (47%) categories (p< 0.003). At a median follow up of 26 months, the 2-year overall and progression-free survival for all patients was 70% and 57%, respectively. The predictors for decreased overall and progression-free survival were age >35 years, presence of poor risk features and mediastinal primary disease. CONCLUSION: The outcome for germ cell tumours in men with good risk is excellent. A protocol consisting of bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin is effective. Tailoring of chemotherapy In good risk patients to minimize toxicity and Improving results in poor risk patients are areas that need further work.

Dimethylarsinic acid induces 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine formation in the kidney of NCI-Black-Reiter rats.

Dirnethylarsenic peroxyl radical [(CH(3))(2)AsOO] has been postulated to be responsible for DNA damage induced by dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). In an effort to elucidate the possible mechanism of tumor-inducing potential of DMA, an experiment was designed to investigate the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a specific marker of oxidative base damage in the kidney tissues of NCI-Black Reiter (NBR) rats. Animals were divided into four groups and administered the vehicle - saline, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight respectively of DMA by gavage, once a day, 5 days a week, for a period of 4 weeks. DMA induced increase of 8-OHdG levels in the kidney of the rats treated, with the highest level at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Analysis of the kidney for cell proliferation employing PCNA-positive index showed greater proliferation in the tissues of treated rats. However, DMA did not have any influence on apoptosis in this regimen. Histopathological examination of the kidney selections revealed the presence of vacuolated degeneration and dilation of the proximal tubule cells in two groups (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight). This study provides evidence to substantiate the role of DMA in inducing oxidative DNA damage in the kidney.

Inhibitory effects of S-methylcysteine and cysteine on the promoting potential of sodium phenobarbital on rat liver carcinogenesis.

The effects of S-methylcysteine (SMC) and cysteine on the promotion stages of rodent hepatocarcinogenesis in a medium-term bioassay previously developed by Ito were examined. Initiation was induced by a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), followed by dietary administration of the promoter sodium phenobarbital (NaPB) 2 weeks later, for 6 weeks. Partial hepatectomy was conducted on all the animals at week 3. Inhibitory potential was evaluated by analyzing two markers of carcinogenesis, namely numbers of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In addition, the level of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), one of the rate-limiting enzymes of polyamine metabolism induced by promoters, was analyzed. SMC and cysteine induced significant reduction in the areas of GST-P-positive foci. A significant reduction in the PCNA index was observed in the entire liver as well as in GST-P-positive areas. SMC also induced down-regulation of the ODC enzyme activity. Thus, SMC and cysteine were found to inhibit the promotion stage of DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. No cocarcinogenic effects were evident on administration of either of these chemicals with NaPB.

Entomophthoromycosis of the nose and paranasal sinus.

A case of entomophthoromycosis of the nose and paranasal sinus is presented. To our knowledge, this is the youngest patient reported with this infection. Though the clinical picture mimicked a malignancy, histopathology clinched the diagnosis of entomophthoromycosis. The lesions resolved completely with oral potassium iodide.

Resonant mechanisms of inelastic light scattering by low-dimensional electron gases.

The contribution of elementary excitations in low-dimensional electron gases to resonant inelastic light scattering is found to be determined by interband transitions involving states at specific wave vectors. In modulation-doped GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells, we detect only the single-particle excitations (SPE) at resonances with electron-hole transitions at the Fermi wave vector, and only plasmons at resonances with zone-center excitons. The plasmon cross section is comparable to the SPE when double electronic resonance is achieved by tuning the plasmon energy to a valence subband separation.

Histoplasmosis of the eyelids--a case report.

Systemic histoplasmosis manifesting as an ulcerative eyelid lesion is rare. We describe a successfully treated case of histoplasmosis who presented with an eroding ulcer in the lid.