[Monitoring in surgery and resuscitation: current state, problems, and trends].

General problems of medical monitoring are discussed using monitoring in anesthesiology and resuscitation as an example. The current state of this important problem of biomedical engineering and perspectives of its further development based on sophisticated medical methods of measurement of vitally important parameters of patient are analyzed. The main emphasis was placed on the problems of collaboration between physicians and engineers in the development of monitoring systems and optimal information support of physicians during the use of monitoring systems in surgery and resuscitation. Special attention was devoted to facilitation of working conditions of physician with due regard to patient safety. The problems of appearance of monitoring errors, their origin, and approaches to their minimization are also discussed.

[An analysis of the prospects for elaboration and production of narcosis and respiratory equipment]. / Analiz perspektiv razrabotki i proizvodstva narkozno-dykhatel'noi apparatury v Rossii.

The narcosis-and-respiratory equipment (NRE) is one of the most important categories of equipment in health care. The article contains analytical data on the structure of NRE and sales statistics; a classification of the methods of ventilation support is presented, the appearance of NRE types, developed by ZAO "VNIIMP-VITA" and serially manufactured, is described.

[State of the art and outlook for promoting Russian-made hemodialysis equipment with regeneration of dialyzing solution]. / Sovremennoe sostoianie i perspektivy razvitiia otechestvennoi gemodializnoi apparatury s regeneratsiei dializiruiushchego rastvora.

Radical improvements in the physiological features and self-sufficiency of hemodialysis equipment, an essential reduction of the volume of dialyzate contacting with patient's body and elimination of dependence of the equipment operation on the availability of a water-supply network can be ensured by applying a regime of circulation of a relatively small volume (3-5 l) of dialyzate through the regenerating device. The regeneration unit must eliminate the organic products of dialysis from the dialyzate and stabilize the ionic composition of the purified dialyzate according to the preset parameters. Modern methods and technical means for regenerating the used dialyzate are discussed; a regeneration unit, which ensures an electrochemical oxidation (in the used dialyzate) of nitrogen-containing organic metabolites with a subsequent sorption-type additional purification of electrochemically-processed dialyzate, is offered. The regeneration unit is made up of an electrolyser, a sorption-type additional-purification device and a gas utilizer; it eliminates organic metabolites, phosphorus, calcium and potassium from the used dialyzate and stabilizes the pH solution.

[New implanted electrodes for electric pacemakers]. / Novye implantiruemye élektrody dlia élektrokardiostimuliatsii.

Requirements applicable to as well as the construction of electrodes to stimulate the cardiac function are presented in the article. The importance of pacemakers at a wide range of heart diseases is demonstrated.

[Lighting and technical elements of medical illuminators and the principles of minimal heating of the surgical field]. / Svetotekhnicheskie élementy meditsinskikh svetil'nikov i printsip minimal'nogo nagreva operatsionnogo polia.

Schemes of lighting-and-technical elements of medical illuminators, manufactured by leading companies, are presented in the article. The values of the energy/light correlation are analyzed for different illumination sources; besides, the conditions of a minimal thermal inflow into tissues are described.

[Designing and manufacturing and supplying the instruments and equipment to medical facilities by ZAO "VNIIMP-VITA" RAMH in 2002 and 2003]. / Deiatel'nost' ZAO "VNIIMP-VITA" RAMH v oblasti razrabotki, proizvodstva i postavok v meditsinskie uchrezhdeniia priborov i apparatov v 2002 i 2003 gg.

Outlined in the paper are some essential aspects related with the activity results of the All-Russia Research Institute for Medical Instrument-Making Ltd. of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, as of the leading Russian institution in the field of medical instrument-making. Data are described on a variety of already manufactured and on some new medical equipment items now in the process of designing.

[Equipment for electrostimulation of the nervous and muscular systems: investigations, design, and application]. / Apparatura dlia élektrostimuliatsii nervnoi i myshechnoi sistem: issledovaniia, sozdanie i primenenie.

The paper considers the history, the state-of-the-art, and prospects for development of electrostimulation and appropriate equipment. The results of Russian studies and developments in this field are presented.

[Medical engineering technologies of diagnosis and correction of higher mental functions in children and adolescents]. / Mediko-inzhenernye tekhnologii diagnostiki i korrektsii vysshikh psikhicheskikh funktsii detei i podrostkov.

This is an introductory article for this issue of the journal prepared on the basis of the proceedings of the Scientific-and-Practical Conference on Problems in Instrumental Evaluation of Higher Mental Functions and Dysfunctions in Children and Adolescents by using computer-aided test systems (medical engineering technologies developed at the turn of millennia). The paper deals with the analysis of the themes of the conference, its composition, and issues examined.

[Medical engineering computer technologies of testing cognitive functions in children]. / Mediko-inzhenernye komp'iuternye tekhnologii testirovaniia poznavatel'nykh funktsii u detei.

Studies of higher mental functions in children are shown to present great difficulties in many parameters. Analysis has provided a number of requirements for medical devices and complexes and principles of their construction. Based on these data, the authors have developed and put computer test systems into practice, their advantages being shown. The studies of cognitive functions in children by using computer test systems are dealt with.

[Medical-technological equipment of nonphysician monitoring of health status]. / Mediko-tekhnicheskoe obespechenie vnevrachebnogo monitorirovaniia sostoianiia zdorov'ia cheloveka.

Extrahospital monitoring of the body's status is an effective method for health promotion of man and the general population. The paper presents medical engineering rationale for the software of health monitoring under different conditions, identifies three base-line configurations of these complexes: for use in health institutions: for that in the institutions lacking permanent medical staff; for individual and familial use.

[The protective signalization of human vital functions: methodology, concept, devices]. / Okhrannaia signalizatsiia zhiznenno vazhnykhh funktsii cheloveka: metodologiia, kontseptsiia, ustroistva.

The paper describes a basically new approach to solving the most pressing sociomedical approach, i.e. timely rendering a medical aid when acute vital dysfunctions suddenly occur in real daily life. A new concept of medical instrument making for human life and health protection has been developed on the basis of the theory of functional systems which discloses the universal mechanisms of self-regulation of the body's function. Its practical application is the design and patent a number of original devices of the protective signalling system which may be classified as information microprocessor devices designed for daily individual continuous control and notification of the first objective signs of physiological dysfunctions.

[Present-day achievements and trends in the design of devices and apparatuses in research and practical medicine]. / Sovremennye dostizheniia i tendentsii razvitiia priborov i apparatov dlia nauchnoi i prakticheskoi meditsiny.

The paper considers the present-day achievements and trends in the design of devices and apparatuses for practical medicine, researches, and clinical studies by groups of devices and apparatuses that provide the use of the most effective therapeutical and diagnostic procedures by using the latest achievements in different fields of engineering sciences and technologies. Some common approaches, techniques, and decisions employed in the design of the present-day medical equipment are identified.

[The creation and manufacture of anesthetic respiratory equipment based on a complex systems approach]. / Sozdanie i proizvodstvo narkozno-dykhatel'noi apparatury na osnove sistemno-kompleksnogo podkhoda.

The systems complex approach is essential for designing and manufacturing anesthetic respiratory equipment due to its great medical significance, a wide range, complexity, and rigid requirements for reliability. The system in question includes the subsystem "apparatus", "patient", and "operator" in each a considerable factors considering the existing features of designing, equipping the therapeutical institutions, as well as traditions, manufacturing characteristics, potential risks, etc. The application of this approach is analyzed by using the Spiron-type artificial lung ventilation and Polynarkon-type inhalation anesthetic apparatuses as examples.

[The status of and problems in the development of Russian medical instrument making]. / Sostoianie i problemy razvitiia otechestvennoi meditsinskogo priborostroeniia.

Recently, there have been great changes in the nomenclature of manufactured medical equipment (ME) items and hence there is a considerable renewal of products due to the fact that a lot of conversed enterprises of the military-industrial complex (MIC) have settled down in producing ME. By and large, the output of new ME items is 37% of their total medical instrument making nomenclature. Thus, in 1988 the proportion of the items was 35% of the total output of medical devices and apparatuses while in 1995 it is 65%. The output and technical level of some extremely complex ME items, Russian devices for hemodialysis and extracorporeal circulation have been increased. The Russian enterprises have designed and are manufacturing diagnostic nuclear magnetic systems, pulse oximeters, Billitest bilirubin meters, complex laboratory sets for radioimmunochemical assay, a G202-5 lit-par-lit scanning complex, Mammodiagnost apparatus, new Roentgen-48 and Roentgen-60 X-ray complexes, etc. The paper gives specific examples how a number of medical devices and apparatuses are designed and launched into production at the electronic and radio industrial and MIC enterprises.

[Control and diagnosis in the biotechnical systems of artificial clearance]. / Zakonomernosti upravleniia i diagnostiki v biotekhnicheskikh systemakh iskusstvennogo ochishcheniia.

Controlling and diagnostic processes in the bioengineering artificial clearance systems despite of the procedures applied, their functional use and design seem to occur in the artificial organs, each of them consists of controlling and actuating processors ensuring their homogeneous (material, energy-producing, informational) or combined interaction with the patient's body. Centralized control over artificial clearance is proposed by using universal controlling processes which are informationally connected with the operator, the central computer and other controlling processes of the bioengineering system.