Putative parapoxvirus-associated foot disease in the endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Bernardo O'Higgins National Park, Chile.

The huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is an endangered cervid endemic to southern Argentina and Chile. Here we report foot lesions in 24 huemul from Bernardo O'Higgins National Park, Chile, between 2005 and 2010. Affected deer displayed variably severe clinical signs, including lameness and soft tissue swelling of the limbs proximal to the hoof or in the interdigital space, ulceration of the swollen tissues, and some developed severe proliferative tissue changes that caused various types of abnormal wear, entrapment, and/or displacement of the hooves and/or dewclaws. Animals showed signs of intense pain and reduced mobility followed by loss of body condition and recumbency, which often preceded death. The disease affected both genders and all age categories. Morbidity and mortality reached 80% and 40%, respectively. Diagnostics were restricted to a limited number of cases from which samples were available. Histology revealed severe papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia and superficial dermatitis. Electron microscopy identified viral particles consistent with viruses in the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily. The presence of parapoxvirus DNA was confirmed by a pan-poxvirus PCR assay, showing high identity (98%) with bovine papular stomatitis virus and pseudocowpoxvirus. This is the first report of foot disease in huemul deer in Chile, putatively attributed to poxvirus. Given the high morbidity and mortality observed, this virus might pose a considerable conservation threat to huemul deer in Chilean Patagonia. Moreover, this report highlights a need for improved monitoring of huemul populations and synergistic, rapid response efforts to adequately address disease events that threaten the species.

Health evaluation of pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer) at Campos del Tuyú Wildlife Reserve, Argentina.

Samples from 14 free-ranging pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer) were collected in 1995 and 1998, at Campos del Tuyú Wildlife Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Hematology, serum chemistries, minerals and metals, and fecal parasites were analyzed. In addition, fecal ova and parasites were evaluated seasonally during 1998-2000. Serology for infectious diseases included blue-tongue, brucellosis, bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection, bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), foot and mouth disease (FMD), leptospirosis (eight serovars), epizootic hemorrhagic disease, and parainfluenza-3 (PI-3). Three (21%) pampas deer had antibodies to Leptospira spp. and six (43%) to PI-3 virus. Serologic results for all other infectious agents were negative. Domestic cattle (n = 27) included in this study for comparison had antibodies to Leptospira, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and PI-3 virus (74-100% of tested animals) and one animal (4%) to Brucella sp. All cattle had antibodies to FMD virus attributable to vaccination. This study provides the first data on the health status of the southernmost sub-species of pampas deer.