Diagnóstico etiológico de la disfunción ventricular izquierda con tomografía computarizada: comparación con coronariografía y cardiorresonancia / Etiological diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction: computed tomography compared with coronary angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance

Introducción y objetivos. Evaluar la capacidad de la tomografía computarizada con multidetectores en el diagnóstico de la disfunción ventricular izquierda de origen coronario y valorar su exactitud diagnóstica comparándola con la combinación de coronariografía invasiva y resonancia magnética. Métodos. Se estudió a 40 pacientes consecutivos con disfunción ventricular izquierda de origen no filiado mediante coronariografía invasiva y resonancia con contraste. A todos ellos se les realizó además un estudio de tomografía computarizada con multidetectores incluyendo presencia de calcio coronario y su cuantificación, coronariografía y valoración tisular del miocardio. Resultados. La sensibilidad y la especificidad de la presencia de calcio coronario para identificar la disfunción ventricular izquierda de origen coronario fueron del 100 y el 31% respectivamente. Si se considera un score de calcio por Agatston>100, la especificidad sube al 58% manteniendo la sensibilidad del 100%. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad de la coronariografía por tomografía computarizada con multidetectores fueron del 100 y el 96% respectivamente; para la identificación de áreas de necrosis en la adquisición precoz, del 57 y el 100% y en la adquisición tardía, del 84 y el 96%. Para identificar a los pacientes coronarios con necrosis, la sensibilidad y la especificidad fueron del 92 y el 100% respectivamente. Conclusiones. De todas las herramientas diagnósticas disponibles en tomografía computarizada con multidetectores, la coronariografía es la que muestra mayor exactitud diagnóstica para determinar el origen coronario de la disfunción ventricular. La combinación del estudio coronariográfico y el estudio tisular del miocardio tras el contraste permite obtener en un solo examen información similar a la de la combinación de cateterismo y resonancia con contraste (AU)

Introduction and objectives. To evaluate the capability of multidetector computed tomography to diagnose the coronary etiology of left ventricular dysfunction compared with using invasive coronary angiography and magnetic resonance. Methods. Forty consecutive patients with left ventricular dysfunction of uncertain etiology underwent invasive coronary angiography and contrast magnetic resonance. All patients were evaluated with multidetector computed tomography including coronary calcium presence and score, noninvasive coronary angiography, and myocardial tissue assessment. Results. The sensitivity and specificity of the presence of coronary calcium to identify left ventricular dysfunction was 100% and 31%, respectively. If an Agatston calcium score of >100 is taken, specificity increases to 58% with sensitivity still 100%. Sensitivity and specificity for coronary angiography by multidetector computed tomography was 100% and 96%, respectively; for identifying necrosis in contrast acquisition it was 57% and 100%, respectively; and in late acquisition, 84% and 96%, respectively. To identify coronary ventricular dysfunction with necrosis, the sensitivity and specificity was 92% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions. Of all the diagnostic tools available in multidetector computed tomography, coronary angiography is the most accurate in determining the coronary origin of left ventricular dysfunction. A combination of coronary angiography and myocardial tissue study after contrast allows a single test to obtain similar information compared with the combination of invasive coronary angiography and contrast magnetic resonance (AU)

Etiological diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction: computed tomography compared with coronary angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the capability of multidetector computed tomography to diagnose the coronary etiology of left ventricular dysfunction compared with using invasive coronary angiography and magnetic resonance. METHODS: Forty consecutive patients with left ventricular dysfunction of uncertain etiology underwent invasive coronary angiography and contrast magnetic resonance. All patients were evaluated with multidetector computed tomography including coronary calcium presence and score, noninvasive coronary angiography, and myocardial tissue assessment. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the presence of coronary calcium to identify left ventricular dysfunction was 100% and 31%, respectively. If an Agatston calcium score of >100 is taken, specificity increases to 58% with sensitivity still 100%. Sensitivity and specificity for coronary angiography by multidetector computed tomography was 100% and 96%, respectively; for identifying necrosis in contrast acquisition it was 57% and 100%, respectively; and in late acquisition, 84% and 96%, respectively. To identify coronary ventricular dysfunction with necrosis, the sensitivity and specificity was 92% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Of all the diagnostic tools available in multidetector computed tomography, coronary angiography is the most accurate in determining the coronary origin of left ventricular dysfunction. A combination of coronary angiography and myocardial tissue study after contrast allows a single test to obtain similar information compared with the combination of invasive coronary angiography and contrast magnetic resonance.

[Long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up of drug-eluting stents in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction]. / Resultados clínicos y angiográficos tardíos de stents liberadores de fármacos en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Drug-eluting stents (DES) have proven to be effective in reducing the rate of restenosis and have, therefore, been incorporated into the treatment of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to investigate long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes following the use of DESs in patients with STEMI. METHODS: A prospective study involving clinical and angiographic follow-up was performed in 81 patients with STEMI who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention including DES implantation. This group was compared with 82 patients with similar characteristics who were treated with bare-metal stents (BMS) in an earlier period. RESULTS: At one year, there was no significant difference between the groups in the mortality (2.5% in the DES group vs 7.3% in the BMS group; P=.15) or reinfarction rate (4.8% in the DES group vs. 4.8% in the BMS group; P=.98). The target lesion revascularization rate was significantly lower in the DES group (8.6% vs 23.2% in the BMS group; P=.001), as was the restenosis rate (13.8% vs. 30.9% in the BMS group; P=.02). Acute or subacute stent thrombosis was diagnosed in five patients (3 with a DES and 2 with a BMS; P=.64), and one late stent thrombosis was detected after a year, in a sirolimus-eluting stent. CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of a DES in patients with STEMI did not result in a reduction in either the mortality or reinfarction rate at 1 year compared with BMS implantation. However, there were reductions in the rates of restenosis and target lesion revascularization. The incidence of thrombosis was similar with the two types of stent.

Resultados clínicos y angiográficos tardíos de stents liberadores de fármacos en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST / Long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up of drug-eluting stents in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction

Introducción y objetivos. Los stents liberadores de fármacos (SLF) han demostrado reducir la reestenosis y por ello se han incorporado al tratamiento de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST (IAMEST). En este trabajo se han evaluado los resultados clínicos y angiográficos a largo plazo de los SLF en pacientes con IAMEST. Métodos. Se realizó prospectivamente un seguimiento clínico y angiográfico de 81 pacientes con IAMEST sometidos a intervencionismo coronario percutáneo con implante de SLF. Este grupo se comparó con otro de 82 pacientes con características similares, tratados con stents convencionales (SC) en un período anterior. Resultados. Al año no hubo diferencias significativas en las tasas de mortalidad (2,5% en el grupo SLF y 7,3% en el grupo SC; p = 0,15) o reinfarto (4,8% del grupo SLF y 4,8% del grupo SC; p = 0,98). La necesidad de nueva revascularización de la lesión fue menor en el grupo SLF (8,6 y 23,2%; p = 0,001) al igual que la tasa de reestenosis (13,8% del grupo SLF y 30,9% del grupo SC; p = 0,02). Se registraron 5 trombosis agudas o subagudas de stent (3 SLF y 2 SC; p = 0,64) y una tardía después del año en un stent de sirolimus. Conclusiones. El implante de SLF en pacientes con IAMEST no reduce la mortalidad o el reinfarto al año respecto a los SC; sin embargo, reduce la tasa de reestenosis y la necesidad de nueva revascularización. La incidencia de trombosis de stent fue similar en los dos grupos

Introduction and objectives. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have proven to be effective in reducing the rate of restenosis and have, therefore, been incorporated into the treatment of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to investigate long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes following the use of DESs in patients with STEMI. Methods. A prospective study involving clinical and angiographic follow-up was performed in 81 patients with STEMI who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention including DES implantation. This group was compared with 82 patients with similar characteristics who were treated with bare-metal stents (BMS) in an earlier period. Results. At one year, there was no significant difference between the groups in the mortality (2.5% in the DES group vs 7.3% in the BMS group; P=.15) or reinfarction rate (4.8% in the DES group vs. 4.8% in the BMS group; P=.98). The target lesion revascularization rate was significantly lower in the DES group (8.6% vs 23.2% in the BMS group; P=.001), as was the restenosis rate (13.8% vs. 30.9% in the BMS group; P=.02). Acute or subacute stent thrombosis was diagnosed in five patients (3 with a DES and 2 with a BMS; P=.64), and one late stent thrombosis was detected after a year, in a sirolimus-eluting stent. Conclusions. Implantation of a DES in patients with STEMI did not result in a reduction in either the mortality or reinfarction rate at 1 year compared with BMS implantation. However, there were reductions in the rates of restenosis and target lesion revascularization. The incidence of thrombosis was similar with the two types of stent

[Stent thrombosis in the modern era: incidence, outcome and predictive factors]. / Trombosis del stent en la era moderna: incidencia, consecuencias y factores predictores.

Coronary stent thrombosis is a catastrophic complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. Its incidence is reported to be about 1%, though it can occur more frequently in high-risk patients, in high-risk lesions, and in multivessel procedures. We investigated the occurrence of stent thrombosis in 404 consecutive patients in a period when conventional and drug-eluting stents were both being used. We found an overall incidence of 2.23%, a mortality rate of 22.2%, and a non-fatal myocardial infarction rate of 66.6%. Predictors of stent thrombosis were acute myocardial infarction, multiple stent placement, poor ejection fraction, small stent diameter, the presence of residual dissection, and premature discontinuation of clopidogrel.

Trombosis del stent en la era moderna: incidencia, consecuencias y factores predictores / Stent Thrombosis in the Modern Era: Incidence, Outcome and Predictive Factors

La trombosis del stent (TS) es una complicación temida del intervencionismo coronario percutáneo por sus consecuencias catastróficas, cuya incidencia aproximada es del 1% y que puede ser más frecuente en procedimientos realizados en pacientes/lesiones de alto riesgo o procedimientos multivaso. Analizamos la aparición de TS en una población de 404 pacientes consecutivos en un período en el que se utilizaron tanto stents recubiertos como stents convencionales, con una incidencia global del 2,23%, una mortalidad del 22,2% y una tasa de infarto agudo de miocardio no fatal del 66,6%. Los factores predictores de aparición de TS fueron: indicación por infarto agudo de miocardio, implante de múltiples stents, peor fracción de eyección, diámetro de stent más pequeño, presencia de disección residual y abandono precoz de clopidogrel (AU)

Coronary stent thrombosis is a catastrophic complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. Its incidence is reported to be about 1%, though it can occur more frequently in high-risk patients, in high-risk lesions, and in multivessel procedures. We investigated the occurrence of stent thrombosis in 404 consecutive patients in a period when conventional and drug-eluting stents were both being used. We found an overall incidence of 2.23%, a mortality rate of 22.2%, and a non- fatal myocardial infarction rate of 66.6%. Predictors of stent thrombosis were acute myocardial infarction, multiple stent placement, poor ejection fraction, small stent diameter, the presence of residual dissection, and premature discontinuation of clopidogrel (AU)

[Anomalous left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva associated with coronary atheromatosis]. / Arteria coronaria izquierda anómala en el seno de Valsalva derecho asociada a ateromatosis coronaria.

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva is an anatomical abnormality that is usually associated with myocardial ischemia and sudden death. Although this abnormality may coexist with obstructive atherosclerotic coronary disease, disease is not usually found in the anomalous course of the artery. When this coronary anomaly and obstructive coronary disease are both present, it is difficult to determine the cause of ischemic symptoms. We report a case in which three different diagnostic techniques were used to find the cause of ischemic symptoms in a patient whose left coronary artery originated anomalously in the right sinus of Valsalva and followed a course between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk and who had obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the right coronary artery. The techniques were conventional angiography, which was used for the initial diagnosis, multislice computerized tomography, which was used to determine the anomalous course of the artery and its relationship with vascular structures, and exercise echocardiography, which was used to evaluate ischemia in the left coronary artery territory after treatment of the stenoses in the right coronary artery.

Arteria coronaria izquierda anómala en el seno de Valsalva derecho asociada a ateromatosis coronaria / Anomalous left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva associated with coronary atheromatosis

El origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria izquierda en el seno de Valsalva derecho es una anomalía que suele asociarse con isquemia miocárdica y muerte súbita. Aunque puede coexistir con aterosclerosis coronaria, ésta no suele asentar en el trayecto coronario anómalo. Cuando coexiste esta anomalía coronaria con la enfermedad aterosclerótica coronaria resulta difícil diferenciar el origen de los síntomas isquémicos. Presentamos un caso en el que se emplearon 3 modalidades diagnósticas para dilucidar el origen de los síntomas isquémicos en un paciente con origen anómalo de la coronaria izquierda en el seno de Valsava derecho y trayecto entre la aorta y el tronco pulmonar asociado con lesiones ateroscleróticas obstructivas en la coronaria derecha: la angiografía convencional como diagnóstico inicial, la tomografía computarizada para identificar con exactitud el trayecto de la coronaria anómala y su relación con estructuras vasculares y la ecocardiografía de esfuerzo para valorar isquemia en territorio de la coronaria izquierda tras el tratamiento de las lesiones en la coronaria derecha

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva is an anatomical abnormality that is usually associated with myocardial ischemia and sudden death. Although this abnormality may coexist with obstructive atherosclerotic coronary disease, disease is not usually found in the anomalous course of the artery. When this coronary anomaly and obstructive coronary disease are both present, it is difficult to determine the cause of ischemic symptoms. We report a case in which three different diagnostic techniques were used to find the cause of ischemic symptoms in a patient whose left coronary artery originated anomalously in the right sinus of Valsalva and followed a course between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk and who had obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the right coronary artery. The techniques were conventional angiography, which was used for the initial diagnosis, multislice computerized tomography, which was used to determine the anomalous course of the artery and its relationship with vascular structures, and exercise echocardiography, which was used to evaluate ischemia in the left coronary artery territory after treatment of the stenoses in the right coronary artery

[Prognostic value of persistent ST-segment elevation after successful primary angioplasty]. / Valor pronóstico de la persistencia del segmento ST elevado después de una angioplastia primaria realizada con éxito.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: A variable percentage of patients with myocardial infarction treated with successful primary angioplasty and restoration of coronary flow show persistent ST-segment elevation, probably due to inadequate cellular reperfusion. We studied if persistent ST-segment elevation was a predictor of worse prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We comparatively studied the clinical and angiographic results of 116 acute myocardial infarction patients after successful primary angioplasty, which were classified into two groups depending on the persistence (> 50%) or reduction (