Chronic Comorbidities in Middle Aged Patients Contribute to Ineffective Emergency Hematopoiesis in Covid-19 Fatal Outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mexico is among the countries with the highest estimated excess mortality rates due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with more than half of reported deaths occurring in adults younger than 65 years old. Although this behavior is presumably influenced by the young demographics and the high prevalence of metabolic diseases, the underlying mechanisms have not been determined. METHODS: The age-stratified case fatality rate (CFR) was estimated in a prospective cohort with 245 hospitalized COVID-19 cases, followed through time, for the period October 2020-September 2021. Cellular and inflammatory parameters were exhaustively investigated in blood samples by laboratory test, multiparametric flow cytometry and multiplex immunoassays. RESULTS: The CFR was 35.51%, with 55.2% of deaths recorded in middle-aged adults. On admission, hematological cell differentiation, physiological stress and inflammation parameters, showed distinctive profiles of potential prognostic value in patients under 65 at 7 days follow-up. Pre-existing metabolic conditions were identified as risk factors of poor outcomes. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), as single comorbidity or in combination with diabetes, had the highest risk for COVID-19 fatality. Of note, fatal outcomes in middle-aged patients were marked from admission by an inflammatory landscape and emergency myeloid hematopoiesis at the expense of functional lymphoid innate cells for antiviral immunosurveillance, including NK and dendritic cell subsets. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities increased the development of imbalanced myeloid phenotype, rendering middle-aged individuals unable to effectively control SARS-CoV-2. A predictive signature of high-risk outcomes at day 7 of disease evolution as a tool for their early stratification in vulnerable populations is proposed.

Subclassification of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia according to age, immunophenotype and microenvironment, predicts MRD risk in Mexican children from vulnerable regions.

Introduction: The decisive key to disease-free survival in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children, is the combination of diagnostic timeliness and treatment efficacy, guided by accurate patient risk stratification. Implementation of standardized and high-precision diagnostic/prognostic systems is particularly important in the most marginalized geographic areas in Mexico, where high numbers of the pediatric population resides and the highest relapse and early death rates due to acute leukemias are recorded even in those cases diagnosed as standard risk. Methods: By using a multidimensional and integrated analysis of the immunophenotype of leukemic cells, the immunological context and the tumor microenvironment, this study aim to capture the snapshot of acute leukemia at disease debut of a cohort of Mexican children from vulnerable regions in Puebla, Oaxaca and Tlaxcala and its potential use in risk stratification. Results and discussion: Our findings highlight the existence of a distinct profile of ProB-ALL in children older than 10 years, which is associated with a six-fold increase in the risk of developing measurable residual disease (MRD). Along with the absence of CD34+ seminal cells for normal hematopoiesis, this ProB-ALL subtype exhibited several characteristics related to poor prognosis, including the high expression level of myeloid lineage markers such as MPO and CD33, as well as upregulation of CD19, CD34, CD24, CD20 and nuTdT. In contrast, it showed a trend towards decreased expression of CD9, CD81, CD123, CD13, CD15 and CD21. Of note, the mesenchymal stromal cell compartment constituting their leukemic niche in the bone marrow, displayed characteristics of potential suppressive microenvironment, such as the expression of Gal9 and IDO1, and the absence of the chemokine CXCL11. Accordingly, adaptive immunity components were poorly represented. Taken together, our results suggest, for the first time, that a biologically distinct subtype of ProB-ALL emerges in vulnerable adolescents, with a high risk of developing MRD. Rigorous research on potential enhancing factors, environmental or lifestyle, is crucial for its detection and prevention. The use of the reported profile for early risk stratification is suggested.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia-secreted miRNAs induce a proinflammatory microenvironment and promote the activation of hematopoietic progenitors.

Leukemogenesis is proposed to result from the continuous interplay between inducive bone marrow (BM) microenvironments and malignant precursor cells. Recent findings point toward an abnormal production of proinflammatory mediators within the BM from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients, although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is uncertain. Here, we have identified 3 miRNAs, miR-146a-5p, miR-181b-5p, and miR-199b-3p, as potential candidates for TLR8 ligation, which are overexpressed in ALL and show agonist functional binding. When purified from ALL exosomes, they demonstrated their capacity of inducing cytokine production by both, hematopoietic and stromal BM cells. Of note, the exposure of BM cells from ALL patients to the proinflammatory milieu resulting from these miRNAs agonist activity revealed the proliferation of normal progenitors, while poor effects were recorded in the leukemic counterpart. The unconventional roles of the tumor-secreted miRNAs as TLR8 agonist ligands may provide a novel mechanism contributing a tumor-microenvironment feedback loop by switching on proinflammatory pathways that further activate normal hematopoietic precursors and support ALL progression. Secreted B-ALL TLR8-agonist miRNAs are involved in the promotion of proinflammatory microenvironments that target normal hematopoietic cells. B-lineage ALL cells secrete exosomes containing miRNAs endowed with the ability of functionally binding TLR8 in hematopoietic and BM mesenchymal stromal cells. Upon TLR8 signaling, the activation of the NF-kB pathway induces secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that, in turn, promotes cell proliferation in early hematopoietic cell populations, driving a tumor-microenvironment-hematopoietic activation feedback loop that may reduce the normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartment and facilitate cancer progression.

Cell surface expression of GRP78 and CXCR4 is associated with childhood high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnostics.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the most common type of cancer in pediatric individuals. Glucose regulated protein (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that facilitates the folding and assembly of proteins and regulates the unfolded protein response pathway. GRP78 has a role in survival of cancer and metastasis and cell-surface associated GRP78 (sGRP78) is expressed on cancer cells but not in normal cells. Here, we explored the presence of sGRP78 in pediatric B-ALL at diagnosis and investigated the correlation with bona fide markers of leukemia. By using a combination of flow cytometry and high multidimensional analysis, we found a distinctive cluster containing high levels of sGRP78, CD10, CD19, and CXCR4 in bone marrow samples obtained from High-risk leukemia patients, which was absent in the compartment of Standard-risk leukemia. We confirmed that sGRP78+CXCR4+ blood-derived cells were more frequent in High-risk leukemia patients. Finally, we analyzed the dissemination capacity of sGRP78 leukemia cells in a model of xenotransplantation. sGRP78+ cells emigrated to the bone marrow and lymph nodes, maintaining the expression of CXCR4. Testing the presence of sGRP78 and CXCR4 together with conventional markers may help to achieve a better categorization of High and Standard-risk pediatric leukemia at diagnosis.

Analytical recommendations for SARS-CoV-2 identification by RT-PCR in pediatric patients / Recomendaciones analíticas para la identificación de SARS-CoV-2 por RT-PCR en pacientes pediátricos

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and is currently listed as a global public health emergency. Timely identification and protocol implementations for molecular detection of this virus are vital for medical decision-making. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection cases is based on detection of the virus RNA by molecular tests, particularly real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Technical and operational details specific to each center must be considered to perform the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients. The term “qualified laboratories” involves laboratories in which all users, analysts, and anyone reporting results are trained to develop and interpret results through a procedure implemented previously by an instructor. Such knowledge is essential in detecting and identifying errors during each of its phases: pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical, which allow the establishment of continuous improvement policies to ensure the quality of the results, but above all, the physical integrity of health workers.

Resumen La enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19), causada por el coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2), está catalogada actualmente como una emergencia de salud pública mundial. La oportuna identificación y la implementación de protocolos para la detección molecular de este virus son de vital importancia para la toma de decisiones médicas. La identificación de los casos de infección por SARS-CoV-2 se basa en la detección de ARN del virus mediante pruebas moleculares, específicamente la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción inversa (RT-PCR) en tiempo real. Existen detalles particulares de cada centro, tanto técnicos como operacionales, que deben considerarse para llevar a cabo el diagnóstico molecular de SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes pediátricos. El término «laboratorios calificados¼ se refiere a laboratorios en los cuales todos los usuarios, los analistas y cualquier persona que reporta resultados están capacitados para el desarrollo y la interpretación de estos a través de un procedimiento previo implementado por un instructor. Dichos conocimientos son indispensables para la detección y la identificación de errores durante el proceso en cada una de sus fases: preanalítica, analítica y posanalítica. Además, permiten establecer políticas de mejora continua que aseguran la calidad de los resultados, pero sobre todo la integridad física de los trabajadores de la salud.

Analytical recommendations for SARS-CoV-2 identification by RT-PCR in pediatric patients.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and is currently listed as a global public health emergency. Timely identification and protocol implementations for molecular detection of this virus are vital for medical decision-making. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection cases is based on detection of the virus RNA by molecular tests, particularly real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Technical and operational details specific to each center must be considered to perform the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients. The term "qualified laboratories" involves laboratories in which all users, analysts, and anyone reporting results are trained to develop and interpret results through a procedure implemented previously by an instructor. Such knowledge is essential in detecting and identifying errors during each of its phases: pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical, which allow the establishment of continuous improvement policies to ensure the quality of the results, but above all, the physical integrity of health workers.

Saliva as a promising biofluid for SARS-CoV-2 detection during the early stages of infection.

Background: Diagnostic testing for coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is performed using nasopharyngeal swabs. This type of sampling is uncomfortable for the patient, dangerous for health workers, and its high demand has led to a global shortage of swabs. One of the alternative specimens is saliva. However, the optimal conditions for the test have not been established. Methods: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the viral genome in saliva samples kept at room temperature, in the fridge or frozen for 2 days. In addition, the influence of brushing teeth and feeding on the detection of the virus in saliva was addressed. Finally, the efficiency of saliva in revealing the presence of the virus during the hospitalization period was determined in children. Results: The viral genome was consistently detected regardless of the storage conditions of saliva samples. Brushing teeth and feeding did not influence the sensitivity of the test. In hospitalized children, positive results were obtained only during the early days. Conclusions: These results support the idea of the use of saliva as an alternative specimen for diagnostic testing for COVID-19. The viral genome is stable and endures perturbations in the oral cavity. However, clearance of the virus from the mouth during the infection may limit the use of the test only to the early stages of the disease.

Introducción: El diagnóstico de COVID-19 (enfermedad por coronavirus 2019) se realiza con un hisopado nasofaríngeo. El procedimiento de toma de muestra es molesto para el paciente y peligroso para el personal de salud, y la alta demanda de análisis ha conducido a la escasez de hisopos. Una alternativa es el uso de saliva, pero las condiciones óptimas para realizar el estudio no han sido establecidas. Métodos: Se usó la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa reversa para detectar el genoma viral en muestras de saliva mantenidas a temperatura ambiente, en refrigeración o congeladas. Además, se evaluó la influencia del aseo bucal y de la ingesta de alimento en la detección del virus. Finalmente, se determinó el desempeño de la saliva para reportar la presencia del virus durante el periodo de hospitalización en niños. Resultados: El genoma viral fue estable durante 2 días a las diferentes temperaturas ensayadas. El aseo bucal y la ingesta de alimento no influyeron en la detección del virus. En los niños hospitalizados solo se obtuvieron resultados positivos durante los primeros días. Conclusiones: Los resultados coinciden con la idea del uso de la saliva como biofluido alternativo para el diagnóstico de COVID-19. El genoma viral es estable y no se ve afectado por perturbaciones en la cavidad oral; sin embargo, la dinámica de la infección puede provocar que el ensayo solo sea útil durante las primeras etapas de la enfermedad.

Saliva as a promising biofluid for SARS-CoV-2 detection during the early stages of infection / La saliva como biofluido promisorio para la detección del SARS-CoV-2 durante las primeras etapas de la infección

Abstract Background: Diagnostic testing for coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is performed using nasopharyngeal swabs. This type of sampling is uncomfortable for the patient, dangerous for health workers, and its high demand has led to a global shortage of swabs. One of the alternative specimens is saliva. However, the optimal conditions for the test have not been established. Methods: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the viral genome in saliva samples kept at room temperature, in the fridge or frozen for 2 days. In addition, the influence of brushing teeth and feeding on the detection of the virus in saliva was addressed. Finally, the efficiency of saliva in revealing the presence of the virus during the hospitalization period was determined in children. Results: The viral genome was consistently detected regardless of the storage conditions of saliva samples. Brushing teeth and feeding did not influence the sensitivity of the test. In hospitalized children, positive results were obtained only during the early days. Conclusions: These results support the idea of the use of saliva as an alternative specimen for diagnostic testing for COVID-19. The viral genome is stable and endures perturbations in the oral cavity. However, clearance of the virus from the mouth during the infection may limit the use of the test only to the early stages of the disease.

Resumen Introducción: El diagnóstico de COVID-19 (enfermedad por coronavirus 2019) se realiza con un hisopado nasofaríngeo. El procedimiento de toma de muestra es molesto para el paciente y peligroso para el personal de salud, y la alta demanda de análisis ha conducido a la escasez de hisopos. Una alternativa es el uso de saliva, pero las condiciones óptimas para realizar el estudio no han sido establecidas. Métodos: Se usó la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa reversa para detectar el genoma viral en muestras de saliva mantenidas a temperatura ambiente, en refrigeración o congeladas. Además, se evaluó la influencia del aseo bucal y de la ingesta de alimento en la detección del virus. Finalmente, se determinó el desempeño de la saliva para reportar la presencia del virus durante el periodo de hospitalización en niños. Resultados: El genoma viral fue estable durante 2 días a las diferentes temperaturas ensayadas. El aseo bucal y la ingesta de alimento no influyeron en la detección del virus. En los niños hospitalizados solo se obtuvieron resultados positivos durante los primeros días. Conclusiones: Los resultados coinciden con la idea del uso de la saliva como biofluido alternativo para el diagnóstico de COVID-19. El genoma viral es estable y no se ve afectado por perturbaciones en la cavidad oral; sin embargo, la dinámica de la infección puede provocar que el ensayo solo sea útil durante las primeras etapas de la enfermedad.

CRTAM+ NK cells endowed with suppressor properties arise in leukemic bone marrow.

Due to their increasing rates of morbidity and mortality, childhood malignancies are considered a global health priority, with acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) showing the highest incidence worldwide. Control of malignant clone emergence and the subsequent normal-leukemic hematopoietic cell out-competition require antitumor monitoring mechanisms. Investigation of cancer surveillance innate cells may be critical to understand the mechanisms contributing in either disease progression or relapse, and to promote displacement of leukemic hematopoiesis by the normal counterpart. We report here that NK cell production is less and low hematopoietic progenitor numbers contribute to this defect. By investigating the expression of the activation molecule class I restricted T-cell associated molecule (CRTAM) along the hematopoietic lineage differentiation pathway, we have identified lymphoid precursor populations coexpressing CD34, CD56/CD3/CD19, and CRTAM as the earliest developmental stage where activation may take place in specialized niches that display the ligand nectin-like-2. Of note, bone marrow (BM) from patients with ALL revealed high contents of preactivated CD56high NK cells expressing CRTAM and endowed with an exhaustion-like phenotype and the functional capability of producing IL-10 and TGF-ß in vitro. Our findings suggest, for the first time, that the tumor microenvironment in ALL directly contribute to exhaustion of NK cell functions by the CRTAM/Necl-2 interaction, and that the potential regulatory role of exhausted-like NK cells may favor malignant progression at the expense of anti-tumor responses. Phenotypic and functional identity of this unique suppressor-like NK cell population within the leukemic BM would be of special interest for the pathobiology of ALL and development of targeting strategies.

Analysis of Normal Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Contents in Childhood Acute Leukemia Bone Marrow.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Childhood acute leukemias (AL) are characterized by the excessive production of malignant precursor cells at the expense of effective blood cell development. The dominance of leukemic cells over normal progenitors may result in either direct suppression of functional hematopoiesis or remodeling of microenvironmental niches, contributing to BM failure and AL-associated mortality. We undertook this study to investigate the contents and functional activity of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) and their relationship to immune cell production and risk status in AL pediatric patients. METHODS: Multiparametric flow cytometry of BM aspirates was performed to classify AL on the basis of lineage and differentiation stages and to analyze HSPC and immune cell frequencies. Controlled co-culture systems were conducted to evaluate functional lineage potentials of primitive cells. Statistical correlations and inter-group significant differences were established. RESULTS: Among 113 AL BM aspirates, 26.5% corresponded to ProB, 19.5% to PreB and 32% contain ProB and PreB differentiation stages, whereas nearly 9% of the cases were T- and 13% myeloid-lineage leukemias. We identified ProB-ALL as the subtype endowed with the highest relative contents of HSPC, whereas T-ALL and PreB-ALL showed a critically reduced size of both HSC and MLP compartments. Notably, lower cell frequencies of HSPC in ProB-ALL correlated to high-risk prognosis at disease debut. CONCLUSIONS: HSPC abundance at initial diagnosis may aid to predict the clinical course of ALL and to identify high-risk patients. A clearer understanding of their population dynamics and functional properties in the leukemia setting will potentially pave the way for targeted therapies.

Thymidine Kinase: A Biomarker for Recently Diagnosed Acute Leukemia in Pediatric Patients According to the Cell Line Involved.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Acute leukemia (AL) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by a disorganized clone proliferation of hematopoietic cells. Thymidine kinase (TK) is a cell enzyme involved in DNA synthesis and is considered a cellular proliferation marker in some solid tumors. METHODS: A cross-sectional prospective and comparative study was performed in the Federico Gomez Children's Hospital in Mexico (HIMFG, in Spanish) in 125 samples of patients of the HIMFG with AL and 138 samples of children without leukemia. Serum TK levels were determined for both groups. RESULTS: Of the children with AL, 90 presented B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL); 13, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL); and 22, acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A median (m) TK level of 23.7 IU (IQR 17-35.7) was observed in the group without AL and 91 IU (IQR 98-392) in the AL group. This difference was statistically significant (p <0.0001). When analyzing TK levels according to the type of leukemia, the m was as follows: 68 IU (IQR 35-118) for B-ALL, 470 IU (IQR 88-750) for AML, and 1678 IU (IQR 288-2108) for T- ALL. CONCLUSION: TK is an enzyme showing heterogeneous levels in B-ALL although it is significantly increased in 90% of patients with T-ALL and AML.

Bone Marrow Cells in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Create a Proinflammatory Microenvironment Influencing Normal Hematopoietic Differentiation Fates.

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a serious public health problem in the pediatric population worldwide, contributing to 85% of deaths from childhood cancers. Understanding the biology of the disease is crucial for its clinical management and the development of therapeutic strategies. In line with that observed in other malignancies, chronic inflammation may contribute to a tumor microenvironment resulting in the damage of normal processes, concomitant to development and maintenance of neoplastic cells. We report here that hematopoietic cells from bone marrow B-ALL have the ability to produce proinflammatory and growth factors, including TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-12, and GM-CSF that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of normal stem and progenitor cells. Our findings suggest an apparently distinct CD13(+)CD33(+) population of leukemic cells contributing to a proinflammatory microenvironment that may be detrimental to long-term normal hematopoiesis within B-ALL bone marrow.

Expresión atípica en la detección y cuantificación del virus de Epstein-Barr utilizando PCR en tiempo real / Atypic expression in the detection and quantification of Epstein-Barr virus using real-time PCR

Introducción. La carga viral del virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB) no solamente sirve para detectar una infección activa, sino también como marcador tumoral de ciertas formas malignas. En los pacientes inmunocomprometidos está relacionado con el síndrome linfoproliferativo postrasplante (SLPT) y la incidencia se encuentra en el orden de 1 a 20%. Se recomienda la determinación de la carga viral del VEB en sangre total y plasma para dar seguimiento a los pacientes en riesgo de padecer el SLPT; para esto, se utiliza como herramienta la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (PCR-TR). El objetivo de este trabajo es describir los hallazgos de las variaciones identificadas en el genoma del VEB al realizar la detección y cuantificación en muestras de pacientes pediátricos, utilizando la tecnología de PCR-TR. Métodos. Se analizaron retrospectivamente los resultados de 352 pacientes pediátricos a los que se les había realizado la detección y cuantificación del VEB en sangre periférica y plasma por medio de PCR-TR. Se amplificó un fragmento de 166 pb del genoma, utilizando un diseño de la compañía TIB MOLBIOL y el equipo LightCycler®, con una temperatura específica de desnaturalización (Tm) de 68 °C. Resultados. De los 352 pacientes estudiados, se detectó la presencia del VEB en 132 (37.5%) y se cuantificó la carga viral. En 5 de los pacientes positivos (3.8%), se identificó un cambio de la Tm. Por medio de electroforesis en gel de agarosa, se comprobó que el amplificado obtenido corresponde al fragmento de 166 pb. Conclusiones. Consideramos que puede existir una disminución en la concentración de guanina-citosina (G-C) en la secuencia blanco, ya que la Tm sufrió una disminución en todos los casos reportados. Sin embargo, se requiere la secuenciación de los amplificados para determinar con precisión la causa de disminución en la Tm.

Background. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral load is useful not only for detection of an active infection but also as a tumor marker for certain malignant forms. In immunocompromised patients it is related to postransplant lymphoproliferative syndrome (PTLS) with an incidence on the order of 1 to 20%. It is recommended to determine viral load in whole blood and plasma to monitor patients at risk for developing PTLS. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a useful tool for this determination. In these determinations the melting curve (Tm) plays an important role because changes in Tm suggest that the target sequence has suffered mutations, although the selected regions for detection and quantification of EBV are highly conserved. We undertook this study to describe the findings of the variations identified in the EBV genome and to perform the detection and quantification in samples of pediatric patients using RT-PCR. Methods. Results from 352 pediatric patients were analyzed retrospectively in whom investigation of the EBV was performed in peripheral blood and plasma by RT-PCR. For detection and quantification of EBV, a 166-bp fragment of the genome was amplified using a design of TIB MOLBIOL and the LightCycler® equipment with a Tm of 68 °C. Results. Of the 352 patients studied, in 132 (37.5%) presence of EBV was detected and quantified the viral load. In five (3.8%) of the positive patients, a change of the Tm was identified Using electrophoresis running in agarose gel, it was proved that the obtained amplification corresponds to the 166-bp fragment. Conclusion. The specific product and size of the amplified remained unchanged; therefore, we there is a high probability of decrease in the concentration of guanine-cytosine in the target sequence because the Tm showed a decrease in all the reported cases. It is required the sequence of the amplification is required to precisely determine the cause of the decrease in the Tm.

Coexistencia de las mutaciones C677T y A1298C en la enzima 5,10 metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa en pacientes pediátricos con trombosis / Coexistence of C677T and A1298C mutations in the 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme in pediatric patients with thrombosis

Introducción. Una de las alteraciones genéticas que predisponen a trombosis, y que ha sido ampliamente estudiada, es la mutación C677T en el gen que codifica para la enzima 5,10 metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR). Así también, la presencia de la mutación A1298C en el mismo gen es considerada como un factor genético que predispone a trombosis. Métodos. Estudio realizado a 9 pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de trombofilia, 7 de sexo masculino y 2 del femenino, con edades de 1 mes a 13 años, a los cuales se les realizó, mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, el estudio de las mutaciones C677T y A1298C en la enzima MTHFR, la mutación G1691A (Leiden) del factor V y la mutación G20210A de la protrombina. Por métodos convencionales se realizó el fenómeno de resistencia a la proteína C activada (RPCa) y las proteínas C y S de la coagulación, así como la antitrombina (AT). Resultados. Todos los pacientes presentaron la coexistencia de las mutaciones C677T y A1298C en la MTHFR; solamente uno de ellos presentó un estado homocigoto para C677T y heterocigoto para A1298C, los otros 8 pacientes presentaron estados heterocigotos para ambas mutaciones; en los 9 pacientes no se demostró la presencia de las mutaciones G1691A del factor V (Leiden) y la G20210A de la protrombina, ni alteraciones en la RPCa, AT y las proteínas C y S de la coagulación. Conclusiones. La coexistencia de las mutaciones C677T y A1298C debe considerarse para su investigación en todos los pacientes que presenten un estado de trombofilia.

Introduction. One of the thrombophilic conditions that has been widely studied is the C677T mutation in the gene encoding the 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme. The presence of mutation A1298C in the same gene is also considered as one factor that predisposes thrombosis. Methods. We report on 9 pediatric patients diagnosed with thrombophilia, 7 males and 2 females with ages ranging from 1 month to 13 years. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed along with the study of the C677T and A1298C mutations in the MTHFR enzyme, G1691A mutation (Leiden) and factor V, prothrombin mutation G20210A. Conventional methods were used for activated protein C (APC) resistance and protein C and S coagulation, as well as antithrombin (AT). Results. All patients had coexisting mutations C677T and A1298C in MTHFR. Only 1 patient was homozygous for C6 7 7T and heterozygous for A1298C. The other 8 patients presented heterozygous mutations and in the 9 patients the presence of mutations of G 1691A factor V (Leiden) and G20210A prothrombin was not demonstrated, as well as alterations in APC, AT and proteins C and S. Conclusions. Coexistence of the C677T and A1298C mutations should be considered for investigation in all patients presenting thrombophilia.