Indice compuesto de inequidad en salud para un país de mediano ingreso / Composite Index of health Inequity for a Middle Income Country

RESUMEN Objetivo Desarrollar y validar un índice compuesto de inequidad en salud basado en mortalidad por grupos de causas. Métodos Estudio ecológico en país de mediano ingreso latinoamericano, con indicadores agregados disponibles de municipios y departamentos, que se seleccionaron a partir de observatorios de salud, grupos de investigación y autoridades sanitarias. Se dividen en intolerables y "no completamente evitables" según el avance científico actual, y se agregan en categorías: accidente de tránsito, agresiones, enfermedad renal, infección por VIH, parasitosis intestinal, sífilis, enfermedad de transmisión fecal/oral, tuberculosis, enfermedad transmitidas por vectores, enfermedad respiratoria, eventos hemorrágicos/ isquémicos cerebrales, mortalidad materna, mortalidad menores 5 años, meningitis. Luego de análisis de componentes principales se obtiene índice compuesto multidimensional de inequidad en salud (IIS) para hombres y mujeres. Consistencia interna se evalúa mediante coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Se hace validación concurrente con proporción de personas en Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI), Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), Expectativa de Vida al Nacer (EVN) entre otros. Resultados Se construye IIS que muestra valores más altos para las mujeres en la mayoría de municipios y departamentos; y para lugares con IDH alto, EVN alta y NBI bajas. El alpha de Cronbach fue 0.6688, IIS-hombres y 0.725, IIS-mujeres. Conclusiones Se obtiene IIS factible, reproducible y mutidimensional. Se destaca el papel de las grandes ciudades en las inequidades en salud, probablemente por el efecto de los intolerables en salud.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To develop and validate a composite index of health inequity based on mortality by grouped causes. Methods An ecological study in a middle-income Latin American country, with aggregate indicators available from municipalities and departments, which were selected from health observatories, research groups and health authorities. They were divided into intolerable and "not completely avoidable" according to current scientific progress, and were added in categories: traffic accident, aggression, kidney disease, HIV infection, intestinal parasitic diseases, syphilis, fecal / oral transmission disease, tuberculosis, disease Vector-borne diseases, respiratory disease, cerebral hemorrhagic / ischemic events, maternal mortality, lower mortality 5 years, meningitis. After analysis of main components, a composite index of health inequity (IIS) is obtained for men and women. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Concurrent validation was done with proportion of people in Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN), Human Development Index (HDI), Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB), among others. Results IIS is built showing higher values for women in most municipalities and departments; And for sites with high HDI, high LEB and low UBN. Cronbach's alpha was 0.6688, IIS-men and 0.725, IIS-women. Conclusions An IIS was obtained, is valid and reproducible. The role of big cities in inequities in health is highlighted, probably due to the effect of intolerable health.(AU)

[Composite Index of health Inequity for a Middle Income Country]. / Indice compuesto de inequidad en salud para un país de mediano ingreso.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a composite index of health inequity based on mortality by grouped causes. METHODS: An ecological study in a middle-income Latin American country, with aggregate indicators available from municipalities and departments, which were selected from health observatories, research groups and health authorities. They were divided into intolerable and "not completely avoidable" according to current scientific progress, and were added in categories: traffic accident, aggression, kidney disease, HIV infection, intestinal parasitic diseases, syphilis, fecal / oral transmission disease, tuberculosis, disease Vector-borne diseases, respiratory disease, cerebral hemorrhagic / ischemic events, maternal mortality, lower mortality 5 years, meningitis. After analysis of main components, a composite index of health inequity (IIS) is obtained for men and women. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Concurrent validation was done with proportion of people in Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN), Human Development Index (HDI), Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB), among others. RESULTS: IIS is built showing higher values for women in most municipalities and departments; And for sites with high HDI, high LEB and low UBN. Cronbach's alpha was 0.6688, IIS-men and 0.725, IIS-women. CONCLUSIONS: An IIS was obtained, is valid and reproducible. The role of big cities in inequities in health is highlighted, probably due to the effect of intolerable health.

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar y validar un índice compuesto de inequidad en salud basado en mortalidad por grupos de causas. MÉTODOS: Estudio ecológico en país de mediano ingreso latinoamericano, con indicadores agregados disponibles de municipios y departamentos, que se seleccionaron a partir de observatorios de salud, grupos de investigación y autoridades sanitarias. Se dividen en intolerables y "no completamente evitables" según el avance científico actual, y se agregan en categorías: accidente de tránsito, agresiones, enfermedad renal, infección por VIH, parasitosis intestinal, sífilis, enfermedad de transmisión fecal/oral, tuberculosis, enfermedad transmitidas por vectores, enfermedad respiratoria, eventos hemorrágicos/ isquémicos cerebrales, mortalidad materna, mortalidad menores 5 años, meningitis. Luego de análisis de componentes principales se obtiene índice compuesto multidimensional de inequidad en salud (IIS) para hombres y mujeres. Consistencia interna se evalúa mediante coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Se hace validación concurrente con proporción de personas en Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI), Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), Expectativa de Vida al Nacer (EVN) entre otros. RESULTADOS: Se construye IIS que muestra valores más altos para las mujeres en la mayoría de municipios y departamentos; y para lugares con IDH alto, EVN alta y NBI bajas. El alpha de Cronbach fue 0.6688, IIS-hombres y 0.725, IIS-mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: Se obtiene IIS factible, reproducible y mutidimensional. Se destaca el papel de las grandes ciudades en las inequidades en salud, probablemente por el efecto de los intolerables en salud.

Measuring domestic water use: a systematic review of methodologies that measure unmetered water use in low-income settings.

OBJECTIVE: To present a systematic review of methods for measuring domestic water use in settings where water meters cannot be used. METHODS: We systematically searched EMBASE, PubMed, Water Intelligence Online, Water Engineering and Development Center, IEEExplore, Scielo, and Science Direct databases for articles that reported methodologies for measuring water use at the household level where water metering infrastructure was absent or incomplete. A narrative review explored similarities and differences between the included studies and provide recommendations for future research in water use. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies were included in the review. Methods ranged from single-day to 14-consecutive-day visits, and water use recall ranged from 12 h to 7 days. Data were collected using questionnaires, observations or both. Many studies only collected information on water that was carried into the household, and some failed to mention whether water was used outside the home. Water use in the selected studies was found to range from two to 113 l per capita per day. CONCLUSION: No standardised methods for measuring unmetered water use were found, which brings into question the validity and comparability of studies that have measured unmetered water use. In future studies, it will be essential to define all components that make up water use and determine how they will be measured. A pre-study that involves observations and direct measurements during water collection periods (these will have to be determined through questioning) should be used to determine optimal methods for obtaining water use information in a survey. Day-to-day and seasonal variation should be included. A study that investigates water use recall is warranted to further develop standardised methods to measure water use; in the meantime, water use recall should be limited to 24 h or fewer.