"Community strengthening through citizen monitoring of water quality: A systematic review".

Citizen participation in decision-making is a fundamental democratic pillar of democracy. However, the degree of citizen involvement and recognition by governmental institutions may be conditioned by the level of competence and knowledge demonstrated. Therefore, carrying out collective projects can contribute to strengthening citizen engagement in water management issues. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge about the various types of citizen engagement and the practices that have facilitated greater inclusion in decision-making regarding water resources. This study aims to identify and analyze practices that strengthen water community organizations through citizen monitoring-based involvement. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method. The research was guided by the following questions: What are the differences in the level of citizen involvement and the degree of transformation facilitated by citizen monitoring of water quality (CMWQ) between the global North and South? What practices strengthen community organizations in decision-making based on CMWQ? Moreover, what challenges do community water organization structures community water organization structures face when based on CMWQ? A total of 161 publications were identified for the analysis of critical themes. After applying the eligibility criteria, 33 documents were selected for content analysis. The reviewed monitoring exercises indicate that the highest level of citizen organization achieved by participants is commonly recognized as "Water Committees". One practice that strengthens these committees is the generation of collaboration agreements among different types of allies, based on a shared objective. However, in the Global South and at the institutional level, there is still resistance to water quality data generated by citizen monitors, especially in regions with large-scale open-pit mining projects. To sustain the efforts of community figures, monitoring programs with public funding need to be established, and public policies supporting these initiatives at the institutional level must be implemented.

Assessing the Influence of Socioeconomic Status and Air Pollution Levels on the Public Perception of Local Air Quality in a Mexico-US Border City.

Air pollution in developing countries is a growing concern. It is associated with urbanization and social and economic structures. The understanding of how social factors can influence the perception and the potential impact of air pollution have not been addressed sufficiently. This paper addresses the social vulnerability and exposure to PM10 association and its influence on the air quality perception of residents in Mexicali, a Mexico-US border city. This study used individual variables and population census data, as well as statistical and spatial analyses. A cluster of socially vulnerable populations with high exposure to coarse particulate matter (PM10) was found in the city's peripheral areas. The spatial distribution of the local perception of air quality varied by the exposure zones of the estimated PM10 concentrations. Respondents living in very high exposure areas perceive air quality as "poor," contrarily to a worse perception in areas of intermediate and lower exposure to PM10. Proximity to stationary sources of pollution was associated with a poor perception of air quality. Results also indicate that low household income and poor air quality perceived at the place of residence negatively influences the perceived changes in the air quality over time. The knowledge of chronic health effects related to air pollution was scarce in the sampled population, especially in the areas with very high exposure and high social vulnerability. These findings can serve as a support in local air quality management.

Air pollution and children's respiratory health: a scoping review of socioeconomic status as an effect modifier.

OBJECTIVES: Air pollution is a leading environmental risk, and socioeconomic status (SES) is postulated as an effect modifier, especially in children. There is a growing interest in exploring this modifier. The present manuscript reviews SES as an effect modifier in children's respiratory health. METHODS: A search in the PubMed and SCOPUS databases was conducted in September 2017 to identify studies with the inclusion criteria of being centred on children, respiratory outcomes, air pollutants and SES measurement. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies were included. Twelve used single SES variables, and the remaining studies included composite SES indices. Household income (9) and parental education (8) were frequently evaluated. The significance of the effect modifier was found in nine studies that demonstrated a higher risk for individuals living in a lower SES. Sources of heterogeneity included SES measurement, health outcomes and geographical aggregation. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a higher modification in the effect of SES, generally indicating greater risk for children in lower SES. Children's characteristics need to be more carefully theorized and measured in this area, including the use of transdisciplinary approaches.

Aglomeración urbana en la estimación de escenarios de riesgo sanitario por emisiones de gasolineras: el caso de Ensenada, Baja California / Urban crowding in the estimation of health risk scenarios caused by emissions from gas stations: the case of Ensenada, Baja California / Aglomeração urbana na estimação de cenários de risco para a saúde por emissões em postos de gasolina: o caso da cidade de Ensenada, Baixa Califórnia

Resumen Objetivo: se propone una herramienta conceptual y metodológica mediante la cual es posible representar la contribución de los componentes sociales, económicos y territoriales en la aglomeración de personas dentro de una ciudad, para delimitar zonas de riesgo sanitario por la exposición a emisiones de gasolina en estaciones de servicio. Resultados: el modelo propuesto facilita la focalización, identificación y priorización las zonas de riesgo por contaminación ambiental por BTEX liberados por gasolineras. Discusión: la inclusión en modelos espaciales de riesgo, del número de personas que acuden a construcciones como escuelas y hospitales que generan aglomeración, trasciende el ámbito conceptual y ofrece aspectos metodológicos e instrumentales para lograr modelos más robustos y aplicables en otras ciudades. Las agencias gubernamentales deben considerar estos resultados para el establecimiento de reglas, permisos y procedimientos de ejecución con el fin de reducir la contaminación del medio ambiente y, con esto, mejorar las condiciones sanitarias en el entorno complejo de una zona urbana. Conclusiones: el análisis espacial integrado no resuelve las complicadas negociaciones políticas y sociales que se tienen que hacer en la toma de decisiones sobre los riesgo sanitario, lo que sí mejora es la capacidad de los científicos y tomadores de decisiones en la identificación, evaluación, control y reducción de estos riesgos asociados con las emisiones de las estaciones de servicio.

Abstract Objective: a conceptual and methodological tool is proposed which makes it possible to represent how social, economic and territorial components contribute to the crowding of people within a city. This tool aims to define the areas with health risk due to exposure to gasoline emissions from gas stations. Results: the proposed model can facilitate the targeting, identification and prioritization of zones at risk of environmental contamination by the BTEX released from gas stations in the city. Discussion: when a spatial model of risk includes the number of people going to buildings that generate crowding such as schools and hospitals, the conceptual scope is transcended and methodological and instrumental aspects are offered in order to achieve more robust models that are applicable to other cities. Government agencies should take these results into account when establishing rules, permits and enforcement procedures to reduce environmental contamination. This would thus improve the health conditions in the complex environment of an urban area. Conclusions: integrated spatial analysis does not solve the complicated social and political negotiations that must take place in any decision making concerning health risk. However, it does improve the ability of scientists and decision-makers to identify, assess, control and reduce the risks associated with emissions from gas stations.

Resumo Objetivo: Propõe-se uma ferramenta conceitual e metodológica por meio da qual é possível representar a contribuição dos componentes sociais, econômicos e territoriais na aglomeração de pessoas em uma cidade, para demarcar zonas de risco para a saúde por causa da exposição a emissões de gasolina em postos de abastecimento. Resultados: O modelo proposto facilita a focalização, identificação e priorização das zonas de risco por poluição ambiental por BTEX emitidos pelos postos de gasolina. Discussão: A inclusão em modelos espaciais de risco, do número de pessoas que frequentam estabelecimentos como escolas e hospitais que geram aglomeração, transcende o âmbito conceitual e oferece aspectos metodológicos e instrumentais para conseguir modelos mais robustos e aplicáveis em outras cidades. As agências governamentais precisam considerar estes resultados para a criação de regras, autorizações e procedimentos de execução com o propósito de reduzir a poluição do meio-ambiente e, assim, melhorar as condições de saúde no entorno complexo de uma zona urbana. Conclusões: A análise espacial integrada não resolve as complicadas negociações políticas e sociais que devem acontecer na tomada de decisões sobre os riscos de saúde, mas o que melhora é a capacidade dos cientistas tomadores de decisões na identificação, avaliação, controle e redução destes riscos associados com as emissões dos postos de abastecimento.