Manejo ventilatorio y weaning prolongado en colapso dinámico excesivo de la vía aérea / Ventilatory management and prolonged collapse weaning excessive airway dynamics

El colapso dinámico excesivo de la vía aérea (CDEVA) se caracteriza por una invaginación exagerada de la pared posterior de la tráquea que compromete la luz de la vía aérea, especialmente durante la espiración. La obstrucción es dinámica, por tanto, pueden presentarse hiperinsuflación y atrapamiento de aire, dificultando la ventilación1, 2. En condiciones normales la luz de la vía aérea puede disminuir hasta el 35% con la tos o las maniobras de espiración forzada, pero una disminución mayor al 50% es considerada anormal. El CDEVA es una entidad clínica subdiagnosticada, por lo que algunos pacientes son asintomáticos y otros presentan síntomas crónicos como tos, disnea, infecciones recurrentes y aumento de las secreciones. Usualmente se confunde con otras enfermedades comunes, como enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) o asma, con las que puede coexistir agravándolas4, 5. Es más frecuente en individuos de mediana edad y ancianos con exposición previa al cigarrillo6, 7. Si bien es benigna, puede causar morbilidad progresiva y, ocasionalmente, falla respiratoria y muerte. La discusión de esta entidad surge a partir de la presentación de un caso clínico cuya detección precoz durante la agudización del paciente, permitió optimizar el manejo ventilatorio y la desvinculación de la ventilación mecánica

Síndrome de Sweet asociado a infección por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana / Sweet's syndrome associated to human immunodeficiency virus infection

El síndrome de Sweet es una dermatosis neutrofílica aguda y febril que puede ser desencadenada por diferentes noxas. El diagnóstico es clínico a partir de una dermatosis aguda, con fiebre, leucocitosis y lesiones cutáneas localizadas en cara, cuello y extremidades. La histopatología muestra un denso infiltrado inflamatorio de la dermis a predominio neutrofílico, sin signos de vasculitis. Se presenta un paciente con síndrome de Sweet asociado a infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana

Sweet's syndrome associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection Sweet's syndrome is a neutrophilic and acute febrile dermatosis that can be triggered by different noxas. Diagnosis should be suspected in a patient with fever, leukocytosis and cutaneous lesions located on the face, the neck and the extremities. Cutaneous biopsy confirms the diagnosis of Sweet syndrome, with typical features of a neutrophilic dermatosis in the absence of vasculitis. Here we present a case of Sweet syndrome associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Vigilancia intensificada de eventos de salud pública en comunidades desplazadas por inundaciones en Paraguay, 2015-2016 / Intensified surveillance of public health events in communities displaced by floods in Paraguay, 2015-2016

Introducción: La vigilancia epidemiológica de la morbilidad y la mortalidad relacionadas a los desastres, es fundamental para organizar y gestionar los recursos, equipos y personal necesarios para responder efectivamente a las situaciones de emergencia. Se describe la implementación del sistema de vigilancia intensificada en poblaciones desplazadas por inundaciones en Paraguay, período 2015/2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal, entre el 28/12/2015 y 12/07/2016, en todo el territorio nacional. Como fuentes de datos se utilizaron la planilla de notificación diaria de enfermedades, el consolidado de situación de albergues. Se diseñó un sistema de carga de datos por la web. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el programa informático Epi Info 7.1.5, con medidas estadísticas de tendencia central como medias, medianas, proporciones. Resultados: Se registraron 68.699 personas afectadas. De las cuales, 32,4% eran menores de 5 años. Un 48,0 % se alojaron en refugios formales y 36,7% en campamentos informales, en ambos se identificó déficit de condiciones sanitarias básicas. Se registraron 23.877 consultas. Las enfermedades más frecuentes: Infección respiratoria aguda no neumonía (33%), hipertensión arterial (19%), enfermedad tipo influenza (14%), lesiones de la piel (6%) y diarreas (6%). Un 3% correspondió al síndrome febril agudo, dos casos confirmados de leptospirosis. No se registraron brotes de enfermedades infecciosas. Conclusión: La aplicación de la vigilancia intensificada durante el evento de inundación permitió la identificación de grupos de riesgo y sus problemas de salud más frecuentes. Esto fue fundamental en la orientación de los esfuerzos de prevención y control durante del desastre. Palabras claves: Desastres naturales, inundaciones, vigilancia en salud pública, epidemiología, Paraguay.

Introduction: The importance of epidemiological surveillance of morbidity and mortality related to disasters is that it is essential to organize and manage resources, equipment and personnel necessary to respond effectively to emergencies. The implementation of an intensified surveillance system in populations displaced by flooding in the affected regions of Paraguay during the 2015/2016 period is described. Materials and methods: Descriptive study of cross section, between 12/28/2015 and 7/12/2016, throughout the national territory. As data sources, the planning of the daily notifications of diseases is used, the consolidation of the situation of the shelters. A web data loading system was designed. For the analysis of the data, it is the Epi Info 7.1.5 computer program, with measures of central tendency such as means, medians, and proportions. Results: 68,699 affected people were registered. Of which, 32.4% were under 5 years old; 48.0% were housed in formal shelters and 36.7% in informal camps, both of which identified a deficit of basic sanitary conditions. There were 23,877 queries. The most frequent diseases: Acute respiratory infection, pneumonia (33%), hypertension (19%), influenza-like illness (14%), skin lesions (6%) and diarrhea (6%). 3% corresponded to the acute febrile syndrome, two confirmed cases of leptospirosis. There were no outbreaks of infectious diseases. Conclusion: The implementation of intensified surveillance during the flooding event allowed a better understanding of the general situation of the displaced population, as well as the identification of risk groups and their most frequent health problems. This was instrumental in guiding the prevention and control efforts during the disaster. Keywords: Natural disasters, floods, public health surveillance, epidemiology, Paraguay.

Sífilis secundaria con lesiones de la cavidad bucal como única manifestación clínica Presentación de 20 casos y revisión de la literatura / SECONDARY SYPHILIS WITH BUCAL CAVITY LESIONS AS SINGLE CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

La sífilis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa causada por una espiroqueta: el Treponema pallidum. Se transmite por contacto directo (generalmente sexual) con las lesiones cutáneo-mucosas durante el estadio primario y secundario, por vía transplacentaria durante el embarazo o a través del pasaje por el canal uterino y por sangre. Se trata de una enfermedad sistémica con una gran variedad de manifestaciones clínicas. La sífilis secundaria cursa con manifestaciones generales de un síndrome infeccioso inespecífico y lesiones mucocutáneas características. La presentación clínica de los 20 pacientes que se describen en este trabajo es singular ya que solo poseían lesiones en la cavidad oral. Es importante considerar esta patología en el diagnóstico diferencial de lesiones mucosas orales, para realizar un diagnóstico temprano, tratamiento precoz y evitar el contagio, así como siempre descartar la asociación con infección por el retrovirus VIH

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete bacterium named as Treponema pallidum. Syphilis is transmitted by direct contact (generally non-protect sexual contact) with cutaneous and mucosal lesions during the primary and secondary periods, by trans-placental transmission if the mother develop the infection during pregnancy and by blood. Syphilis is a systemic disease with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Secondary syphilis is characterized by a nonspecific infectious syndrome and mucocutaneous lesions. Here we describe a serie of 20 patients with secondary syphilis as the unique clinical manifestation. Secondary syphilis should be included in the differential diagnosis of oral cavity mucosal lesions to achieve an early diagnosis and avoid the contagion. Human immunodeficiency virus infection should be always considered

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting as IRIS in an AIDS patient. A case report and literature review.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy causes an infection of the central nervous system by JC virus (JCV), a polyomavirus that destroys oligodendrocytes and their myelin processes. Here, we describe a patient with AIDS who developed a progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy with the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of the immune inflammatory reconstitution syndrome. Unlike other opportunistic infections, this disease can present when CD4 T cell counts are higher than those associated with AIDS and also when patients are receiving combined antiretroviral therapy. Clinical suspicion of this form of the disease is based on clinical examination that shows focal neurological deficits associated with magnetic resonance images findings. The histopathological examination of brain biopsy smears and the identification of JCV in cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue are definitive for the diagnosis.

Oral cavity and extra-oral plasmablastic lymphomas in AIDS patients: report of five cases and review of the literature.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a distinct disease entity of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which often occurs in HIV-positive patients. The immunophenotype of this lymphoid neoplasm is characterized by the presence of plasma cell-associated markers VS38c and CD138 antigens and the absence of B-cell markers such as CD20 and CD45. The most frequent site of involvement is the oral cavity and the jaw, while several reports describe the development of PBL in extra-oral sites including the lymph nodes, the anal canal, the soft tissue, the skin and the gastrointestinal tract as less frequent. Epstein-Barr virus is often associated with PBL pathogenesis and the neoplastic cells contain this virus genome. Here we review the epidemiological, clinical, immunological, histopathological and virological characteristics and their prognosis and outcome in a series of five patients with diagnoses of HIV/AIDS and PBL.

Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis with a single brainstem lesion. A case report and literature review.

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic disease endemic to subtropical areas in Central and South America caused by a dimorphic fungus known as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Central nervous system involvement is a severe complication of the systemic disease, and has been found in approximately 13% of patients. This paper describes the case of a patient whose computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed a single tumor-like lesion in the brainstem. Histopathological and mycological examinations of stereotactic biopsy smears showed the characteristic yeast cells that confirmed the diagnosis of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis.

[Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients]. / Criptosporidiosis broncopulmonar en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis is a rare complication of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients. We report the epidemiological, clinical, radiological, microbiological and immunological findings in 5 AIDS patients with pulmonary cryptosporidiosis. Diagnosis was based on the detection of acid-fast oocysts in sputum or aspirated bronchial material using the Kinyoun technique. Microbiology laboratories should be alert to the possibility of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts presence in respiratory specimens from patients with advanced HIV/AIDS disease and pulmonary involvement.

Criptosporidiosis broncopulmonar en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients

La criptosporidiosis pulmonar es una rara complicación de la enfermedad intestinal causada por este agente en pacientes con SIDA. En este trabajo se describen las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, radiológicas, microbiológicas e inmunológicas de 5 pacientes con SIDA y criptosporidiosis pulmonar. El diagnóstico de la localización pulmonar se basó en el hallazgo de ooquistes de Cryptosporidium spp. en muestras de esputo o lavado broncoalveolar utilizando la coloración de Kinyoun. Los laboratorios de microbiología deben estar alerta ante la posibilidad de identificar ooquistes de Cryptosporidium spp. en secreciones broncopulmonares de pacientes con enfermedad VIH/SIDA avanzada.

Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis is a rare complication of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients. We report the epidemiological, clinical, radiological, microbiological and immunological findings in 5 AIDS patients with pulmonary cryptosporidiosis. Diagnosis was based on the detection of acid-fast oocysts in sputum or aspirated bronchial material using the Kinyoun technique. Microbiology laboratories should be alert to the possibility of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts presence in respiratory specimens from patients with advanced HIV/AIDS disease and pulmonary involvement.

Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in South America.

OBJECTIVE: Assessment of HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviours among female commercial sex workers (FCSW) across major cities in South America. METHODS: Seroepidemiological, cross sectional studies of 13 600 FCSW were conducted in nine countries of South America during the years 1999-2002. Participants were recruited in brothels, massage parlours, hotels, and streets where anonymous questionnaires and blood samples were collected. HIV infection was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening and western blot confirmatory tests. RESULTS: The overall HIV seroprevalence was 1.2% (range 0.0%-4.5%). The highest HIV seroprevalences were reported in Argentina (4.5%) and Paraguay (2.6%); no HIV infected FCSW were detected in Venezuela and Chile. Consistent predictors of HIV seropositivity were: (1) a previous history of sexually transmitted infections (STI, AORs = 3.8-8.3), and (2) 10 years or more in commercial sex work (AORs = 2.2-24.8). In addition, multiple (> or =3) sexual contacts (AOR = 5.0), sex with foreigners (AOR = 6.9), use of illegal drugs (AOR = 3.2), and marijuana use (AOR = 8.2) were associated with HIV seropositivity in Southern Cone countries. CONCLUSIONS: Consistently low HIV seroprevalences were detected among FCSW in South America, particularly in the Andean region. Predictors of HIV infection across the continent were STI and length of commercial sex work; however, use of illegal drugs, especially marijuana, and sexual contacts with foreigners were also found to be associated risk factors in the Southern Cone region. Interventions for the control of HIV and other STI need to be region and country specific; drug use appears to have an ever increasing role in the spread of HIV among heterosexually active populations.

[Evaluation of 61 episodes of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers and human immunodeficiency type-1 virus infection]. / Evaluación de 61 episodios de endocarditis infecciosa en pacientes adictos a drogas intravenosas e infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo-1.

We conducted a retrospective evaluation to determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics of 61 episodes of infective endocarditis (IE) in intravenous drug abusers (IDA), HIV seropositive patients. Forty-nine males and 6 females between 15 and 42 years of age were included in the study. All the included patients presented 61 episodes of IE. Fever and cardiac murmur were present in all episodes; 43 (70.4%) had hepatomegaly; 29 (47.5%) had splenomegaly. Thirty-eight (62.3%) presented cough (9 with hemoptysis); 25 (41%) had dyspnea, and 5 (8.2%) had jugular ingurgitation. Fundoscopy showed alterations in 3 patients (4.9%). Bacteriological confirmation was obtained in 41 episodes (67.2%); blood cultures revealed Staphylococcus aureus in 30 cases (73.1%), Streptococcus viridans in 8 (19.5%) patients, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1 (2.4%), Staphylococcus hominis in 1 (2.4%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae in one case (2.4%). The tricuspid valve was involved in 51 episodes (83.6%), the aorta in 6 (9.8%), the mitral valve in 3 (4.9%) and the pulmonary valve in one (1.6%). There was evidence of right bivalvular involvement in 2 patients (3.2%) and tricuspid and mitral involvement in another (1.6%). Pericardial effusion was detected in 19 episodes (31.1%). Six patients (10.9%) died during the acute episode of IE.

Evaluación de 61 episodios de endocarditis infecciosa en pacientes adictos a drogas intravenosas e infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo-1 / [Evaluation of 61 episodes of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers and human immunodeficiency type-1 virus infection]

We conducted a retrospective evaluation to determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics of 61 episodes of infective endocarditis (IE) in intravenous drug abusers (IDA), HIV seropositive patients. Forty-nine males and 6 females between 15 and 42 years of age were included in the study. All the included patients presented 61 episodes of IE. Fever and cardiac murmur were present in all episodes; 43 (70.4

) presented cough (9 with hemoptysis); 25 (41

) had dyspnea, and 5 (8.2

) had jugular ingurgitation. Fundoscopy showed alterations in 3 patients (4.9

). Bacteriological confirmation was obtained in 41 episodes (67.2

); blood cultures revealed Staphylococcus aureus in 30 cases (73.1

), Streptococcus viridans in 8 (19.5

) patients, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1 (2.4

), Staphylococcus hominis in 1 (2.4

) and Streptococcus pneumoniae in one case (2.4

). The tricuspid valve was involved in 51 episodes (83.6

), the aorta in 6 (9.8

), the mitral valve in 3 (4.9

) and the pulmonary valve in one (1.6

). There was evidence of right bivalvular involvement in 2 patients (3.2

) and tricuspid and mitral involvement in another (1.6

). Pericardial effusion was detected in 19 episodes (31.1

) died during the acute episode of IE.

Evaluación de 61 episodios de endocarditis infecciosa en pacientes adictos a drogas intravenosas e infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo-1. / [Evaluation of 61 episodes of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers and human immunodeficiency type-1 virus infection]

We conducted a retrospective evaluation to determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics of 61 episodes of infective endocarditis (IE) in intravenous drug abusers (IDA), HIV seropositive patients. Forty-nine males and 6 females between 15 and 42 years of age were included in the study. All the included patients presented 61 episodes of IE. Fever and cardiac murmur were present in all episodes; 43 (70.4

) had hepatomegaly; 29 (47.5

) had splenomegaly. Thirty-eight (62.3

) presented cough (9 with hemoptysis); 25 (41

) had dyspnea, and 5 (8.2

) had jugular ingurgitation. Fundoscopy showed alterations in 3 patients (4.9

). Bacteriological confirmation was obtained in 41 episodes (67.2

); blood cultures revealed Staphylococcus aureus in 30 cases (73.1

), Streptococcus viridans in 8 (19.5

) patients, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1 (2.4

), Staphylococcus hominis in 1 (2.4

) and Streptococcus pneumoniae in one case (2.4

). The tricuspid valve was involved in 51 episodes (83.6

), the aorta in 6 (9.8

), the mitral valve in 3 (4.9

) and the pulmonary valve in one (1.6

). There was evidence of right bivalvular involvement in 2 patients (3.2

) and tricuspid and mitral involvement in another (1.6

). Pericardial effusion was detected in 19 episodes (31.1

). Six patients (10.9

) died during the acute episode of IE.

Necrosis avascular de cabeza y cuello de fémur en un paciente con sida / Avascular osteonecrosis of femoral head and neck in an AIDS patient

Avascular osteonecrosis (AON) has increased in the last few years in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). The most commonly affected bone is the femoral head and neck. Frequently these bilateral and clinical findings include moderate to severe pain and functional impotence of the affected joints. The etiology is multifactorial and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with protease inhibitors (PI) is probably related to its development. In the evolution, a total hip replacement may be needed. We present an hemophilic patient with AIDS, who developed a bilateral AON of the femoral head and neck during HAART.(AU)

La osteonecrosis avascular (ONA) es una complicación que se describe con frecuencia creciente en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo-1 (HIV-1). En su localización más común compromete la cabeza y cuello del fémur con dolor e impotencia funcional, en una o ambas caderas. Su etiología es multifactorial y la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (HAART) con inhibidoresde proteasa (IP) puede estar relacionada con la patogenia. En su evolución puede requerir el reemplazo total de la cadera con la colocación de una prótesis. Se presenta un paciente hemofílico, HIV-1 seropositivo, quedesarrolló una ONA bilateral de cabeza y cuello de fémur mientras se encontraba bajo HAART.(AU)

Necrosis avascular de cabeza y cuello de fémur en un paciente con sida / Avascular osteonecrosis of femoral head and neck in an AIDS patient

Avascular osteonecrosis (AON) has increased in the last few years in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). The most commonly affected bone is the femoral head and neck. Frequently these bilateral and clinical findings include moderate to severe pain and functional impotence of the affected joints. The etiology is multifactorial and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with protease inhibitors (PI) is probably related to its development. In the evolution, a total hip replacement may be needed. We present an hemophilic patient with AIDS, who developed a bilateral AON of the femoral head and neck during HAART.

La osteonecrosis avascular (ONA) es una complicación que se describe con frecuencia creciente en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo-1 (HIV-1). En su localización más común compromete la cabeza y cuello del fémur con dolor e impotencia funcional, en una o ambas caderas. Su etiología es multifactorial y la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (HAART) con inhibidoresde proteasa (IP) puede estar relacionada con la patogenia. En su evolución puede requerir el reemplazo total de la cadera con la colocación de una prótesis. Se presenta un paciente hemofílico, HIV-1 seropositivo, quedesarrolló una ONA bilateral de cabeza y cuello de fémur mientras se encontraba bajo HAART.

HCV recovery from peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture supernatants derived from HCV-HIV co-infected haemophilic patients with undetectable HCV viraemia.

Hepatitis C viraemia, in 38 human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+)/hepatitis C virus positive (HCV+) patients, was determined in haemophilic patients during the 4 years since initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Six of 38 patients had persistently HCV-negative viraemia for more than 2 years. No correlation between HCV-negative viraemia and CD4+ T-cell counts, HIV viral load, age, type or severity of haemophilia could be established. Reduced levels of HIV viral load and the immune reconstitution that follows the initiation of HAART were not enough to explain the disappearance of HCV from plasma. Individuals who cleared plasma HCV had significantly higher CD8+ T-cell counts (P=0.0013) (mean +/- SE: 1153 +/- 117.8 cells microL(-1)) than those with HCV-positive viraemia (819.1 +/- 40.72 cells microL(-1)). Because HCV could maintain a low replication level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), we cultured PBMC of five of six patients with undetectable HCV viraemia. We found four of five HCV RNA-positive cultures. The presence of HCV RNA in our cultures proved that these cells may be an important viral reservoir that could contribute to HCV recurrence in plasma even after long periods of negative viraemia. In summary, our results indicate that in spite of prolonged HCV-negative plasma viraemia, HCV patients that are co-infected with HIV may harbour replication-competent HCV in their PBMC. Therefore, true clearance of HCV infection is difficult to achieve in these patients.