Similar health benefits of endurance and high-intensity interval training in obese children.

PURPOSE: To compare two modalities of exercise training (i.e., Endurance Training [ET] and High-Intensity Interval Training [HIT]) on health-related parameters in obese children aged between 8 and 12 years. METHODS: Thirty obese children were randomly allocated into either the ET or HIT group. The ET group performed a 30 to 60-minute continuous exercise at 80% of the peak heart rate (HR). The HIT group training performed 3 to 6 sets of 60-s sprint at 100% of the peak velocity interspersed by a 3-min active recovery period at 50% of the exercise velocity. HIT sessions last ~70% less than ET sessions. At baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention, aerobic fitness, body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed. RESULTS: BOTH THE ABSOLUTE (ET: 26.0%; HIT: 19.0%) and the relative VO(2) peak (ET: 13.1%; HIT: 14.6%) were significantly increased in both groups after the intervention. Additionally, the total time of exercise (ET: 19.5%; HIT: 16.4%) and the peak velocity during the maximal graded cardiorespiratory test (ET: 16.9%; HIT: 13.4%) were significantly improved across interventions. Insulinemia (ET: 29.4%; HIT: 30.5%) and HOMA-index (ET: 42.8%; HIT: 37.0%) were significantly lower for both groups at POST when compared to PRE. Body mass was significantly reduced in the HIT (2.6%), but not in the ET group (1.2%). A significant reduction in BMI was observed for both groups after the intervention (ET: 3.0%; HIT: 5.0%). The responsiveness analysis revealed a very similar pattern of the most responsive variables among groups. CONCLUSION: HIT and ET were equally effective in improving important health related parameters in obese youth.

Lack of mutations in the leptin receptor gene in severely obese children.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the LEPR gene in obese children and to investigate the associations between molecular findings and anthropometric and metabolic features. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients were evaluated regarding anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, heart rate, serum glucose, insulin, leptin levels, and lipid profile. The molecular study consisted of the amplification and automatic sequencing of the coding region of LEPR in order to investigate new mutations. RESULTS: We identified a high prevalence of metabolic disorders: impaired fasting glucose in 12.5% of the patients, elevated HOMA-IR in 85.7%, low HDL-cholesterol levels in 46.9%, high triglyceride levels in 40.6%, and hypertension in 58.6% of the patients. The molecular study identified 6 already described allelic variants: rs1137100 (exon-2), rs1137101 (exon-4), rs1805134 (exon-7), rs8179183 (exon-12), rs1805096 (exon-18), and the deletion/insertion of the pentanucleotide CTTTA at 3'untranslated region. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of alleles observed in this cohort is similar to that described in the literature, and was not correlated with any clinical feature. The molecular findings in the analysis of the LEPR did not seem to be implicated in the etiology of obesity in these patients.

Lack of mutations in the leptin receptor gene in severely obese children / Ausência de mutação no gene receptor de leptina em crianças gravemente obesas

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the LEPR gene in obese children and to investigate the associations between molecular findings and anthropometric and metabolic features. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients were evaluated regarding anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, heart rate, serum glucose, insulin, leptin levels, and lipid profile. The molecular study consisted of the amplification and automatic sequencing of the coding region of LEPR in order to investigate new mutations. RESULTS: We identified a high prevalence of metabolic disorders: impaired fasting glucose in 12.5% of the patients, elevated HOMA-IR in 85.7%, low HDL-cholesterol levels in 46.9%, high triglyceride levels in 40.6%, and hypertension in 58.6% of the patients. The molecular study identified 6 already described allelic variants: rs1137100 (exon-2), rs1137101 (exon-4), rs1805134 (exon-7), rs8179183 (exon-12), rs1805096 (exon-18), and the deletion/insertion of the pentanucleotide CTTTA at 3'untranslated region. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of alleles observed in this cohort is similar to that described in the literature, and was not correlated with any clinical feature. The molecular findings in the analysis of the LEPR did not seem to be implicated in the etiology of obesity in these patients.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o LEPR em crianças obesas e investigar associações entre achados moleculares e características antropométricas e metabólicas. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 32 pacientes quanto às características antropométricas, à pressão arterial, à frequência cardíaca, às dosagens séricas de glicemia, à insulina, à leptina e ao perfil lipídico. O estudo molecular consistiu na amplificação e no sequenciamento automático da região codificadora do LEPR para pesquisar mutações. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se uma alta prevalência de distúrbios metabólicos: glicemia de jejum alterada em 12,5%, HOMA-IR elevado em 85,7%, níveis de HDL-colesterol baixos em 46,9%, níveis de triglicérides elevados em 40,6% e hipertensão arterial em 58,6%. O estudo molecular identificou 6 variações alélicas já descritas na literatura: rs1137100 (éxon-2), rs1137101 (éxon-4), rs1805134 (éxon-7), rs8179183 (éxon-12), rs1805096 (éxon-18) e deleção/inserção do pentanucleotídeo CTTTA na região 3' não traduzida. CONCLUSÕES: A frequência das variações alélicas observada é semelhante à descrita na literatura e não se correlacionou com nenhuma característica clínica. Os resultados da análise molecular do LEPR não parecem estar implicados na etiologia da obesidade desses pacientes.

Expression of clock genes in human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues.

Disrupted circadian rhythms are associated with obesity and metabolic alterations, but little is known about the participation of peripheral circadian clock machinery in these processes. The aim of the present study was to analyze RNA expression of clock genes in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues of male and female subjects in AM (morning) and PM (afternoon) periods, and its interactions with body mass index (BMI). Ninety-one subjects (41 ± 11 yrs of age) presenting a wide range of BMI (21.4 to 48.6 kg/m(2)) were included. SAT and VAT biopsies were obtained from patients undergoing abdominal surgeries. Clock genes expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The only clock gene that showed higher expression (p < .0001) in SAT in comparison to VAT was PER1 of female (372%) and male (326%) subjects. Different patterns of expression between the AM and PM periods were observed, in particular REV-ERBα, which was reduced (p < .05) at the PM period in SAT and VAT of both women and men (women: ∼53% lower; men: ∼78% lower), whereas CLOCK expression was not altered. Relationships between clock genes were different in SAT vs. VAT. BMI was negatively correlated with SATPER1 (r = -.549; p = .001) and SATPER2 (r = -.613; p = .0001) and positively with VATCLOCK (r = .541; p = .001) and VATBMAL1 (r = .468; p = .007) only in women. These data suggest that the circadian clock machinery of adipose tissue depots differs between female and male subjects, with a sex-specific effect observed for some genes. BMI correlated with clock genes, but at this moment it is not possible to establish the cause-effect relationship.

The N363S polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: effects on visceral fat assessed by abdominal computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether N363S polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor-gene can be associated to visceral fat by CT scan in obese individuals, and the impact of this variant on metabolic profile. METHODS: The N363S variant was screened in 295 Brazilians, 195 were obese and 100 presented normal weight. Based on genotype, obese N363S SNP carriers were paired with obese wild-type subjects. This group was submitted to a CT scan and metabolic profile assessment. RESULTS: Ten subjects were found to be heterozygous for the variant (A/G genotype frequency 3.4%), 8 (4.1%) obese and 2 (2.0%) non-obese. No differences were reported for visceral adiposity area (145.8 +/- 49.9 vs.147.7 +/- 48.8 cm(2); p = 0.92) based on CT scan results but N363S SNP carriers showed a proneness to unfavorable metabolic changes. CONCLUSION: The N363S polymorphism prevalence is low in the Brazilian population, although its presence may contribute to the worsening of individuals' metabolic profiles.

The N363S polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: effects on visceral fat assessed by abdominal computed tomography / Polimorfismo N363S do gene do receptor de glucocorticoide: efeito sobre a adiposidade visceral medida pela tomografia computadorizada

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether N363S polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor-gene can be associated to visceral fat by CT scan in obese individuals, and the impact of this variant on metabolic profile. METHODS: The N363S variant was screened in 295 Brazilians, 195 were obese and 100 presented normal weight. Based on genotype, obese N363S SNP carriers were paired with obese wild-type subjects. This group was submitted to a CT scan and metabolic profile assessment. RESULTS: Ten subjects were found to be heterozygous for the variant (A/G genotype frequency 3.4 percent), 8 (4.1 percent) obese and 2 (2.0 percent) non-obese. No differences were reported for visceral adiposity area (145.8 ± 49.9 vs.147.7 ± 48.8 cm²; p = 0.92) based on CT scan results but N363S SNP carriers showed a proneness to unfavorable metabolic changes. CONCLUSION: The N363S polymorphism prevalence is low in the Brazilian population, although its presence may contribute to the worsening of individuals' metabolic profiles.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se a presença do polimorfismo N363S do gene do receptor de glucocorticoide estaria associada, em indivíduos obesos, à presença de adiposidade visceral pela tomografia computadorizada, e sobre o impacto desta variante genética no perfil metabólico. MÉTODOS: A variante N363S do receptor do glicocorticoide foi verificada em um grupo de 295 indivíduos brasileiros, sendo 295 obesos e 100 com peso normal. Com base na genotipagem, os indivíduos obesos carreadores do polimorfismo N363S foram pareados com obesos normais. O grupo com polimorfismo foi submetido a exames de tomografia computadorizada abdominal e laboratoriais para a caracterização de seu perfil metabólico. RESULTADOS: Dez indivíduos eram heterozigotos para a variante AG (3,4 por cento), sendo oito obesos (4,1 por cento) e dois não-obesos (2 por cento). Não foram encontradas diferenças na quantidade de adiposidade visceral (145,8 ± 49,9 versus 147,7 ± 48,8 cm²; p = 0,92) baseados no TC de abdômen. No entanto, os indivíduos carreadores do N363S SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) apresentaram tendência a perfil metabólico desfavorável. CONCLUSÃO: O polimorfismo N363S do gene do receptor de glucocorticoide teve prevalência baixa na população estudada. A sua presença pode contribuir para a deterioração do perfil metabólico desses indivíduos.

Systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia in relation to body mass index: evaluation of a Brazilian population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in a Brazilian population in relation to body mass index. METHOD: Retrospective evaluation of 1213 adults (mean age: 45.2 +/- 12.8; 80.6% females) divided into groups according to body mass index [normal (18.5 - 24.4 kg/m2); overweight (25 - 29.9 kg/m2); grade 1 obesity (30 - 34.9 kg/m2); grade 2 obesity (35 - 39.9 kg/m2), and grade 3 obesity (> or = 40 kg/m2)]. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were analyzed in each group. The severity of cardiovascular risk was determined. High-risk patients were considered those reporting 2 or more of the following factors: systemic hypertension, HDL < or = 35 mg/dL, total cholesterol > or = 240 mg/dL, triglycerides > or = 200 mg/dL when HDL < or = 35 mg/dL, and glycemia > or = 126 mg/dL. Moderate-risk patients were those reporting 2 or more of the following factors: systemic hypertension, HDL < or = 45, triglycerides > or = 200 mg/dL, and total cholesterol > or = 200 mg/dL. RESULTS: The prevalence of systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-cholesterol levels increased along with weight, but the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia did not. The odds ratio adjusted for gender and age, according to grade of obesity compared with patients with normal weight were respectively 5.9, 8.6, and 14.8 for systemic hypertension, 3.8, 5.8, and 9.2 for diabetes mellitus and 1.2, 1.3, and 2.6 for hypertriglyceridemia. We also verified that body mass index was positively related to cardiovascular high risk (P < .001) CONCLUSION: In our population, cardiovascular risk increased along with body mass index.

Systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia in relation to body mass index: evaluation of a Brazilian population

OBJETIVO: Determinar prevalência de hipertensão arterial, diabete melito, hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia em uma população brasileira de acordo com grau de obesidade. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo em 1213 adultos (média de idade: 45,2 ± 12,8 anos; 80,6 % sexo feminino) em grupos de acordo com índice de massa corpórea (normal:18,5-24,4 Kg/m2; sobrepeso 25-29,9 Kg/m2; obesidade classe1: 30-34,9 Kg/m2; classe 2: 35-39,9 Kg/m2 ; classe 3:³ 40 Kgm2). Analisamos presença de hipertensão arterial, diabete melito, hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia em cada grupo. Determinamos severidade do risco cardiovascular, considerando risco alto pacientes com 2 ou mais dos seguintes fatores: hipertensão arterial, HDL < 35mg/dl, colesterol total >240mg/dl, triglicérides >200mg/dl quando HDL < 35mg/dl e glicemia >126mg/dl; risco moderado aqueles com 2 ou mais dos seguintes fatores: hipertensão arterial, HDL < 45, triglicérides >200mg/dl e colesterol total >200mg/dl. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo da prevalência de hipertensão arterial, diabete melito, hipertrigliceridemia, HDL-colesterol baixo, porém não houve maior prevalência de hipercolesterolemia. O odds ratio, ajustado para idade e sexo, para obesidade em relação aos indivíduos de peso normal foi 5,9, 8,6 e 14,8 para hipertensão; 3,8, 5,8 e 9,2 para diabete melito e 1,2, 1,3 e 2,6 para hipertrigliceridemia. Após estabelecer severidade do risco cardiovascular, verificamos que o índice de massa corpórea se correlacionou de forma significativa com alto risco cardiovascular (p< 0.0001). CONCLUSÃO: Em nossa população, observamos aumento do risco cardiovascular com aumento do índice de massa corpórea.