Oil bodies as a potential microencapsulation carrier for astaxanthin stabilisation and safe delivery.

Astaxanthin (AST) is a valued molecule because of its high antioxidant properties. However, AST is extremely sensitive to oxidation, causing the loss of its bioactive properties. The purposes of this study were to define conditions for microencapsulating AST in oil bodies (OB) from Brassica napus to enhance its oxidative stability, and to test the bioactivity of the microencapsulated AST (AST-M) in cells. Conditions for maximising microencapsulation efficiency (ME) were determined using the Response Surface Methodology, obtaining a high ME (>99%). OB loaded with AST showed a strong electrostatic repulsion in a wide range of pH and ionic strengths. It was found that AST-M exposed to air and light was more stable than free AST. In addition, the protective effect of AST against intracellular ROS production was positively influenced by microencapsulation in OB. These results suggest that OB offer a novel option for stabilising and delivering AST.

Establecimiento de condiciones óptimas para obtener un aislado proteico de avellana chilena (Gevuina avellana, Mol)

Una alternativa para resolver el problema del déficit global de proteínas ha sido la utilización de tortas desgrasadas generadas por la extracción de aceite de fuentes vegetales tales como raps, soya, lupino, etc, proceso que al mismo tiempo incrementa el contenido proteico, siendo factible que sea usada para enriquecer algunos tipos de alimentos. Tal es el caso de la avellana chilena (Gevuina avellana, Mol), especie monotípica caracterizada por su elevado porcentaje de aceite (50%) y cuya torta desgrasada podría utilizarse para obtener un aislado proteico. Con este fin se optimizaron las condiciones de extracción de proteína utilizando para ello la metodología superficie de respuesta (MSR) seleccionando el diseño central compuesto, tres variables independientes: tiempo de contacto de la torta con el solvente, relación muestra/solvente y pH, con 5 niveles de trabajo cada uno y tres replicaciones en el punto central. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis de regresión y después de ANOVA. El primero para determinar la ecuación polinómica y el segundo para seleccionar los factores de control con efecto significativo sobre el rendimiento de la proteína. La mejor combinación de los factores resultó ser tiempo entre 30 y 40 minutos, pH entre 9 y 9,5 y la relación muestra/ solvente entre 1/15 a 1/16, con un rendimiento final de 76%. En cuanto a las características físicas esta fueron: densidad aparente 0,504 g/cm3, compactación 43,34% y color amarillo claro. El análisis proximal mostró una concentración de proteínas de 76%, hidratos de carbono 13%, fibra cruda 0,68% y aceite 1,29%. En cuanto a las propiedades funcionales destacó absorción de agua (320 g/100 g), absorción de aceite (410 g/100g) y capacidad espumante (221, 05 %).

Establishment of optimun conditions in order to obtain a protein isolate from Chilean Hazelnut. An alternative to solve the problem of the overall deficit of proteins has been the use of defatted cakes generated by the extraction of oil from vegetable sources such as rapeseed, soybean, lupin, etc. This process at the same time increases the protein content, making this feasible to be used to enrich some types of food. This is the case of the chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana, Mol), monotypic species characterized by their high percentage of oil (50%) and whose defatted cake isolated protein could be used to obtain an isolated protein. For this purpose optimized conditions of extraction of protein were carried out using the surface response methodology (SRM) and a central composite design with three independent variables: time of contact of the cake with the solvent, sample /solvent ratio and pH was used. All variables were controlled at five different levels. The data were subjected to an analysis of regression and ANOVA, the first to determine the polynomial equation and the second to select the control factors with significant effect on the extraction of the protein. The best combination of factors turned out to be: time between 30 and 40 minutes, pH between 9 and 9.5 and a relationship sample / solvent between 1/15 to 1/16 with a final yield of 76%. The physical characteristics were: density 0,504 g/cm3, compaction 43, 34 % apparent and pale yellow. Proximal analysis showed a concentration of protein of 76%, 13%, raw fiber carbohydrate 0.68% and oil 1.29%. With regard to the functional properties emphasized water absorption (320 g / 100 g), absorption of oil (410 g / 100 g) and foaming capacity (221 %).

[Establishment of optimun conditions in order to obtain a protein isolate from Chilean Hazelnut]. / Establecimiento de condiciones optimas para obtener un aislado proteico de avellana chilena (Gevuina avellana, Mol).

An alternative to solve the problem of the overall deficit of proteins has been the use ofdefatted cakes generated by the extraction of oil from vegetable sources such as rapeseed, soybean, lupin, etc. This process at the same time increases the protein content, making this feasible to be used to enrich some types of food. This is the case of the chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana, Mol), monotypic species characterized by their high percentage of oil (50%) and whose defatted cake isolated protein could be used to obtain an isolated protein. For this purpose optimized conditions of extraction of protein were carried out using the surface response methodology (SRM) and a central composite design with three independent variables: time of contact of the cake with the solvent, sample/solvent ratio and pH was used. All variables were controlled at five different levels. The data were subjected to an analysis of regression and ANOVA, the first to determine the polynomial equation and the second to select the control factors with significant effect on the extraction of the protein. The best combination of factors turned out to be: time between 30 and 40 minutes, pH between 9 and 9.5 and a relationship sample/solvent between 1/15 to 1/16 with a final yield of 76%. The physical characteristics were: density 0,504 g/cm3, compaction 43, 34% apparent and pale yellow. Proximal analysis showed a concentration of protein of 76%, 13%, raw fiber carbohydrate 0.68% and oil 1.29%. With regard to the functional properties emphasized water absorption (320 g/100 g), absorption of oil (410 g/100 g) and foaming capacity (221%).

Desarrollo de una formulación de paté a base de descartes de pulpa de trucha arcoiris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) / Development of a paté formulation basis on rainbow trout discards

Se desarrolló una formulación optimizada de paté utilizando descartes de pulpa de trucha arcoiris utilizando la metodología Taguchi teniendo en cuenta que sus beneficios sobre la salud lo convierte en una alternativa viable interesante como un producto con características funcionales para ayudar a los consumidores a tener un estilo de vida saludable. El proceso de optimización se llevó a cabo en dos etapas. Primero se ocupó el arreglo ortogonal L(8)2(7) con 7 variables independientes para seleccionar los factores de control que tuvieran un efecto significativo sobre la calidad sensorial (C.S.) quedando finalmente seleccionadas: ají merken, cloruro de sodio, manteca vegetal junto con el arreglo ortogonal L(9)3(4) .Las respuestas de C.S. fueron sometidas a un análisis estadístico de diferencias de magnitud de promedios y análisis de varianza (ANOVA) determinándose que los factores que influyeron significativamente (p2/Kg. grasa respectivamente, ambos inferiores a los máximos permitidos por la reglamentación chilena. Con respecto a la aceptabilidad del producto fue de 91% y el 87% de los encuestados estaría dispuesto a comprarlo.

An optimized formulation of pate was developed using rainbow trout discard with the employment of Taguchi methodology, taking into account that the health-promoting benefits of this resource makes it a viable alternative as a functional foods to help consumers to get a healthy lifestyle. The optimization process utilizing Taguchi methodology was carried out in two phases. First, an orthogonal array L(8)2(7) with seven independent variables was chosen to select the control factors with a significant effect on the sensory quality (SQ). As a result, the following independent variables were selected: merkén pepper, sodium chloride, vegetal lard and margarine. In the second stage the L(9)3(4) orthogonal array was used. Data were analysed using differences between average values of factors according working levels, and also ANOVA, summing up that merken pepper, sodium chloride and margarine showed a significant effect (p>0.05) on the SQ. Best combination turned to be: merkén 0.7%, sodium chloride 1.3%, vegetal lard 5.2% and margarine 5.2%. Among the chemical characteristics highlighted protein 13.8%, lipid 10.21%, caloric density 175 Kcal/100g and colesterol 46mg/100g. Shelf life study during a period of time of 6 weeks at 5ºC expressed as mesophyl aerobic count (MAC) and peroxide index were 1.6E+0.4 ufc/g and 8.44 meq O2/Kg respectively, both characteristics lower than the maximum limits allowed for chilean regulations. Concerning to the acceptability of the optimized product the hedonic test showed 91% approval and also 87% of consumers would be well disposed to buy this product.

[Development of a paté formulation basis on rainbow trout discards]. / Desarrollo de una formulación de paté a base de descartes de pulpa de trucha arcoiris (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

An optimized formulation of pate was developed using rainbow trout discard with the employment ofTaguchi methodology, taking into account that the health-promoting benefits of this resource makes it a viable alternative as a functional foods to help consumers to get a healthy lifestyle. The optimization process utilizing Taguchi methodology was carried out in two phases. First, an orthogonal array L(8)2(7) with seven independent variables was chosen to select the control factors with a significant effect on the sensory quality (SQ). As a result, the following independent variables were selected: merkén pepper, sodium chloride, vegetal lard and margarine. In the second stage the L(9)3(4) orthogonal array was used. Data were analysed using differences between average values of factors according working levels, and also ANOVA, summing up that merken pepper, sodium chloride and margarine showed a significant effect (p > 0.05) on the SQ. Best combination turned to be: merkén 0.7%, sodium chloride 1.3%, vegetal lard 5.2% and margarine 5.2%. Among the chemical characteristics highlighted protein 13.8%, lipid 10.21%, caloric density 175 Kcal/100 g and cholesterol 46 mg/100 g. Shelf life study during a period of time of 6 weeks at 5 degrees C expressed as mesophyl aerobic count (MAC) and peroxide index were 1.6E+0.4 ufc/g and 8.44 meg O2/Kg respectively, both characteristics lower than the maximum limits allowed for chilean regulations. Concerning to the acceptability of the optimized product the hedonic test showed 91% approval and also 87% of consumers would be well disposed to buy this product.

[Development of a cookie formulation for celiac people using defatted Chilean hazel nut (Gevuina avellana. Mol) flour and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) flour]. / Desarrollo de una formulación optimizada de galletas para celiacos utilizando harina desgrasada de avellana chilena (Gevuina avellana, Mol) y harina de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd).

The present investigation deals with the optimization of a cookie formulation based on deffated chilean hazel nut flour (DCHF) and quinoa flour (QF) characterized for being gluten free resources, aimed to increment the nutritional options of the celiac population using Taguchi methodology. Four independent variables DCHF, QF, ammonium bicarbonated (AB) and baking time (BT) at three levels each one were considered in orden to evaluate their effects on the sensory quality (SQ) and signal to noise ratio (S/N) of the optimized product. To determine the optimun levels and relative magnitude of the effects of each parameter L9 3(4) orthogonal array with nine design points and two replications each totalizing eighteen experimental runs was used. Results were analyzed using differences between the average values of each factor according to the working level and also analysis of variance (ANOVA). The desired characteristics were the maxima SQ and S/R responses, so Taguchi "the larger the better" performance formula was used. Optimun conditions turn out to be DCHF 24.3%; QF 7.1%; AB 0.6%; BT 22 minutes. Among the chemical characteristics highlighted components such as protein (8.9%) and fiber (12.7%). Regarding the prolamine content of 1.5 ppm its result was under the limit considered for CODEX (20 ppm) classifying this product as gluten free. On the other hand, the shelf life study expressed as conjugated dienes (CD) was 3.6% after 45 days at 30 degrees C storage conditions proving this product is stable to rancidness. Hedonic test data shown 100% approval, splitted as follow 75% (like very much) and 25% (like). Finally 100% of celiac peoples inquired in this study were well disposed to buy this product.

Desarrollo de una formulación optimizada de galletas para celiacos utilizando harina desgrasada de avellana chilena (gevuina avellana, mol) y harina de quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) / Development of a cookie formulation for celiac people using defatted chilean hazel nut (gevuina avellana. mol) flour and quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) flour

Se desarrolló una formulación optimizada de galletas en base a harina desgrasada de avellana chilena (HDA) y harina de quinoa (HQ) ambas exentas de gluten teniendo como objetivo incrementar las opciones nutricionales de la población celiaca, utilizando la metodología Taguchi. Se trabajó con cuatro factores de control HDA, HQ, bicarbonato de amonio (BA) y tiempo de horneado (TH) a tres niveles de trabajo cada uno para determinar sus efectos en la calidad sensorial (C.S) y señal ruido (S/R) del producto optimizado. Para determinar los niveles óptimos de trabajo de cada factor de control así como la influencia relativa de los efectos de cada parámetro se utilizó el arreglo ortogonal L9 34 con nueve puntos de diseño y dos replicaciones cada uno totalizando 18 puntos experimentales. Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente cuantificando la magnitud de diferencia de promedios por factor y nivel de trabajo y análisis de varianza (ANOVA) Las características de calidad a obtener fueron la máxima C.S y S/R del producto utilizando el concepto “mayor es mejor” según la metodología Taguchi. La combinación óptima de las variables independientes resultó ser HDA 24,3 por ciento, HQ 7,1 por ciento, BA 0,6 por ciento y TH 22 minutos. Entre las características químicas de la galleta optimizada destacaron su contenido de proteínas (8,9 por ciento) y fibra cruda (12,7 por ciento). Por su parte la concentración de prolaminas de 1,5 ppm fue inferior al límite máximo recomendado por CODEX (20 ppm) catalogándolo como un producto exento de gluten. En cuanto a la vida útil, se demostró que es un producto estable a la rancidez alcanzando una concentración de dienos conjugados de 3,6 por ciento bajo condiciones de almacenamiento de 45 días a una temperatura de 30ºC. Finalmente se obtuvo un 100 por ciento de aceptabilidad del producto por parte de los consumidores celiacos, distribuída en 75 por ciento para “Me agrada mucho” y 25 por ciento para “Me agrada”...

The present investigation deals with the optimization of a cookie formulation based on deffated chilean hazel nut flour (DCHF) and quinoa flour (QF) characterized for being gluten free resources, aimed to increment the nutritional options of the celiac population using Taguchi methodology. Four independent variables DCHF, QF, ammonium bicarbonated (AB) and baking time (BT) at three levels each one were considered in orden to evaluate their effects on the sensory quality (SQ) and signal to noise ratio (S/N) of the optimized product. To determine the optimun levels and relative magnitude of the effects of each parameter L934 orthogonal array with nine design points and two replications each totalizing eighteen experimental runs was used. Results were analyzed using differences between the average values of each factor according to the working level and also analysis of variance (ANOVA). The desired characteristics were the maxima SQ and S/R responses, so Taguchi “the larger the better” performance formula was used. Optimun conditions turn out to be DCHF 24,3 percent; QF 7,1 percent; AB 0,6 percent; BT 22 minutes. Among the chemical characteristics highlighted components such as protein (8,9 percent) and fiber (12,7 percent). Regarding the prolamine content of 1,5 ppm its result was under the limit considered for CODEX (20 ppm) classifying this product as gluten free. On the other hand, the shelf life study expressed as conjugated dienes (CD) was 3,6 percent after 45 days at 30ºC storage conditions proving this product is stable to rancidness. Hedonic test data shown 100 percent approval, splitted as follow 75 percent (like very much) and 25 percent (like). Finally 100 percent of celiac peoples inquired in this study were well disposed to buy this product.

Treating landfill leachate by electrocoagulation.

The determination of the optimal conditions for using electrocoagulation as a treatment for landfill leachate was carried out using surface response methodology. A central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of four control factors, namely current density, pH, time and fluid conductivity, as well as the interaction among (between) them to get an optimal turbidity removal. The independent variables were each coded at three levels and their values were selected on the basis of preliminary experimental results. The central composite design consisted of 29 experimental points with five replications at the centre point. A second order polynomial model was used for predicting the response. Regression analysis showed that more than 95% of the variation was explained by the model wherein current density with a 60.1% contribution turned out to be the factor with the most significant influence. Analysis of variance showed that time, pH, current density and the interaction time/current density had a significant influence on the turbidity removal, The optimal conditions obtained for the removal of turbidity were time 38.8 min, pH 7.6, current density 109.9 A m(-2) and NaCl 2.9 g L(- 1). Experimental results showed that for a 96.9% turbidity removal, similar reduction in Al (97.0%) and Fe (99.5%) concentrations; as well as 66% total Kjeldahl nitrogen removal were obtained. Furthermore, the sludge formed exhibited a good floc size, which separated in less than 10 min by classical sedimentation. The results analysis provided evidence of reduction of chemical pollutants, although the electrocoagulated leachate could not satisfy regulations for the maximum Total Kjeldahl nitrogen leachate discharge level to public wastewater collection systems in the town of Freire, Chile.

[Optimization of a cake formulation with functional characteristics using resistant starch, Sphagnum magellanicum moss and deffated hazel nut flour (Gevuina avellana, Mol)]. / Optimización de una formulación de queques (cakes) con características funcionales a partir de almidones resistentes, Sphagnum magellanicum y harina desgrasada de avellana (Gevuina avellana Mol).

Resistant starch (RS) Hi Maize 260, Sphagnum magellanicum Moss (SM) both natural resources rich in total dietary fiber, and defatted hazel nut flour (DHN) as protein resource were used in the development of a pastry product (queque) with functional characteristics. Taguchi methodology was utilized in the optimization process using the orthogonal array L934 with four control factors: RS, SM. DHN and Master Gluten 4000 (MG), 3 factor levels and 9 experimental trials. The best result of Sensory Quality (SQ) and signal to noise ratio (S/N) was obtained combining the minor levels of the independent variables. Main effect (average effects of factor) analysis and anova analysis showed that SM and DHN were the control factors with a significant influence (p<0.05) on the CS with a relative contribution of 83%. It is important to emphasize the total dietary fiber (8.7%) and protein (7.2%) values, the formers due to the presence of RS and SM. Shelf life study showed that the sensory characteristics flavour, appearance and texture were not affected when samples were stored at refrigerated temperatures but not at 20 degrees C, specifically flavour always kept a good preference during the whole period of time. Samples of optimized cakes showed very good results when they were submitted to hedonic test with 100% of favorable consumer's opinions.

[Development of an optimized formulation of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) mousse]. / Desarrollo de una formulación optimizada de mousse de linaza (Linum usitatissimum).

Taguchi method was applied to determine the maximum sensory quality of a functional flaxseed mousse desert ready to mix by minimizing the deviation from the target value. An orthogonal array (OA) experimental design that allows to analize simultaneously the influence of four independent variables (thermic process; carrageen/gelatine ratio; grated cocconut/cocconut flavour ratio; whipping time) with three tolerance level each was applied to evaluate the effects of these control factors. Performance measure analysis were carried out using standard analysis to calculate average effects of factor levels and variance analysis, in order to determine the optimum levels and significant contribution of the control factors. To determine the optimum conditions, Taguchi's "the large the better" formula was used. These turn out to be thermic process, 95 degrees C/90s; carrageen/gelatine, 0.54g/ 1.07g; grated cocconut/ cocconut flavour, 10.7g/4.23g; whipping time, 8 min. Sensory quality was determined using the composite scoring test and a trained sensory panel of 12 judges. Chemical composition of optimized flaxseed mousse turn out to be protein, 20%; total dietary fibre, 18%; carbohydrates, 26.7%. Omega 6/omega 3 ratio of 0.4 was considered good. Amount of flaxseed in optimized flaxseed mousse was enough to satisfy the 30% of recommended dietary allowance of linolénic acid. Shelf life data showed a good stability for this product as well a good consumer acceptability.

Desarrollo de una formulación optimizada de mousse de linaza (Linum usitatissimum) / Development of an optimized formulation of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) mousse

Se desarrolló una formulación optimizada de mousse de linaza listo para preparar en polvo sabor a coco, incorporando semilla de linaza como fuente vegetal rica en ácidos grasos omega-3 en cantidad suficiente para cubrir el 30 por ciento de ingesta diaria recomendada por la FAO por porción de 40g. Se empleó la metodología Taguchi para optimizar la calidad sensorial de la formulación utilizando un arreglo ortogonal L934, con nueve corridas experimentales, cuatro variables independientes (proceso térmico, relación carragenina /gelatina, relación coco rallado/saborizante de coco y tiempo de batido) y tres niveles de trabajo cada una. Los análisis de magnitud de promedios en conjunto con el análisis de varianza permitieron determinar los niveles óptimos de trabajo asi como los factores de control que influyeron significativamente en la calidad sensorial (R2=97 por ciento). Las condiciones óptimas fueron: tiempo de proceso 95ºC/90s; relación carragenina/gelatina 0.54g/1.07g; relación coco rallado/saborizante de coco 10.7g/4.23g; tiempo batido 8 min. La calidad sensorial se determinó en el postre reconstituìdo en leche fluída descremada aplicando el test sensorial de puntaje compuesto, una escala descriptiva cuantitativa donde 1= "Malo" hasta 5= "Muy bueno", y un panel entrenado conformado por doce jueces entrenados. La composición química del producto optimizado fue: humedad 6.0 por ciento, extracto etéreo 20.0 por ciento, proteínas 20.0 por ciento, fibra dietaria total 18 por ciento e hidratos de carbono 26.7 por ciento, con una densidad energética de 430 Kcal./100g. La actividad de agua aw= 0.56 garantiza una buena estabilidad bajo situaciones controladas de almacenamiento. La composición de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados del aceite de la linaza, mostró un contenido de ácido linoleico (omega 6) y linolénico (omega3) de 18.3 por ciento y 45.6 por ciento respectivamente con una relación omega-6/omega-3 de 0.40. La vida útil midiendo desarrollo de microorganismos e...

Propiedades funcionales de la fibra del musgo sphagnum magellanicum y su utilización en la formulación de productos de panadería / Functional properties of sphagnum magellanicum fiber and its direct use in formulation of bakery products

Se estudiaron las propiedades funcionales de la fibra del musgo Sphagnum magellanicum. determinandose: la capacidad de absosrción (CAA) y retención de agua (CRA), capacidad de absorción de moléculas orgánicas (CAMO), capacidad de hinchamiento (CH) y capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC). Fracciones de tamaño de partícula T1 (1.4mm); (1.0mm); T3 (0.425mm); T4 (0.180mm) fueron analizadas para medir su efecto sobre estas propiedades. Las mejores respuestas de CAA, CRA, CAMO y CH se obtuvieron con T3, con la excepción de la CIC cuyo mejor resultado se obtuvo con T1. Se desarrollo una formulación optimizada de pan enriquecido con fibre de musgo analizando simultaneamente el efecto de cuatro variables independientes: levadura, agente esponjante, fibra de musgo y manteca vegetal sobre la calidad sensorial del pan. La variable más significativa (p<0.05) resultó ser la levadura con participación del 50 por ciento sobre la respuesta. Muestras de pan con fiebre se almacenaron a 20 grados centígrados y 6 grados centígrados para determinar su vida útil. La mejor respuesta de calidad sensorial se obtuvo con las muestras refrigeradas, que permanecieron aptas para su consumo por un tiempo de dos semanas

[Development of an optimized formulation of damask marmalade with low energy level using Taguchi methodology]. / Desarrollo de una formulación optimizada de mermelada de damasco de bajo contenido calórico utilizando la metodología Taguchi.

The goal of this present study was the development of an optimized formula of damask marmalade low in calories applying Taguchi methodology to improve the quality of this product. The selection of this methodology lies on the fact that in real life conditions the result of an experiment frequently depends on the influence of several variables, therefore, one expedite way to solve this problem is utilizing factorial desings. The influence of acid, thickener, sweetener and aroma additives, as well as time of cooking, and possible interactions among some of them, were studied trying to get the best combination of these factors to optimize the sensorial quality of an experimental formulation of dietetic damask marmalade. An orthogonal array L8 (2(7)) was applied in this experience, as well as level average analysis was carried out according Taguchi methodology to determine the suitable working levels of the design factors previously choiced, to achieve a desirable product quality. A sensory trained panel was utilized to analyze the marmalade samples using a composite scoring test with a descriptive acuantitative scale ranging from 1 = Bad, 5 = Good. It was demonstrated that the design factors sugar/aspartame, pectin and damask aroma had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the sensory quality of the marmalade with 82% of contribution on the response. The optimal combination result to be: citric acid 0.2%; pectin 1%; 30 g sugar/16 mg aspartame/100 g, damask aroma 0.5 ml/100 g, time of cooking 5 minutes. Regarding chemical composition, the most important results turned out to be the decrease in carbohydrate content compaired with traditional marmalade with a reduction of 56% in coloric value and also the amount of dietary fiber greater than similar commercial products. Assays of storage stability were carried out on marmalade samples submitted to different temperatures held in plastic bags of different density. Non percetible sensorial, microbiological and chemical changes were detected after 90 days of storage under controlled conditions.

[Functional properties of Sphagnum magellanicum fiber and its direct use in formulation of bakery products]. / Propiedades funcionales de la fibra del musgo Sphagnum magellanicum y su utilización en la formulación de productos de panadería.

Characterization of functional properties of Sphagnum magellanicum fiber were investigated. Water absortion (WAC) and water retention (WRC) capacities, swelling capacity (SC); organic molecule absortion capacity (OMAC) and cationic interchange capacity (CIC) were evaluated, as well as its incorporation as fiber source to bakery produts. Diferent particles sizes were selected to evaluate their effects on the functional properties of moss fiber: T1(1.4 mm);T2(1.0 mm); T3(0.42 mm); T4(0.18 mm). Best results of CAA, CRA; SC and OMRC were obtained with T3, whereas best values of CIC were attained with T1. An optimized formulation of fiber enriched bread was developed analizing simultaneously the effect of four independent variables (yeast, moss fiber, fluffy agent and shortening) on the sensory quality of products. Shelf life studies were carried out by storing samples of fiber enriched breads at 20 degrees C and 6 degrees C. At the end of the study, refrigerated samples showed better sensory quality stability.

[Chemical-nutritional characterization of the moss Spagnum magellanicum]. / Caracterización químico nutricional del musgo Sphagnum magellanicum.

The goal of the present study was to know the chemical characteristics of the moss Sphagnum magellanicum (S.M.) growing in the southern part of Chile, spreading approximately. in a geographic area of 500.000 Has. Very few antecedents are reported in the literature concerning the functional properties of this resource, with the exception of the water absorption and holding capacity. Many of the industrial or agricultural uses of this moss are strongly related with this characteristic. Looking for other alternatives of utilization, it has been planned its incorporation to staple foods as a source of dietary fiber. But first it is necessary to know its chemical characteristics Representative samples of this material were submitted to different chemical analysis such as proximal analysis, fractional fiber analysis and anti nutrient factors.. Results of those analysis show the high amount of dietary fiber founded in this resource (77%), higher than reported data for other traditional fiber sources such as lupin bran, rice hull, barley hull, oat bran, etc. Finally it is important emphasize the absence of antinutrient factor in this moss, that could make feasible its use for human nutrition.

Caracterización sensorial de paté a base de descartes de pulpa de salmón (Salmo salar L.) utilizando la metodología superficie de respuesta / Sensory characterization of pate from waste salmon (Salmo salar L.) products utilizing surface methodology

Descartes de pulpa salmón atlantico (Salmo salar L.) fueron utilizados para la formulación de un embutido tipo paté, con el propósito de aprovechar los residuos o desechos de la industria salmonídea y formular un producto de óptima calidad sensorial. Aplicando un diseño central compuesto rotatorio, factorial 2 elevado a la n y utilizando la metodología superficie respuesta, se seleccionaron dos variables independientes, concentración de sal y concetración de goma xantana, a tres niveles de trabajo cada una de ellas. Se prepararon nueve formulaciones experimentales a las que posteriormente se les aplicó el test de puntaje compuesto, para analizar la calidad sensorial usando un panel de 12 jueces entrenados (p>0.05). Consistencia, sabor y apariencia fueron los parámetros que se estudiaron por ser los que más afectan la calidad sensorial del producto. Los resultados del test de calidad sensorial fueron analizados estadísticamente usando el programa computacional Statgraph 7.0, lo que permitió obtener un modelo matemático para predecir la influencia de las variables independientes sobre la respuesta buscada. De acuerdo al gráfico tridimencional de superficie y mapa de contorno, se determinó que los niveles de sal y goma necesarios para obtener una combinación óptima de estos componentes fueron 1,5 por ciento y 1,35 por ciento respectivamente. La vida útil del producto almacenado de 3ºC fue de 18 días, y a temperatura ambiente (18ºC) fue de 8 días, valores que están dentro de los límites de tiempo de vida útil esperados para este tipo de producto

Caracterización del budin de lupino utilizando la metodología superficie respuesta / Sensory characterization of lupin pudding usig surface response methodology

Harina entera de lupino dulce (Lupinus albus c.v. Multolupa) (39,6 por ciento de proteína, 13,0 por ciento en contenido graso), y carragenato fueron usados para incorporarlos a formulaciones comerciales de budín con el propósito específico de desarrollar un producto destinado a la población diabética que incluya una mezcla optimizada de estos ingredientes. Utilizando la metodología Superficie Respuesta, varias formulaciones experimentales de budín fueron preparadas y posteriormente evaluadas sensorialmente con el objeto de optimizar los ingredientes que pudieran afectar la calidad sensorial de las preparaciones de budín. Diferentes concentraciones de harina de lupino y carragenato fueron ensayadas en cada variable tres niveles de incorporación, totalizando nueve combinaciones de muestras para ser luego analizadas sensorialmente por un panel de 11 jueces entrenados. Para evaluar la calidad sensorial se empleó el test de puntaje compuesto determinando los siguientes parámetros: Apariencia, aroma, sabor, color, textura. Se concluye que el rango adecuado de concentraciones de harina de lupino es 7 por ciento-11 por ciento y carragenato entre 0,4 por ciento y 0,5, para ser incorporadas a la formulación de budín. Estos resultados fueron posteriormente confirmados con el test de aceptación hedónica

Caracterización química, sensorial y clínica de mermelada de lupino / Chemical, sensory and clinical characterization of lupin marmalades

Estudios previos han demostrado que las leguminosas se caracterizan por mostrar interesantes propiedades hipoglicemiantes, por lo que su presencia en la dieta puede ser muy útil para controlar los niveles de glucosa sanguínea en individuos diabéticos. tomando en cuenta estos antecedentes se prepararon diferentes formulaciones de mermelada de ciruela incorporando 5, -7.5, -10 y 15 por ciento de harina entera de lupino (HEL). Las muestras experimentales fueron sometidas químico, físico, sensorial y clínica. Resultados del análisis proximal revelaron un sostenido incremento en proteínas desde 0,6 a 5,2 por ciento en las formulaciones de mermelada de ciruelas con lupino mientras mayor es la incorporación de esta leguminosa en la formulación base, con relación a la formulación control. El aporte en calorías se mantuvo relativamente en todas las preparaciones. La presencia de lupino no afectó el color característico rojo oscuro de la ciruela mientras que la concentración de sólidos solubles, pH y acidez permanecieron dentro de los límites regulados por la reglamentación chilena. Las muestras fueron analizadas sensorialmente usando la prueba de Ranking. El análisis estadístico de los datos mostró una preferencia significativa por la mermelada con 10 por ciento de HEL (p<0.05). Para determinar el grado de aceptabilidad se empleó el test Hedónico facial comparando esta fúrmula con una mermelada control con fructuosa como edulcorante. El análisis estadístico usando el test de student no encontró diferencias significativas entre ella (-<0.05). Para evaluar la actividad hipoglicemiante de la harina entera de lupino se seleccionaron en forma voluntaria siete pacientes diabéticos adultos No Insulino Dependientes los que fueron sometidos a la prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa. Los resultados de la prueba demostraron que la presencia de lupino en la mermelada disminuyó la velocidad de glucosa intestinal, pues la concentración de glucosa postprandial fue significativamente inferior comparándola con la mermelada control de fructuosa. Este resultado es de gran importancia para los diabéticos pues se amplían las posibilidades de alimentación sobre todo de productos como las mermeladas que gozan de gran aceptación y cuyo consumo está limitado para estos individuos