Importancia de la historia familiar en el cáncer de mama y ovario

Objetivo: Presentar el caso de una paciente, quien acudió para evaluación ginecológica. La misma resultó clínicamente sana pero en su grupo familiar destaca la alta frecuencia de cáncer de mama y de ovario, lo cual indujo a sospechar alto riesgo para el cáncer de mama hereditario (CaMH); a propósito del mismo se revisa esta patología y se resalta la importancia de la historia familiar. Caso clínico: Mujer de 25 años de edad, que acude a la consulta para realizar control ginecológico. Diagnóstico: paciente clínicamente sana, pero con antecedentes familiares, de alta frecuencia de cáncer de mama (CaM) y cáncer de ovario, razón por la cual se procede a investigar al grupo familiar. Se revisan las historias clínicas del archivo del IAHULA y se entrevistan los familiares. Familia no consanguínea, padres sanos, mayores de 70 años sin cáncer, 3 hermanos y 7 hermanas. Cuatro hermanas fallecieron en un periodo de 9 años, en edades comprendidas entre 24 y 35 años: 3 por CaM y 1 por Ca de ovario, tía materna con CaM y abuela paterna con probable Ca de ovario (síndrome ascítico no ictérico) ambas fallecidas en el medio rural. Antecedentes personales de las 4 hermanas fallecidas: menarquia en promedio de 12.3 años, paridad y lactancia 2/4, nulípara 2/4, ninguna obesa, ni hábitos alcohólicos. Al momento del diagnóstico todas en estadios avanzados de cáncer. Tipo histopatológico del CaM: ductal infiltrante poco diferenciado (2/3), lobulillar y medular (2/3); bilateral (1/3); sin determinar receptores de estrógeno, progesterona o andrógenos. Metástasis a cerebro y pulmón (2/3) durante tratamiento. En ovario: cistoadenoma mucinoso, estadio IV, recidiva al año a pesar del tratamiento. Sobrevida de 3 meses a 3 años. A la paciente se le recomendó realizar el estudio genético para poder precisar el riesgo de padecer cáncer de Mama y ovario Hereditario (CaMH) y establecer las medidas de vigilancia. Conclusiones: Se recomienda que ante una paciente con antecedentes familiares de CaM, se investigue a fondo su historia familiar, la cual aún en ausencia de marcadores genéticos, permite sospechar la presencia de un CaMH el cual requiere de un protocolo de prevención y vigilancia diferente al CaM esporádico.

Objective: To present the case of a patient, who went for a gynecological assessment. She was healthy but in his family group stressed a high frequency of breast and ovarian cancer, which led to suspect high risk for hereditary breast cancer (HBCa). This condition is reviewed, highlighting the importance of family history. Case report: A 25 year old woman who consults for a gynecological examination. Healthy patient with a high frequency of breast cancer (BCa) in her family. Not consanguineous family. Healthy parents, 3 brothers and 6 sisters. Four sisters died within a period of 9 years, aged between 24 and 35 years old: 3 from BCa and 1 from ovarian cancer. Maternal aunt with BCa and paternal grandmother with ovarian cancer. Personal history of the 4 deceased sisters: average age of menarche 12.3 years, parity and lactation 2/4, nulliparous 2/4, no obesity, nonalcoholic habits. Initial diagnosis in advanced stages of cancer. Histopathological type of BCa: poorly differentiated (2/3), lobular and medullary (2/3); bilateral 1/3; lung and brain metastases during treatment (2/3). In ovarian: mucinous cystadenoma stage IV, recurrence in one year despite treatment. Survival between 3 months and 3 years. The patient is recommended to perform the genetic study in order to clarify the risk of suffering BCa and surveillance measures. Conclusions: It is recommended in a patient with a family history of BCa, to carry out a thorough investigation of family history, which, even in the absence of genetic markers, allows to suspect the presence of hereditary breast cancer.

Analysis of information and communication needs in rural primary health care in developing countries.

This article presents three studies dealing with information and communication needs in rural primary health care from Peru and Nicaragua. Results show that primary health-care systems in rural areas of developing countries are very inefficient. Among the main reasons we found factors related to communication infrastructure, information sharing, and continuous training of health professionals. We conclude that telemedicine systems can improve this situation, but the lack of infrastructures, low income levels, and other conditions, impose strong limits to the introduction of new technologies. The main conclusion is that differences in needs and conditions between developing countries and industrialized ones force to use different solutions and approaches. This article presents some proposals on technology requirements and how to deal with the use of telemedicine in rural areas of developing countries. These proposals can be useful to all kind of actors (national public administrations, multilateral institutions, industry, academy, civil society, etc.) in order to promote really relevant and sustainable proposals in telemedicine for rural regions of developing countries.

[Influence of age and gender on plasma norepinephrine changes produced by orthostatic stress]. / Influencia de la edad y el sexo sobre los cambios de norepinefrina plasmática producidos por el stress ortostático.

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of aging and gender on plasma norepinephrine (NE) response to orthostatic stress. Fifty-six men and sixty women non-smokers, sedentary, non-obese, were studied at supine and standing positions. On the basis of the age of the subjects, they were divided into three groups of either men or women. Group A, young, range 17-34 years, Group B, middle-age, range 40-60 years, and Group C: senescent, range 61-91 years. Senescent subjects had the highest absolute supine values of NE and significant differences between women and men were found in groups B Men: 298 +/- 15 pg/mL; Women: 348 +/- 14 pg/mL), and C (M: 386 +/- 29 pg/mL; W: 473 +/- 19 pg/mL), but not between young (M: 246 +/- 21 pg/mL; W: 261 +/- 18 pg/mL). NE increased markedly in response to the orthostatic stress but the relative (percentage) increases were smaller in the older subjects perhaps related to their elevated baseline levels. The highest percent positive variation was observed in group A (M: 85%; W: 82%). The oldest group (C), had the lowest variation (M: 23%; W: 21%). The relative increases in NE responses were not different in men and women. The orthostatic-induced variation in NE was negatively related to aging in both men and women (M: r = -0.654; p < 0.0001; W: r = -0.557; p < 0.0001). It is concluded that orthostatic stress induced rise of blood NE is attenuated by age but does not appear to be dependent on gender.

Nonsperm cells in human semen and their relationship with semen parameters.

The prevalence and clinical significance of leukocytes (WBC) and immature germ cells in semen is currently a matter of controversy. The aim of this work was to assess the prevalence of leukocytospermia in semen samples from Venezuelan men and its possible effects on sperm parameters. The concentration of WBC and round cells (RC) was evaluated in 118 semen samples from 19 fertile subjects (group 1), 62 infertile patients (group II), and 37 men with varicocele (group III). Semen WBC concentration was assessed by peroxidase assay. Twenty-six (22%) of the total samples had more than 10 WBC/mL semen. Twenty of the infertile men had leukocytospermia (32%) compared with 16% in the fertile group and 8% in the varicocele group. Semen RC concentration was lower than 5 x 10(6)/mL in all groups but, in groups II and III was significantly higher compared with group I. Infertile men had the highest WBC concentration. WBC concentration was negatively correlated with progressive motility, percentage of morphologically normal sperm, and hypoosmotic swelling test in infertile men but not in the varicocele group. In this group a negative correlation was obtained between immature germ cells and normal sperm morphology. The data show that leukcytospermia occurs frequently in infertile patients and is associated with poor semen quality parameters. In contrast, in men with varicocele, the increased number of immature germ cells might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of abnormal spermatozoa.

Dermatomiositis presentacion de un caso clinico / Dermatomiositis report of a clinical case

Los autores presentan un caso de dermatomiositis con compromiso renal, en un paciente masculino de 11 años de edad, sin antecedentes patologicos. El cuadro fue de inatalacion progresiva , caracterizado por devilidad muscular proximal y erupcion cutanea eritematoviolacea; se detecto la elevacion de las enzimas CPK, TGO y aldolasa, ademas de elctromiografia alterada y biopsia muscular con infiltrado inflamatorio. Se realizo tratamiento con corticoides, dieta hiposodica y fisioterapia. Despues de 15 dias de tratamiento , se observo mejoria del cuadro