West Mexico Berries Modulate α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches.

The objective was to evaluate the antioxidant and biological potential of eight freeze-dried berry varieties of southern Jalisco using in silico and in vitro approaches. Fourteen tentative phenolic compounds were identified in berries by ESI-QToF, including anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavanols and flavonols. In silico assays of phytochemicals in the berry inhibiting enzymes related to obesity and diabetes showed predicted binding energy interactions (ranging from -5.4 to -9.3 kcal/mol). Among the cultivars, antioxidant potential for DPPH IC50 ranged from 1.27 to 3.40 mg/mL, ABTS IC50 from 2.26 to 7.32 mg/mL and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition IC50 from 4.26 to 11.07 mg/mL. The potential to inhibit α-amylase IC50 ranged from 4.02 to 7.66 mg/mL, α-glucosidase IC50 from 0.27 to 4.09 mg/mL, lipase IC50 from 1.30 to 4.82 mg/mL and DPP-IV IC50 from 1.36 to 3.31 mg/mL. Blackberry cultivars from the southern Jalisco region showed outstanding biological potential compared to other evaluated berries and could be used in the formulation of functional foods in the prevention of noncommunicable diseases.

Administración crónica de cafeína evita la alteración de la glucosa postprandial en ratas / Chronic caffeine administration prevents postprandial glucose disturbance in rats

La administración crónica de cafeína evita la alteración de la glucosa postprandial en ratas. El aumento en el consumo de la cafeína alrededor del mundo no es discutible, es así como su investigación se ha vuelto extensa en sus diferentes campos. Objetivo. Analizar los efectos de la administración crónica de cafeína en ratas alimentadas con dieta de cafetería, a través de evaluar índices de consumo, antropométricos y bioquímicos. Materiales y métodos. La dieta de cafetería es un modelo dietético equivalente a las características de la dieta occidental típica que origina síndrome metabólico en humanos. En esta investigación se realizó la administración crónica vía intraperitoneal de cafeína por ocho semanas a ratas adultas macho Wistar alimentadas con dieta de cafetería. Dada la poca evidencia acerca de los efectos biológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de dicha sustancia frente a un modelo de dieta de cafetería se evaluaron parámetros de consumo, antropométricos y bioquímicos. Resultados. La dieta de cafetería ocasionó anomalías asociadas al síndrome metabólico; no obstante, la administración de cafeína en las ratas alimentadas con esa dieta resultó ser un factor protector en la glucosa postprandial, más no en la alteración de la tolerancia a la glucosa o perfil lipídico. Conclusiones. La cafeína permitió proteger los niveles de glucosa postprandial al término del experimento y un descenso en el peso corporal y consumo de alimento solo en la primera semana. Sin embargo, no se observaron mejoras significativas en el perfil de lípidos, adiposidad, tolerancia a la glucosa y glucosa plasmática(AU)

Chronic caffeine administration prevents postprandial glucose disturbance in rats. The increase in caffeine consumption is not debatable, this is how his research has become extensive in his different fields. Objective. To analyze the effects of chronic administration of caffeine in rats fed a cafeteria diet, by evaluating consumption, anthropometric and biochemical indices. Previous studies refer to administering caffeine in diets high in carbohydrates and / or in fat that induce obesity or symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Material and methods. The cafeteria diet is a dietary model equivalent to the characteristics of the typical western diet that causes metabolic syndrome in humans. In this research, chronic intraperitoneal administration of caffeine was performed for 8 weeks to adult male Wistar rats fed a cafeteria diet. Given the little evidence about the biological and behavioral effects of the chronic administration of this substance against a cafeteria diet model, consumption, anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Results. After eight weeks it was found that the cafeteria diet given to the controls caused abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome; regarding the administration of caffeine in the rats fed this diet, the treatment turned out to be a protective factor in postprandial glucose, but not in the alteration of glucose tolerance or lipid profile. Conclusions. Caffeine allowed to protect postprandial glucose levels at the end of the experiment and a decrease in body weight and food consumption only in the first week. However, no significant improvements were seen in lipid profile, adiposity, glucose tolerance, and plasma glucose(AU)

Feeding pattern, biochemical, anthropometric and histological effects of prolonged ad libitum access to sucrose, honey and glucose-fructose solutions in Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The exposure to sucrose in rats has mimic abnormalities attributed to metabolic syndrome (MetS). The effects of honey bee and "free" glucose and fructose, have not been explored in this context. The aim was to expose Wistar rodents to sucrose solution (SS), honey solution (HS) and fructose/glucose solution (GFS) at 30% to assess their effects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: HS (n = 10), SS (n = 10) and GFS (n = 10) groups were formed. Solutions were ad libitum along 14-weeks. RESULTS: Between solutions consumptions, honey was significantly 42% higher (P = 0.000), while similar consumption was observed among GFS and SS. The feeding pattern of HS consumption was irregular along experiment; while the food intake pattern showed the similar trend among groups along time. Non statistical differences were obtained in any biochemical and anthropometric measure, however, a higher concentration of leptin (721 ± 507 pg/mL), lower concentration of total cholesterol (TC; 48.87 ± 2.41 mg/100 mL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL; 16.47 ± 6.55 mg/100 mL) and triglycerides (82.37 ± 32.77 mg/100 mL) was obtained in SS group. For anthropometric values, HS showed less total adipose tissue (AT; average 26 vs. 31-33 g) and adiposity index (average 6.11 vs. 7.6). Due to sugar-sweetened beverages consumption increases the risk for the development of chronic diseases; correlations between fluid intake and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were assessed. A moderate correlation was obtained in groups with the weight of total AT and solution intake; for the weight gain in GFS group and for triglycerides in HS and GFS. The highest hepatic tissue damage was observed in SS group with multiple intracytoplasmic vacuoles, atypia changes, moderate pleomorphism and hepatocellular necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the significantly higher consumption of HS, biochemical, anthropometrical and histological effects were not remarkably different in comparision to other sweeteners.

Diagnostic Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome in Diet-Induced Rodent Models: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Thousands of publications in recent years have addressed the induction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rodents. However, the criteria and the reference values for diagnosing this disease have not been defined. OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to carry out a systematic review to gather evidence about the criteria for biochemical and anthropometric parameters in which scientific studies have relied on to report that rats developed MetS from a previous dietary manipulation. METHODS: We compiled characteristics and findings of diet-induced MetS with high-fat, high-carbohydrate, high-fat/high-carbohydrates, and cafeteria diet from PubMed and Science Direct databases published in the last 5 years. RESULTS: The results on the principal determinants for the syndrome, published in the reviewed articles, were chosen to propose reference values in the rat models of food induction. CONCLUSION: The values obtained will serve as reference cut-of points in the development of the disease; in addition, the compilation of data will be useful in planning and executing research protocols in animal models.

Compuestos fenólicos y su efecto en las dislipidemias en seres humanos: Una revisión sistemática

RESUMEN Las muertes por enfermedades del corazón y otras patologías cardiovasculares han aumentado en las últimas décadas. Dentro de los principales factores que pueden desencadenar las enfermedades cardíacas se encuentran las dislipidemias, trastornos que afectan directamente la capacidad de irrigación sanguínea a través del desarrollo de ateromas en el sistema cardiovascular. Se ha propuesto que la ingesta de compuestos fenólicos tiene un importante efecto antilipidémico, hecho que sugiere una cualidad de prevención y protección del compuesto contra estas enfermedades. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un análisis de la información relacionada con el tratamiento que incluye la utilización de los compuestos fenólicos sobre parámetros de dislipidemias en seres humanos; comparando la muestra, los componentes y los resultados ante este tipo de trastornos. Aunque el número de artículos que incorporan esta relación es diverso, esta revisión sistemática explora las investigaciones que se han realizado sobre una posible reacción benéfica en el metabolismo del ser humano. La búsqueda se realizó en dos bases de datos: PubMed y Web of Science, que arrojaron un total de 2.229 artículos potenciales, de los que se excluyeron 2.194 restando 35 artículos para la revisión. En conjunto, los resultados mostraron que, si bien se han comprobado ciertas propiedades benéficas de los compuestos fenólicos como isoflavonas, taninos, teaflavinas y antocianinas sobre las enfermedades cardiovasculares, específicamente en las dislipidemias en un paradigma de estudio muy amplio, aún es difícil conjugar resultados concluyentes. En estas circunstancias, la información disponible resulta un punto de referencia para seguir indagando en la acción de los compuestos fenólicos sobre este tipo de patologías.

ABSTRACT Deaths from heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases have increased in recent decades. Among the main factors that lead to the development of heart disease is dyslipidemia, which are disorders that directly affect the blood supply through the development of atheroma in the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed that phenolic compound intake has an important antilipidemic effect, a fact that suggests a preventive and protective characteristic against these diseases. The objective of this work is to present an analysis of the information related to treatment that includes the use of phenolic compounds on dyslipidemia parameters in humans; comparing samples, the components and the results of these types of disorders. Although the number of articles exploring this relationship is diverse, this systematic review explores the data related to a possible beneficial reaction of human metabolism. The search was carried out in two databases: PubMed and Web of Science, where a total of 2229 potential articles were obtained, of which 2194 were excluded, leaving 35 articles for review. Altogether, the results showed that, although there are certain beneficial properties of phenolic compounds such as isoflavones, tannins, theaflavins and anthocyanins that have been proven beneficial for cardiovascular diseases, for dyslipidemia specifically, it is still difficult to combine conclusive results. In these circumstances, the available information indicates the necessity to continue investigating the action of phenolic compounds on these types of pathologies.

The Effects of Avocado Waste and Its Functional Compounds in Animal Models on Dyslipidemia Parameters.

Ischemic heart disease and stroke are two main causes of death that have prevailed for more than 15 years. Dyslipidemia and its parameters like hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increase in low-density cholesterol, and a reduction of high-density cholesterol have been related with heart disease and risk of stroke. Approaches to improve the health and specifically reduce the risk of heart disease, such as medications and dietary interventions have been effective, but there are other potential sources of biological compounds that could have an effect due to their antioxidant properties. Avocado is a commonly consumed fruit especially its pulp, while the peel, seed, and leaf are usually discarded as waste. Some researchers have reported antioxidant, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic effects in these wastes. In this review article, we have summarized the current evidence on the effect of biological compounds from avocado waste on dyslipidemia parameters in preclinical models. Also, we have included the compound extracted and the extraction method from the selected articles.

Potential Hypoglycemic Effect of Pomegranate Juice and Its Mechanism of Action: A Systematic Review.

Pomegranate juice (PJ) has gained popularity attributed to its phenolic compounds and their medicinal properties. Its potential hypoglycemic effect has been related to enzymatic inhibition, insulin release, and the protection of pancreatic tissue. These effects depend on several aspects, such as the content and composition of phenols in pomegranate and characteristics of the organism that consumes the juice. The objective of this study was to systematically review scientific evidence investigating the hypoglycemic effect of PJ; the factors that affect bioactive compounds; and the mechanisms of action attributed to this effect. Human and rodent in vivo and in vitro studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. After reviewing the articles, it was identified that the methodologies and results among the scientific evidence were quite heterogeneous. Despite these limitations, many of the in vivo and in vitro studies found important hypoglycemic effects from PJ, as well as an increase in the function of ß-cell, insulin secretion, a significantly lower activity of α-amylase enzyme, an inhibition of the enzyme α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), and the protection against DNA damage. Determining the potential health benefits of polyphenols contained in the pomegranate is limited for multiple factors that could affect the efficacy of PJ. Overall, the results of this review suggest the need for further experimentation, using controlled variable factors and testing the effect of PJ under similar experimental conditions.

Formulación, análisis nutrimental y sensorial de productos de panadería a base de una mezcla cereal-leguminosa (Phaseolus vulgaris y Lupinus albus) en México / Formulation, nutrimental and sensory analysis of bakery products made from a cereallegume mixture (Phaseolus vulgaris and Lupinus albus) in Mexico

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la formulación y evaluación de galletas y grissinis a base de una mezcla cereal-leguminosa, así como evaluar el grado de satisfacción y preferencia en un grupo de adultos y niños en México. Para la elaboración de los productos de panadería se empleó una combinación de harina de trigo-leguminosa de 55:45 para las galletas, mientras que para los grissinis fue de 68:32. En cuanto al contenido de proteína de los productos, presentaron valores de 10,65±0,06 a 12,09±0,30 g/100g. Por su parte, el contenido de fibra varió desde 0,39±0,30 hasta 3,84±0,37 g/100g. En cuanto a la prueba de grado de satisfacción se identificó que todos los productos fueron del agrado de los participantes, obteniendo calificaciones superiores a 0 (ni me gusta ni me disgusta). Mientras que en la prueba de preferencia, los productos elaborados con frijol, fueron preferidas en un mayor número de ocasiones que los de lupino. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo de adultos y niños en los puntajes otorgados a todos los productos, lo que se puede relacionar con la familiaridad hacia éste tipo de alimentos(AU)

The objective of this work was the formulation and evaluation of cookies and grissinis based on a cereal-legume mixture, as well as the degree of satisfaction and preference in a group of adults and children in Mexico. For the preparation of bakery products, a combination of wheat flour and legume of 55:45 was used for cookies, while for grissinis it was 68:32. In terms of protein content of the products, there were found values from 10,65±0,06 to 12,09±0,30 g/100g. On the other hand, the fiber content varied from 0,39±0,30 to 3,84±0,37 g/100g. As for the degree of satisfaction test, it was identified that all the products were liked by the participants, obtaining ratings above 0 (I do not like or dislike it). While in the preference test, all products made with beans were preferred in a greater number of occasions than those with lupine. Statistically significant differences were found between the group of adults and children in the scores awarded to all the products, being able to relate to the familiarity towards this type of food

Consumo de jugo de granada (Punica granatum) y su efecto sobre la glucemia, perfil lipídico e histología del páncreas en un modelo de hiperglucemia inducida mediante estreptozotocina / Pomegranate juice consumption (Punica granatum) and its effect on glycemia, lipid profile and histology of the pancreas in a model of induced hyperglycemia by streptozotocin

Diversos compuestos bioactivos de los alimentos se han empleado en el tratamiento alterativo de la diabetes mellitus. El jugo de granada posee un alto contenido en compuestos fenólicos a los cuales se les atribuyen propiedades biológicas como hipolipemiante, hipoglucemiante y protector del tejido pancreático. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del libre acceso de jugo de granada sobre los niveles de glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos e integridad del tejido pancreático in vivo. Se emplearon 18 ratas macho Wistar inducidas a hiperglucemia con 60 mg estreptozotocina/kg de peso corporal intraperitoneal (IP). Se formaron tres grupos experimentales. El grupo HS expuesto a solución de sacarosa, el grupo HJG expuesto a jugo de granada y el grupo HSI expuesto a solución de sacarosa y tratamiento con insulina. Los resultados mostraron que, las ratas del grupo HJG consumieron jugo de granada durante 21 días, lo que resultó en la reducción de los niveles de glucosa con respecto a su valor inicial de 417 a 356 mg/dL, no de manera significativa (p>0.05). Los niveles de lípidos mostraron una reducción no significativa al finalizar la intervención (p>0.05). El estudio histológico del páncreas en el grupo HJG mostró conservación de la arquitectura pancreática y presencia de islotes de Langerhans; mientras que el grupo HS mostró extensa necrosis pancreática y el grupo HSI mostró daño intermedio con escasos islotes de Langerhans. Se sugiere que el jugo de granada posee efectos hipoglucemiantes y protege el tejido pancreático en ratas hiperglucémicas inducidas(AU)

Diverse bioactive compounds of foods have been used in the alternative treatment of diabetes mellitus. Pomegranate juice has a high content of phenolic compounds to which biological properties are attributed as lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic and protective of pancreatic tissue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of free access of pomegranate juice on the levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and the integrity of pancreatic tissue in vivo. Eighteen male Wistar rats were induced to hyperglycemia with 60 mg streptozotocin/kg of body weight intraperitoneal (IP). Three experimental groups were formed. The HS group exposed to sucrose solution, the HJG group exposed to pomegranate juice and the HSI group exposed to sucrose solution and insulin treatment. The results showed that the rats of the HJG group consumed pomegranate juice for 21 days, which resulted in the reduction of glucose levels from its initial value of 417 to 356 mg/dL, not significantly (p>0.05). Lipid levels showed a non-significant reduction at the end of the intervention (p>0.05). The histological study of the pancreas in the HJG group showed conservation of the pancreatic architecture and the presence of islets of Langerhans; while the HS group showed extensive pancreatic necrosis and the HSI group showed intermediate damage with few islets of Langerhans. It is suggested that pomegranate juice has hypoglycaemic effects and protects pancreatic tissue in induced hyperglycemic rats(AU)