The Influence of Probiotics in Reducing Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

In this work, the effects of probiotic supplementation on cisplatin toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were examined. For this study, adult female zebrafish were given cisplatin (G2), the probiotic, Bacillus megaterium (G3), and cisplatin+B. megaterium (G4) for 30 days, in addition to the control (G1). In order to investigate changes in antioxidative enzymes, ROS production, and histological changes after treatment, the intestines and ovaries were excised. The levels of lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were found to be significantly higher in the cisplatin group than in the control group in both the intestine and the ovaries. Administration of the probiotic and cisplatin effectively reversed this damage. Histopathological analyses showed that the cisplatin group had much more damage than the control group and that probiotic+cisplatin treatment significantly cured these damages. It opens the door to probiotics being combined with cancer-related drugs, which may be a more efficient approach for minimizing side effects. The underlying molecular mechanisms of probiotics must be further investigated.

Role of probiotics in the management of cervical cancer: An update.

Studies have extensively investigated a variety of health benefits associated with probiotic supplements, which often contain live microorganisms. The effect of probiotic supplements on cancer prevention and on chemotherapy effectiveness and toxicity are major areas that researchers have focused on. Recently, several researchers have concentrated on assessing the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of cervical cancer, a leading malignancy in gynecology worldwide, especially in developing countries. To date, numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of probiotics in preventing cervical cancer, but their dosages, bacterial strains, and duration of therapy are somewhat inconsistent. In this review, we have systematically updated the role of probiotics in cervical cancer management.

Corrigendum to "Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2017/1716701.].

Synthesis and characterization of kaempferol-based ruthenium (II) complex: A facile approach for superior anticancer application.

In this study, we synthesized a novel metal flavonoid complex and investigated its effects on the non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, A549 and toxicity on the human dermal fibroblast cell lines, HDFa. 1H, 13C NMR, single crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental micro analysis (C,H,N,S/O) were used to characterize the synthesized kaempferol-based Ru (II) complex. Cell toxicity was studied using MTT assay and electric cell substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). It was evident from the MTT results that no significant cytotoxicity in HDFa cells occurs with the synthesized complex, but in case of A549 cells, significant cytotoxicity was observed even at low concentrations (10-20 µm). In addition, the effect of the newly synthesized complex on the A549 cell line was studied by investigating the cellular damage via atomic force microscopy and DNA fragmentation assay. The obtained results revealed that the synthesized complex was able to inhibit the cancer cells and have shown moderate anticancer activity against A549 cancer cell lines. In addition, it was evident that the complex was more active than kaempferol and well tolerated by normal cell lines.

An ultra-sensitive biophysical risk assessment of light effect on skin cells.

The aim of this study was to analyze photo-dynamic and photo-pathology changes of different color light radiations on human adult skin cells. We used a real-time biophysical and biomechanics monitoring system for light-induced cellular changes in an in vitro model to find mechanisms of the initial and continuous degenerative process. Cells were exposed to intermittent, mild and intense (1-180 min) light with On/Off cycles, using blue, green, red and white light. Cellular ultra-structural changes, damages, and ECM impair function were evaluated by up/down-regulation of biophysical, biomechanical and biochemical properties. All cells exposed to different color light radiation showed significant changes in a time-dependent manner. Particularly, cell growth, stiffness, roughness, cytoskeletal integrity and ECM proteins of the human dermal fibroblasts-adult (HDF-a) cells showed highest alteration, followed by human epidermal keratinocytes-adult (HEK-a) cells and human epidermal melanocytes-adult (HEM-a) cells. Such changes might impede the normal cellular functions. Overall, the obtained results identify a new insight that may contribute to premature aging, and causes it to look aged in younger people. Moreover, these results advance our understanding of the different color light-induced degenerative process and help the development of new therapeutic strategies.

Recent developments in the nanostructured materials functionalized with ruthenium complexes for targeted drug delivery to tumors.

In recent years, the field of metal-based drugs has been dominated by other existing precious metal drugs, and many researchers have focused their attention on the synthesis of various ruthenium (Ru) complexes due to their potential medical and pharmaceutical applications. The beneficial properties of Ru, which make it a highly promising therapeutic agent, include its variable oxidation states, low toxicity, high selectivity for diseased cells, ligand exchange properties, and the ability to mimic iron binding to biomolecules. In addition, Ru complexes have favorable adsorption properties, along with excellent photochemical and photophysical properties, which make them promising tools for photodynamic therapy. At present, nanostructured materials functionalized with Ru complexes have become an efficient way to administer Ru-based anticancer drugs for cancer treatment. In this review, the recent developments in the nanostructured materials functionalized with Ru complexes for targeted drug delivery to tumors are discussed. In addition, information on "traditional" (ie, non-nanostructured) Ru-based cancer therapies is included in a precise manner.

Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review.

Glycine is most important and simple, nonessential amino acid in humans, animals, and many mammals. Generally, glycine is synthesized from choline, serine, hydroxyproline, and threonine through interorgan metabolism in which kidneys and liver are the primarily involved. Generally in common feeding conditions, glycine is not sufficiently synthesized in humans, animals, and birds. Glycine acts as precursor for several key metabolites of low molecular weight such as creatine, glutathione, haem, purines, and porphyrins. Glycine is very effective in improving the health and supports the growth and well-being of humans and animals. There are overwhelming reports supporting the role of supplementary glycine in prevention of many diseases and disorders including cancer. Dietary supplementation of proper dose of glycine is effectual in treating metabolic disorders in patients with cardiovascular diseases, several inflammatory diseases, obesity, cancers, and diabetes. Glycine also has the property to enhance the quality of sleep and neurological functions. In this review we will focus on the metabolism of glycine in humans and animals and the recent findings and advances about the beneficial effects and protection of glycine in different disease states.

Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters for Selective Detection of Dopamine in Cerebrospinal fluid.

Since the last two decades, protein conjugated fluorescent gold nanoclusters (NCs) owe much attention in the field of medical and nanobiotechnology due to their excellent photo stability characteristics. In this paper, we reported stable, nontoxic and red fluorescent emission BSA-Au NCs for selective detection of L-dopamine (DA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The evolution was probed by various instrumental techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The synthesised BSA-Au NCs were showing 4-6 nm with high fluorescent ~8% Quantum yield (QY). The fluorescence intensity of BSA-Au NCs was quenched upon the addition of various concentrations of DA via an electron transfer mechanism. The decrease in BSA-Au NCs fluorescence intensity made it possible to determine DA in PBS buffer and the spiked DA in CSF in the linear range from 0 to 10 nM with the limit of detection (LOD) 0.622 and 0.830 nM respectively. Best of our knowledge, as-prepared BSA-Au NCs will gain possible strategy and good platform for biosensor, drug discovery, and rapid disease diagnosis such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer diseases.

Development of simple and sensitive hydrogel based colorimetric sensor array for the real-time quantification of gaseous ammonia.

A real-time colorimetric sensor array (CSA) offers the advantages of diversity and accuracy for the quantification of multiple analytes; however, traditional sensors require a complex fabrication process. Therefore, to take full advantage of this sensing platform, we have developed a simple CSA system composed of a polymer, a reducing agent, and different pH indicators. Distinctive color response patterns were classified by extracting the hidden information, (i.e., red, green, and blue (RGB) values) from the indicators. This triple-channel sensing platform is further applied for statistical analysis, to quantify different concentrations of ammonia and other analytes. The sensor array showed a limit of detection of 0.3ppm, which is well below the diagnostic criteria for ammonia concentration in the breath of healthy individuals and of patients with end-stage renal disease. As this sensor would be able to quantify gaseous ammonia in the breath, it is relevant to the point-of-care diagnosis of patients with renal diseases.

Influence of Nanotoxicity on Human Health and Environment: The Alternative Strategies.

Currently, nanotechnology revolutionizing both scientific and industrial community due to their applications in the fields of medicine, environmental protection, energy, and space exploration. Despite of the evident benefits of nanoparticles, there are still open questions about the influence of these nanoparticles on human health and environment. This is one of the critical issues that have to be addressed in the near future, before massive production of nanomaterials. Manufactured nanoparticles, which are finding ever-increasing applications in industry and consumer products fall into the category of emerging contaminants with ecological and toxicological effects on populations, communities and ecosystems. The existing experimental knowledge gave evidence that inhaled nanoparticles are less efficiently separated than larger particles by the macrophage clearance mechanisms and these nanoparticles are known to translocate through the lymphatic, circulatory and nervous systems to many tissues and organs, including the brain. In this review we highlight adverse impacts of nanoparticles on human and the environment with special emphasis on green nanoscience as a sustainable alternative.

Surfacing role of probiotics in cancer prophylaxis and therapy: A systematic review.

Cancers figure among the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cancer and its associated infections are always complicated even when specific cancer regimens are available. It is well proved that Lactobacillus and other probiotic bacteria can modulate-ameliorate specific mechanisms against various infections including cancers. The present systematic review is intended to focus on the 'cellular and molecular mechanisms' of probiotic bacteria in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. The clinical and experimental findings of various studies explain the mechanisms such as apoptosis, antioxidant activity, immune response and epigenetics and illustrate the role of probiotics in cancer management and prophylaxis. In addition, the present review also discusses the safety aspects of probiotics when they are used in therapeutic and nutritional diet management. However, further investigations are required to reveal the effectiveness of probiotics in cancer treatment in clinical settings.

Production of Laccase by Cochliobolus sp. Isolated from Plastic Dumped Soils and Their Ability to Degrade Low Molecular Weight PVC.

One of the utmost man-made problems faced today has been the ever-increasing plastic waste filling the world. It accounts for an estimated 20-30% (by volume) of municipal solid waste in landfill sites worldwide. Research on plastic biodegradation has been steadily growing over the past four decades. Several fungi have been identified that produce enzymes capable of plastic degradation in various laboratory conditions. This paper presents a study that determined the ability of fungi to degrade low molecular weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by the enzyme laccase. We have isolated a fungal species, Cochliobolus sp., from plastic dumped soils and they were cultured on Czapek Dox Agar slants at 30°C. The effectiveness of this fungal species on the degradation of commercial low molecular weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was studied under laboratory conditions. Significant differences were observed from the FTIR, GC-MS, and SEM results in between control and Cochliobolus sp. treated PVC.

Recent insights into nanotechnology development for detection and treatment of colorectal cancer.

The global incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is 1.3 million cases. It is the third most frequent cancer in males and females. Most CRCs are adenocarcinomas and often begin as a polyp on the inner wall of the rectum or colon. Some of these polyps become malignant, eventually. Detecting and removing these polyps in time can prevent CRC. Therefore, early diagnosis of CRC is advantageous for preventive and instant action interventions to decrease the mortality rates. Nanotechnology has been enhancing different methods for the detection and treatment of CRCs, and the research has provided hope within the scientific community for the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review presents the recent development of nanotechnology for the detection and treatment of CRC.

Evaluation of orange peel for biosurfactant production by Bacillus licheniformis and their ability to degrade naphthalene and crude oil.

A Gram-positive bacterium was isolated from mangrove soil and was identified as Bacillus licheniformis (KC710973). The potential of a mangrove microorganism to utilize different natural waste carbon substrates for biosurfactant production and biodegradation of hydrocarbons was evaluated. Among several substrates used in the present study, orange peel was found to be best substrate of biosurfactant yield with 1.796 g/L and emulsification activity of 75.17 % against diesel. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of biosurfactant compound revealed that the isolated biosurfactant is in lipopeptide nature. The 1H-NMR of the extracted biosurfactant from B. licheniformis has a doublet signal at 0.8-0.9 ppm corresponding to six hydrogen atoms suggests the presence of a terminal isopropyl group. The spectra showed two main regions corresponding to resonance of α-carbon protons (3.5-5.5 ppm) and side-chain protons (0.25-3.0 ppm). All the data suggests that the fatty acid residue is from lipopeptide. From the biodegradation studies, it concluded that the biosurfactant produced by B. licheniformis further can add to its value as an ecofriendly and biodegradable product.

Statistical approach to optimize production of biosurfactant by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2297.

The main objective of this paper is to optimize biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2297 with statistical approaches. Biosurfactant production from P. aeruginosa 2297 was carried out with different carbon sources, and maximum yield was achieved with sawdust followed by groundnut husk and glycerol. The produced biosurfactant has showed active emulsification and surface-active properties. From the kinetic growth modeling, the specific growth rate was calculated on sawdust and it was 1.12 day-1. The maximum estimated value of product yield on biomass growth (Yp/x) was 1.02 g/g. The important medium components identified by the Plackett-Burman method were sawdust and glycerol along with culture parameter pH. Box-Behnken response surface methodology was applied to optimize biosurfactant production. The obtained experimental result concludes that Box-Behnken designs are very effective statistical tools to improve biosurfactant production. These results may be useful to develop a high efficient production process of biosurfactant. In addition, this type of kinetic modeling approach may constitute a useful tool to design and scaling-up of bioreactors for the production of biosurfactant.

Comparative studies for the biotechnological production of L-Lysine by immobilized cells of wild-type Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 and mutant MH 20-22 B.

Establishing a cost and time efficient approach for bioprocess optimization is desired but is challenging. In the present work, we have addressed the effectiveness of using immobilized cells for aerobic processes, behaviour of immobilized cells, optimization and upstream bioprocess analysis for the production of lysine by immobilized cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 and MH 20-22 B in stirred tank bioreactor. Optimized operational conditions for maximal yield and productivity were determined with six parameters i.e., pH, temperature, fermentation time, airflow rate, glucose concentration and aeration rate. With the obtained results, it was evident that the optimum values for the upstream parameters viz., fermentation time, pH, temperature, glucose concentration, air flow rate and agitation rate are 96 h, 7.5, 30 °C, 90 g/l, 1.0 vvm and 200 rpm for both immobilized cells of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 and MH 20-22 B. Immobilized cells of C. glutamicum MH 20-22 B, which is a leucine auxotroph has yielded more L-lysine compare to the immobilized cells of wild type strain C. glutamicum ATCC 13032.

Optimization of fermentation upstream parameters and immobilization of Corynebacterium glutamicum MH 20-22 B cells to enhance the production of L-lysine.

L-Lysine is an essential amino acid with high commercial importance, as it has to be available in sufficient quantities in animal and human feeds to meet their nutritional requirement. As there is constant increase in L-lysine demand every year, to meet the increasing demand it is necessary to produce L-lysine in large scale. Generally, L-lysine is produced by batch fermentation. In the present investigation, different fermentation process parameters such as fermentation time, pH, temperature, glucose concentration, airflow rate and aeration rate were studied to optimize the production of L-lysine by Corynebacterium glutamicum MH 20-22 B in a 5 L laboratory-scale stirred tank bioreactor. A comparative study of L-lysine production with free cells and immobilized cells of C. glutamicum MH 20-22 B was also investigated to determine whether free cells or immobilized cells were advantageous for production of L-lysine. In this way, optimized fermentation upstream parameters which produced the maximum yield of L-lysine were developed and it was also concluded from the present study that immobilized cells of C. glutamicum MH 20-22 B were more advantageous for L-lysine production as they yield more L-lysine compared to free cells of C. glutamicum MH 20-22 B. It was observed in the present study that the optimum values of fermentation time, pH, temperature, glucose concentration, airflow rate and aeration rate were 96 h, 7.5, 30 °C, 90 g/l, 1.0 vvm and 200 rpm, respectively, by immobilized cells, whereas in case of free cells the optimum values were 72 h, 7.5, 30 °C, 80 g/l, 1.25 vvm and 300 rpm. Immobilized C. glutamicum MH 20-22 B cells exhibited greater L-lysine production of 31.58 g/l than free cells which produced 26.34 g/l of L-lysine.

Fungal laccases and their applications in bioremediation.

Laccases are blue multicopper oxidases, which catalyze the monoelectronic oxidation of a broad spectrum of substrates, for example, ortho- and para-diphenols, polyphenols, aminophenols, and aromatic or aliphatic amines, coupled with a full, four-electron reduction of O2 to H2O. Hence, they are capable of degrading lignin and are present abundantly in many white-rot fungi. Laccases decolorize and detoxify the industrial effluents and help in wastewater treatment. They act on both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin-related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant environmental pollutants, and they can be effectively used in paper and pulp industries, textile industries, xenobiotic degradation, and bioremediation and act as biosensors. Recently, laccase has been applied to nanobiotechnology, which is an increasing research field, and catalyzes electron transfer reactions without additional cofactors. Several techniques have been developed for the immobilization of biomolecule such as micropatterning, self-assembled monolayer, and layer-by-layer techniques, which immobilize laccase and preserve their enzymatic activity. In this review, we describe the fungal source of laccases and their application in environment protection.

Production of bioactive compounds by actinomycetes and their antioxidant properties.

An actinomycete was isolated from mangrove soil collected from Nellore region of Andhra Pradesh, India, and screened for its ability to produce bioactive compounds. The cultural, morphological, and biochemical characters and 16S rRNA sequencing suggest that the isolated strain is Nocardiopsis alba. The bioactive compounds produced by this strain were purified by column chromatography. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the isolated compounds (fractions) was estimated and fraction F2 showed very near values to the standard ascorbic acid. The potential fraction obtained by column chromatography was subjected to HPLC for further purification, then this purified fraction F2 was examined by FTIR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy to elucidate its chemical structure. By spectral data, the structure of the isolated compound was predicted as "(Z)-1-((1-hydroxypenta-2,4-dien-1-yl)oxy)anthracene-9,10-dione."

Probiotics as antiviral agents in shrimp aquaculture.

Shrimp farming is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimps or prawns for human consumption and is now considered as a major economic and food production sector as it is an increasingly important source of protein available for human consumption. Intensification of shrimp farming had led to the development of a number of diseases, which resulted in the excessive use of antimicrobial agents, which is finally responsible for many adverse effects. Currently, probiotics are chosen as the best alternatives to these antimicrobial agents and they act as natural immune enhancers, which provoke the disease resistance in shrimp farm. Viral diseases stand as the major constraint causing an enormous loss in the production in shrimp farms. Probiotics besides being beneficial bacteria also possess antiviral activity. Exploitation of these probiotics in treatment and prevention of viral diseases in shrimp aquaculture is a novel and efficient method. This review discusses the benefits of probiotics and their criteria for selection in shrimp aquaculture and their role in immune power enhancement towards viral diseases.