RESUMO
Pro-regenerative macrophages are well known for their role in promoting tissue repair; however, their specific roles in promoting regeneration of the injured nerve are not well defined. Specifically, how macrophages interact with Schwann cells following injury during remyelination has been largely unexplored. We demonstrate that after injury, including in humans, macrophages function to clear debris and persist within the nerve microenvironment. Macrophage ablation immediately preceding remyelination results in an increase in immature Schwann cell density, a reduction in remyelination, and long-term deficits in conduction velocity. Targeted RNA-seq of macrophages from injured nerve identified Gas6 as one of several candidate factors involved in regulating Schwann cell dynamics. Functional studies show that the absence of Gas6 within monocyte lineage cells impairs Schwann cell remyelination within the injured nerve. These results demonstrate a role for macrophages in regulating Schwann cell function during nerve regeneration and highlight a molecular mechanism by which this occurs.
Assuntos
Sobrevivência Celular/fisiologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Animais , Western Blotting , Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Feminino , Células HeLa , Humanos , Camundongos , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Gravidez , RNA Polimerase II/genética , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Células de Schwann/citologia , Células de Schwann/metabolismoRESUMO
Hydroxyzine and aripiprazole are active pharmaceutical ingredients that have been largely acknowledged for their antipsychotic properties. Deuterium labeled isotopes of hydroxyzine and aripiprazole are internal standards that can aid in the further research of non-isotopic forms via quantification analysis using HPLC-MS/MS. The synthesis of hydroxyzine-d8 was accomplished by coupling piperazine-d8 with 4-chlorobenzhydryl chloride followed by the reaction of the first intermediate with 2-(2-chloroethoxy) ethanol to afford 11.7% of hydroxyzine-d8 with 99.5% purity. The synthesis of aripiprazole-d8 was also achieved in two steps. 1,4-Dibromobutane-d8 reacted with 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone. The first intermediate was then coupled with 1-(2, 3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine hydrochloride to produce 33.4% of aripiprazole-d8 with 99.93% purity.
