The tumor suppressor gastrokine-1 is expressed in placenta and contributes to the regulation of trophoblast migration.

INTRODUCTION: Gastrokine-1 (GKN1) is a secreted auto-/paracrine protein, described to be expressed in the gastric mucosa. In gastric cancers GKN1 expression is commonly down-regulated. While current research focusses on the exploration of tumor-suppressive properties of GKN1 with regard to its potential clinical use in the treatment of gastroenterologic tumor disease, nothing is known about GKN1 expression and function in other organ systems. We investigated GKN1 expression in placental tissue and cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: GKN1 was localized using immunohistochemistry in first and third trimester placental tissue, hydatidiform moles and various gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. We determined the expression of GKN1 in immunomagnetic bead-separated term placental cells and in choriocarcinoma cell lines. The role of GKN1 for JEG-3 migration was studied using live cell imaging. E-cadherin, MMP-2 and -9, TIMP-1 and -2, as well as urokinase (uPA) expression levels were determined. RESULTS: GKN1 is expressed in healthy third trimester placentas. Its expression is specifically limited to the extravillous trophoblast (EVT). GKN1 expression is significantly reduced in choriocarcinoma cell lines and gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. GKN1 attenuates the migration of JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells in vitro, possibly via AKT-mediated induction of E-cadherin. GKN1 treatment reduced MMP-9 expression in JEG-3. DISCUSSION: Besides its role in gastric physiology our results clearly indicate regulatory functions of GKN1 in the EVT at the feto-maternal interface during pregnancy. Based on our findings in the JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell line, an auto-/paracrine role of GKN1 for EVT motility and villous anchorage at the basal plate is conceivable. Thus, the tumor suppressor GKN1 is expressed in placental EVT and might contribute to the regulation of EVT migration/invasion.

A 32-kDa proteolytic fragment of transcription factor Stat3 is capable of specific DNA binding.

Fragments of characteristic size retaining the ability of sequence-specific DNA binding were generated by partial proteolysis of transcription factor Stat3 with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or Staphylococcus V8 proteinase. The molecular masses of the smallest DNA-binding fragments were 75, 48, and 32 kDa after digestion with V8 proteinase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin, respectively. The fragments contained major parts of the domain controlling the sequence specificity of DNA binding (amino acids 406-514), the SH3 and SH2 domains, and the phosphorylated tyrosine residue Tyr-705, but not the C-terminal 20 amino acids. The N terminus of the 32-kDa tryptic fragment (ANCDASLIV) matched the sequence of amino acids 424-432 deduced from cDNA. The fragments were observed after proteolytic treatment of preformed complexes between DNA and native factors eluted from rat liver nuclei or recombinant, tyrosine-phosphorylated rat Stat3 from insect cells. It was possible to elute all three minimal fragments from their complexes with DNA and to obtain specific re-binding. The minimal fragments eluted from complexes with DNA still contained the phosphorylated Tyr-705 and the SH2 domain suggesting that they were probably bound to DNA as dimers. The DNA-binding domain of Stat3 identified by these experiments overlapped the domain previously identified by genetic experiments as the domain controlling the sequence specificity of DNA binding. The DNA-binding domain defined here by partial proteolysis probably represents an autonomously folding portion of Stat3.