Dietary addition of curcumin favors weight gain and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticoccidial action in dairy calves / La adición de curcumina en la dieta de los terneros lecheros favorece el aumento de peso y tiene acción antioxidante, antiinflamatoria y anticoccidial / A adição de curcumina na dieta dos bezerros leiteiros favorece o aumento de peso e tem ação antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e anticoccidiostática

Abstract Background: Curcumin has been used as an additive in the diet of animals in recent years due to the potent medicinal properties of this molecule. Objective: To evaluate whether the addition of curcumin to the diet of calves at different phases (pre- and post-weaning) has a positive effect on metabolic profile, performance, and anti-coccidian action. Methods: Thirty-three Holstein calves were selected at various phases of development: Experiment 1 (E1: n=10) 18±7 (pre-weaning), Experiment 2 (E2: n=11) 64±4 (pre-weaning) and Experiment 3 (E3: n=12) 95±8 (post-weaning) days of life. The calves were separated in three groups according to their phase of development. In each experiment, animals were divided into two sub-groups: control and curcumin. The curcumin groups received 200 mg of additive per animal/day either in milk (pre-weaning) or concentrate (post-weaning). Fecal collections were performed on days 0, 10 and 15 of the experiment to count Eimeria oocysts per gram of feces and to perform fecal score analysis. Complete blood counts, oxidant and antioxidant profiles, protein metabolism markers, lipid levels, glucose levels, and animal weights were measured. Analyses of digestibility and composition of the diet used in Experiment 3 (post-weaning) were also performed. Results: Independent of phase, animals that received curcumin had greater weight gain on days 0 to 15 (E1, E2 and E3 p=0.04, 0.001 and 0.001, respectively), probably due to the increased digestibility of hay and concentrate at 72h (p=0.03 and 0.02, respectively). The supplemented calves had lower level of oxidants (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances -TBARS- and reactive oxygen species -ROS-), indicating that free radical levels in serum and lipid peroxidation were lower. This was probably due to increased enzymatic antioxidants gluthatione S-transferase (E1, E2 and E3 p=0.001, 0.001 and 0.02, respectively), catalase (E1 p=0.001) and superoxide dismutase (E3 p=0.001) in treated animals at day 15. Furthermore, calves receiving curcumin had lower numeric number of Eimeria infection during the experimental period, and the difference was significant in day 15 (E1 and E2 p=0.02, and 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Curcumin supplementation to dairy calves has coccidiostatic potential, favoring weight gain.

Resumen Antecedentes: Curcumina ha sido utilizada como aditivo en la dieta de animales en los últimos años, debido a las potentes propiedades medicinales de esa molécula. Objetivo: Evaluar si la adición de curcumina en la alimentación de terneras en diferentes fases (pre y post-destete) presenta efecto positivo sobre el perfil metabólico, desempeño de los animales, y acción anti-coccidial. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 33 terneros Holstein en varias etapas de desarrollo: Experimento 1 (E1: n=10) 18±7 (pre-destete), Experimento 2 (E2: n=11) 64±4 (pre-destete) y Experimento 3 (E3: n=12) 95±8 (post-destete) días de vida. Para todos los experimentos, el período experimental fue de 15 días. Los animales se dividieron en dos grupos: control y tratados con curcumina. Los grupos con curcumina recibieron una dosis de 200 mg del aditivo por animal/día en la leche (pre-destete) o en el concentrado (post-destete). Las colectas de heces y sangre fueron realizadas en los días 0, 10 y 15 para conteo de ooquistes de Eimeria por gramo de heces y análisis de puntaje fecal. Se realizó hemograma, perfil oxidante y antioxidante, metabolismo proteico, lipídico, glucosa sanguínea y pesaje de los animales. También se realizó análisis de digestibilidad de la dieta total para los animales del Experimento 3 (post-destete). Resultados: Encontramos que, independientemente de la fase, los animales que recibieron curcumina tuvieron una mayor ganancia de peso en los días 0 a 15 (E1, E2 y E3, p=0,04, 0,001 y 0,001, respectivamente), probablemente debido al aumento de la digestibilidad del heno y concentrado a las 72 h (p=0,03 y 0,02, respectivamente). En los terneros suplementados observamos un nivel más bajo de oxidantes (oxidantes (sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico y especies reactivas de oxígeno); es decir, los niveles séricos de radicales libres y la peroxidación lipídica fueron más bajos. Esto se debió, probablemente, a los antioxidantes enzimáticos glutatión S-transferasa (E1, E2 y E3 p=0,001, 0,001 y 0,02 respectivamente), catalasa (E1, p=0,001) y superóxido dismutasa (E3, p=0,001) que aumentaron en los animales tratados al día 15. Además, los terneros que recibieron curcumina tuvieron niveles más bajos de infección por Eimeria durante el período experimental y fueron significativos en el día 15 (E1 y E2, p=0,02 y 0,001, respectivamente). Conclusión: La suplementación con curcumina tiene potencial coccidiostático y favorece la ganancia de peso en terneros Holstein.

Resumo Antecedentes: Curcumina tem sido usado como aditivo na dieta de animais nos últimos anos, devido as propriedades medicinais potente dessa molécula. Objetivo: Avaliar se a adição de curcumina na alimentação de bezerras em diferentes fases (pré e pós-desmame) apresenta efeito positivo sobre perfil metabólico, desempenho e ação anti-coccidéo. Métodos: Para isso, 33 bezerros holandeses foram selecionados em vários estágios de desenvolvimento: Experimento 1 (E1: n=10) 18±7 (pré-desmame), Experimento 2 (E2: n=11) 64±4 (pré-desmame) e Experimento 3 (E3: n=12) 95±8 (pós-desmame) dias de vida. Para todos os experimentos o período experimental foi de 15 dias, assim como foram delineados com dois grupos: controle e tratados com curcumina. Os grupos de curcumina receberam 200 mg do aditivo por animal/dia no leite (pré-desmame) ou em concentrado (pós-desmame). Coletas de fezes e sangue foram realizadas nos dias 0, 10 e 15 de experimento para contagem de oocistos de Eimeria por grama de fezes e análise de escore fecal. Do sangue colhido foram realizados: hemograma, perfil oxidante e antioxidante, metabolismo proteico, lipídico, glicose, além da pesagem dos animais. Também foi realizado análise de digestibilidade da dieta total ofertada aos animais do Experimento 3 (pós-desmame). Resultados: Independentemente da fase, os animais que receberam curcumina tiveram maior ganho de peso do dia 0 a 15 (E1, E2 e E3, p=0,04, 0,001 e 0,001, respectivamente), provavelmente devido ao aumento da digestibilidade ao feno e concentrado após 72 h (p=0,03 e 0,02, respectivamente). Nos bezerros suplementados, observou-se menor nível de oxidantes (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e espécies reativas de oxigênio), ou seja, os níveis séricos de radicais livres e a peroxidação lipídica foram menores. Isto foi provavelmente devido a antioxidantes enzimáticos glutationa S-transferase (E1, E2 e E3, p=0,001, 0,001 e 0,02, respectivamente), catalase (E1, p=0,001) e superóxido dismutase (E3, p=0,001) aumentando nestes animais tratados no dia 15. Além disso, bezerros recebendo curcumina tiveram menores níveis de infecção por Eimeria durante o período experimental e significativos no dia 15 (E1 e E2, p=0,02 e 0,001, respectivamente). Conclusão: A suplementação de curcumina aumenta o potencial coccidiostático e favorece o ganho de peso.

Nutraceutical effect of vitamins and minerals on performance and immune and antioxidant systems in dairy calves during the nutritional transition period in summer.

We aimed to determine whether the use of injectable vitamins and minerals improves growth performance and immune and antioxidant responses in dairy calves during pre- and post-weaning period in summer. Twenty dairy calves (45 days of age) were randomized to two groups (10 each): control group (CON) and treated group [TREAT; injection providing 0.20, 0.80, 0.20, 0.10, 35 and 1 mg/kg of copper, zinc, manganese selenium, and vitamins A and E, during two periods (15 days pre- and 15 days post-weaning)]. The animals were weighed and blood samples were collected on days 1, 15, 30 and 45 of the study. Levels of serum copper, selenium, zinc, and manganese were measured on day 1; and the results showed that calves were not deficient in these minerals. The TREAT group had greater BW gain during the final third of the experiment. There was an increase in total leukocyte numbers as a result of elevation in neutrophil counts (day 45) and monocytes (days 30 and 45) in the TREAT group. This group also had lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) content (days 15, 30 and 45) and lipid peroxidation (LPO; days 15 and 45). Furthermore, the TREAT group had greater antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP; days 15 and 30), activities of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx; days 15, 30 and 45) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; day 15), concentrations of total serum proteins (day 30), serum globulin (days 15 and 30), ceruloplasmin (day 15), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1, (IL-1; days 30 and 45) and interferon gamma (IFNγ; day 45), compared to CON group. High respiratory rates during hot times of the day in all study calves was suggestive of heat stress. Taken together, the data suggest that mineral and vitamins injections increased the growth performance and boosted the antioxidant and immunological systems of dairy calves during the diet transition period in summer.

Low-dose curcumin-loaded Eudragit L-100-nanocapsules in the diet of dairy sheep increases antioxidant levels and reduces lipid peroxidation in milk.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of curcumin-loaded nanocapsules (prepared and characterized) in the diets of dairy sheep improved milk quality. The nanocapsules were prepared using two polymers: poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and Eudragit L-100. The nanocapsules contained 0.25 mg/ml (Nano-Eudragit L-100) and 2 mg/ml (Nano-PCL) of curcumin. Dairy sheep were divided into four groups: A (control), B (30 mg free curcumin/kg concentrate), C (3 mg Nano-PCL/kg concentrate), and D (3 mg Nano-Eudragit/kg concentrate). We observed that the number of total leukocytes and serum globulin levels were lower in Group D than in the control (Group A) (p < 0.05). Antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and catalase enzymes was elevated in Group D, with consequently reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO; p < 0.05). In milk, there were no differences in production and composition between groups during the experimental period (p > 0.05); however, ACAP increased and LPO decreased in milk. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Curcumin is a functional molecule with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions, used frequently and with medical indications in human food. Free curcumin in sheep diets improves milk quality and increases its shelf life. This study showed that curcumin nanocapsules produced from the Eudragit L-100 polymer potentiated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of dairy sheep when used in the diet daily, at doses 10 times lower than that of free curcumin. These positive effects were reflected in higher total antioxidant capacity and lower lipid peroxidation in milk in sheep-fed curcumin-loaded Eudragit L-100 nanocapsules, generating desirable milk properties. In practice, the use of nanotechnology enhances the beneficial effects of curcumin in milk, possibly creating a nutraceutical food desirable to consumers.

Low Dose of Nanocapsules Containing Eucalyptus Oil Has Beneficial Repellent Effect Against Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

For the first time, the repellent and insecticidal effects of eucalypt essential oil (Eucalyptus globulus) in its free form and associated with different nanostructures (nanoemulsion and nanocapsules) were investigated against Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and Haemotobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) flies. Specimens of M. domestica were collected, separated into groups (n = 10), treated with aspersion of essential oil of eucalypt in its free (1, 5, and 10%) and nanostructured (nanoemulsion or nanoencapsulated at 1, 3, and 5%, respectively) forms. The determination of the insecticidal effect was performed by counting the number of dead flies at intervals of 30, 60, 120, 360 and 750 min after oil aspersion. E. globulus essential oil showed insecticidal effect against M. domestica at concentrations of 1 and 5%. Eucalypt essential oil (10%) caused 100% mortality of M. domestica after 750 min of the treatment. Nanocapsules (3 and 5%) showed efficacy by reducing the number of flies. On the other hand, nanoemulsion did not show insecticidal effect. The repellent action of E. globulus concentrations of 5% was tested against H. irritans on naturally infested cows. The repellent action against H. irritans was verified soon after pulverization. After 24 h, a significant reduction on horn flies' population (83.33 and 66.66%) was observed using free and nanoencapsulated forms tested, respectively. E. globulus essential oil demonstrated insecticidal and repellent effects against M. domestica and H. irritans flies.

A prophylactic protocol to stimulate the immune response also controls infectious disease and, consequently, minimizes diarrhea in newborn heifers.

The immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory properties of selenium (Se), an essential trace element for animals, has increase its use because may prevent/or reduce the occurrence of infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify whether Se and vitamins (A and E) applied via subcutaneous associated with secnidazole via oral exert positive effects in the antioxidant and immune systems, as well as whether prevent infections caused by protozoan and bacteria, and consequently, reduce the number of cases of diarrhea in heifers. Thirty-two newborn Holstein heifers were divided into two groups with sixteen animals each: the control group and the treated group that received sodium selenite (0.2 mg/kg) and vitamins A (35 mg/kg) and E (1 mg/kg) with one day of life, and a second application associated with secnidazole (400 mg/animal) on day 10 of life. Sample collection (blood and feces) were performed on days 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 of life. Heifers from the treated group showed higher hematocrit values compared to the control group on day 60 of life, while total serum protein levels were higher on days 15 and 30. The ceruloplasmin (days 15, 30 and 60), IgG of heavy chain (days 15, 30, 45 and 60), IgG of light chain (days 45 and 60) and haptoglobin (days 15, 30, 45 and 60) were higher in the treated group compared to the control group. Serum levels of glucose decreased in treated animals on day 60 of life, while serum levels of albumin, triglycerides, urea, cholesterol, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reactive oxygen species and glutathione S-transferase activity did not differ between groups. Secnidazole was able to prevent infections caused by Giardia duodenalis in the first few days of life, but no difference was observed between groups. Moreover, there was no difference on total bacteria count and the incidence of diarrhea between groups. No difference on weight gain was observed on day 60 of life, but on day 210 of life treated animals had higher weight gain compared to the control group. Based on these evidences, we concluded that the injectable application of Se and vitamins (A and E) associated to secnidazole can improve the immunological system, and consequently, favor animal's performance.

Secnidazole for control of giardiasis in dairy calves.

The aim of this study was to verify whether secnidazole, given in a single oral dose (10 mg/kg), decreases or eliminates the excretion of Giardia duodenalis cysts. Holstein calves were raised from birth to 15 ±â€¯2 days of age in individual stalls. Subsequently, 12 calves were grouped and housed in collective stalls. After seven days (day of life 21), we collected stool samples directly from the rectal ampulla in order to determine the degree of parasitic infection. Fecal examination was performed by a centrifugal-flotation technique, which allows for visualization and quantification of G. duodenalis cysts. After division into control and treatment groups, six animals were treated with one 400 mg secnidazole capsule. The first stool collection following treatment was performed on day 5 and the second on day 30. This experiment was repeated at 15 days, with a total of 24 calves studied. Animals on the farm where the experiment was conducted often suffer from giardiasis, despite hygiene care (disinfection) and adequate facilities. All 24 calves were excreting G. duodenalis cysts prior to starting treatment. Five days after receiving the treatment, animals in the experiment group were Giardia-negative, i.e., they did not excrete parasite cysts, whereas calves in the control group continued to excrete cysts. After 30 days of treatment, the stool of most treated animals (83.3%) remained free of G. duodenalis cysts. Therefore, we believe that secnidazole was 100% effective in eliminating the excretion of Giardia duodenalis cysts.

Homeopathic treatment as an alternative prophylactic to minimize bacterial infection and prevent neonatal diarrhea in calves.

Bovine neonatal diarrhea is common due low immunity in newborn calves, poor management (or absence) of sanitary barriers, and other factors. Newborn calves with diarrhea in the first days of life suffer failure to thrive and may die if left untreated. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether prophylactic administration of a homeopathic product (Dia 100®) can control bovine neonatal diarrhea in calves born on a farm with substantial sanitary challenges. We counted total bacteria and protozoan parasites in fecal samples. We measured serum glucose, total protein, globulin, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides on days 1, 7 and 14 of life. Twenty newborn calves were maintained in individual stalls, and were divided in two groups: ten untreated animals (control) and ten animals treated with Dia 100®. Fecal consistency was evaluated daily. We diagnosed diarrhea in five animals in the treated group, and in all animals from the control group. Infections with Escherichia coli and Giardia duodenalis were identified as the responsible organisms. The E. coli count was low in the treatment group on day 7 of life compared with the control group. Antibiotics were given to eight animals in the control group, and to two animals in the treatment group. On day of life 7, serum levels of total protein and globulins were higher in the control group, but were lower on day 14. Serum levels of glucose and triglycerides were greater in treated animals on days 7 and 14, suggesting that the homeopathic product contributes to improvement of intestinal health and absorption and nutrients. We conclude that Dia 100® controls diarrhea with 50% of efficacy, and reduces antibiotic utilization.

Gastrointestinal protozoa in dairy calves: identification of risk factors for infection / Protozoos gastrointestinales en terneros lecheros: identificación de factores de riesgo para la infección

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoa in dairy calves and to identify potential risk factors for this type of infection. Materials and methods. For this purpose, 243 fecal samples were collected from calves up to 60 days of age in 43 dairy farms located in the West region of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Samples were examined by centrifugal-flotation technique. Results. As a result, Giardia was present in 26.75% (65/243) of all samples, Eimeria in 21.81% (53/243), and Cryptosporidium in 20.99% (51/243). Additionally, 46.50% (113/243) of the samples were negative for any protozoa, while 39.10% (95/243) and 14.40% (35/208) showed single and mixed infections, respectively. There was a higher association between Cryptosporidium and Giardia (6.99%) in cases of mixed infections. However, the triple protozoa association had the lowest prevalence in mixed infections (2.06%). Epidemiologically, a questionnaire was applied to determine risk factors for these parasitic infections. Based on the statistical model applied, some risk factors for Cryptosporidium infections were identified, highlighting feeding management, period of time that calves stayed with their mothers (cows), and contact with dogs; the risk of contracting Giardia increased according to the milk source, while the floor type bedding, and age were appointed as risks factors for Eimeria. Conclusions. Therefore, it is possible to confirm that Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Eimeria may infect dairy calves, and the knowledge of some risk factors associated to their infection in calves.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo evaluar la ocurrencia de protozoos gastrointestinales en terneros lecheros y de identificar posibles factores de riesgo para infección. Materiales y métodos. Se recogieron 243 muestras de heces de terneros de hasta 60 días de edad en 43 granjas lecheras ubicadas en la región del oeste del estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Las muestras fueron examinadas por la técnica de centrifugación-flotación. Resultados. Como resultado, Giardia estaba presente en 26.75% (65/243) de todas las muestras, Eimeria en 21.81% (53/243), y Cryptosporidium en 20.99% (51/243). Además, 46.50% (113/243) de las muestras fueron negativas para cualquier protozoos, mientras que 39.10% (95/243) y 14.40% (35/208) mostraron infecciones simples y mixtas, respectivamente. Hubo una mayor asociación entre Cryptosporidium y Giardia (6.99%) en los casos de infecciones mixtas. Sin embargo, la asociación de triple protozoos tenía la menor prevalencia de infecciones mixtas (2.06%). Epidemiológicamente, se aplicó un cuestionario para determinar los factores de riesgo para estas infecciones parasitarias. Se han identificado algunos factores de riesgo de infecciones por Cryptosporidium, destacando manejo de la alimentación, periodo de tiempo que los terneros permanecieron con sus madres (vacas), y el contacto con los perros; el riesgo de contraer Giardia incrementado en función de la fuente de la leche, mientras que el tipo de suelo de las camas, y la edad fueron nombrados como los riesgos de factores de Eimeria. Conclusiones. Es posible confirmar que Giardia, Cryptosporidium y Eimeria pueden infectar a terneros lecheros, y el conocimiento de algunos factores de riesgo asociados a la infección en terneros.

Vertical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi in experimentally infected rats.

Many reproductive problems has been described in male and female animals infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of vertical (Experiment I) and venereal (Experiment II) transmission of T. evansi in rats experimentally infected. In the experiment I, eight female Wistar rats were used: three animals as negative controls, and five rats were infected by T. evansi on day ten of gestation. Out of these eight females, half puppies were used for molecular analysis (polymerase chain reaction - PCR) for T. evansi. Two infected females showed delivery problems, such as stillbirth, and fetal death that also led to female death. Three female rats infected had normal delivery of stunted offspring at term that died 2 days after birth. Rats from the control group had normal delivery of healthy offspring. T. evansi PCR was positive for 80% (12/15) of pups in the infected group. For the experiment II, five male rats were infected by T. evansi, and monitored by blood smears to check the parasitemia level. When the male rats showed parasitemia between 2 and 5 parasites per field, they were individually housed with one female adult rat. After approximately 21 days, the females delivered their offspring. Blood sample was collected from the females for blood smears and T. evansi PCR tests, which revealed negative results. Therefore, we were able to prove the occurrence of transplacental transmission of T. evansi and its negative effect on female rats and their offspring.

Ecotoxicology of Glycerol Monolaurate nanocapsules.

Glycerol Monolaurate (GML) is a compound with known antimicrobial potential, however it is not much used due to its low solubility in water and high melting point. The nanoencapsulation of some drugs offers several advantages such as improved stability and solubility in water. The present study aimed to produce, characterize, and evaluate the ecotoxicity of GML nanocapsules. The nanocapsules were produced and presented a mean diameter of 210nm, polydispersity index of 0.044, and zeta potential of -23.4mV. The electron microscopy images showed the nanometric size and spherical shape. The assay in soil showed that GML has a high toxicity while the GML nanocapsules showed decreased toxic effects. Nanostructuration also protected the Rhamdia quelen against the toxic effects of GML. Concluding, the formulation shows positive results and is useful to predict the success of development besides not damaging the soil.

In vitro effect of seven essential oils on the reproduction of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus.

The acaricidal effect of seven essential oils was examined in vitro against the cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus). Engorged female ticks were manually collected in farms of Southern Brazil and placed into petri dishes (n = 10) in order to test the following oils: juniper (Juniperus communis), palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii), cedar (Cedrus atlantica), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and bergamot (Citrus aurantium var bergamia) at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% each. A control group was used to validate the tests containing Triton X-100 only. Treatment effectiveness was measured considering inhibition of tick oviposition (partial or total), egg's weight, and hatchability. C. martinii, C. citratus and C. atlantica essential oils showed efficacy higher than 99% at all concentrations tested. In addition, J. communis, Z. officinale, P. graveolens, and C. aurantium var bergamia oils showed efficiency ranging from 73% to 95%, depending on the concentration tested, where higher concentrations showed greater efficacy. It was concluded that essential oils can affect tick reproduction in vitro by inhibiting oviposition and hatchability.

Experimental infection by Trypanosoma evansi in sheep: Occurrence of transplacental transmission and mice infection by parasite present in the colostrum and milk of infected ewes.

The aims of this study were to evaluate vertical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi in sheep experimentally infected, in addition to the mammary transmission by colostrum or milk of these infected sheep to mice. Three pregnant sheep were used: one uninfected, four months pregnant (Sheep A); and two (Sheep B and C) infected intravenously by T. evansi trypomastigotes (4.6×10(6) per animal) on the third (Sheep C) and fourth (Sheep B) month of pregnancy. Both infected sheep developed low and oscillating parasitemia measured by blood smears. Hemogram was performed at seven day intervals, showing anemia, leukocytosis, and lymphocytosis on sheep B and C. Three sheep had twins, where sheep A delivered healthy lambs and both infected sheep had delivered at least one stillborn. Additionally, lambs from sheep B and C died 24 and 72 h post-partum, respectively. Before colostrum intake, four lambs from infected sheep were positives for T. evansi according to blood smear evaluation, serology (CATT/T. evansi), and PCR. Sheep colostrum and milk samples collected from the first four days post-partum were positives for T. evansi on PCR, and these samples were able to infect seven mice (out of 10) orally (n=4/5) and intraperitoneally (n=3/5). Therefore, we conclude that the vertical transmission of T. evansi occurs in pregnant sheep, in addition to a strong possibility of the transmission by colostrum and milk.

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats from the Western Santa Catarina, Brazil.

This study aims to investigate the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats from the Western Santa Catarina, Brazil. Twenty four farms were analyzed in 17 different municipalities. Animals (n=217) from different production purposes (milk and meat) and age were randomly chosen. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum stored in plastic bottles and transported to the laboratory in portable coolers at 10 °C. The technique of centrifugal flotation with saturated sugar solution was carried out in order to investigate the presence of eggs, cysts, and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites. In 88.9% of the investigated animals, it was observed that the presence of nematode eggs which belongs to the Strongylida order, after cultivation and larvae identification were identified as Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp., and Oesophagostomum spp. Eggs of Thysanosoma, Trichuris, Moniezia, and Neoascaris genus were also observed. Additionally, the presence of oocysts of Eimeria spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. as well as cysts of Giardia spp., and Entamoeba spp. were verified. In all the farms evaluated, the animals showed a single or mixed infection, with the highest occurrence of helminths belonging to the Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus genus, as well as the protozoan Eimeria.

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats from the Western Santa Catarina, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitas gastrintestinais em caprinos na região Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil

This study aims to investigate the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats from the Western Santa Catarina, Brazil. Twenty four farms were analyzed in 17 different municipalities. Animals (n=217) from different production purposes (milk and meat) and age were randomly chosen. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum stored in plastic bottles and transported to the laboratory in portable coolers at 10 °C. The technique of centrifugal flotation with saturated sugar solution was carried out in order to investigate the presence of eggs, cysts, and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites. In 88.9% of the investigated animals, it was observed that the presence of nematode eggs which belongs to the Strongylida order, after cultivation and larvae identification were identified as Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp., and Oesophagostomum spp. Eggs of Thysanosoma, Trichuris, Moniezia, and Neoascaris genus were also observed. Additionally, the presence of oocysts of Eimeria spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. as well as cysts of Giardia spp., and Entamoeba spp. were verified. In all the farms evaluated, the animals showed a single or mixed infection, with the highest occurrence of helminths belonging to the Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus genus, as well as the protozoan Eimeria.

O presente estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrência de parasitas gastrointestinais que infectam caprinos na região Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram analisadas 24 propriedades localizadas em 17 municípios, totalizando 217 caprinos. Os animais de diferentes categorias de produção (leite ou carne) e idade foram escolhidos aleatoriamente. A coleta das fezes foi realizada diretamente da ampola retal dos animais, armazenadas em frascos plásticos e transportadas para o laboratório em caixas térmicas a 10 °C. A técnica de centrífugo-flutuação com solução saturada de açúcar foi utilizada para pesquisar a presença de ovos, cistos e oocistos de parasitos. Em 88,9% dos animais analisados foi verificada a presença de ovos de nematóides da ordem Strongylida e, após cultivo, foram identificadas larvas de Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp. e Oesophagostomum spp. Foram identificados também ovos de parasitos dos gêneros Thysanosoma, Trichuris, Moniezia e Neoascaris. A presença de oocistos de Eimeria spp. e Cryptosporidium spp., e cistos de Giardia spp., e Entamoeba spp. foram observadas. Em todas as propriedades avaliadas, os animais apresentavam infecções simples ou mistas, sendo a maior ocorrência de helmintos do gênero Haemonchus e Trichostrongylus, assim como pelo protozoário Eimeria.

Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus anthelmintic resistance in naturally infected sheep from southern Brazil.

The anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants is a common problem and concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to verify anthelmintic treatment efficacy in naturally infected sheep. This study was conducted on nine herds that used the same anthelmintic management for over a year. In each farm, the animals were divided into two groups: untreated control group (n = 5) and treated (n = 10) according to the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The treatment effect was checked based on EPG results and larval culture performed before treatment and 10 days after treatment. Significant differences were not observed (P > 0.05) on EPG results between untreated and treated groups. The coproculture showed that the animals were infected primarily by Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. In all farms, anthelmintic resistance by genera Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus was found, but this resistance varied greatly between farms. Haemonchus spp. showed resistance to closantel, levamisole, and albendazole. Trichostrongylus spp. was shown to be resistant to closantel, levamisole, and albendazole. The drugs tested showed to be efficient against the genera Teladorsagia, Cooperia, and Oesophagostomum. Based on these results, we conclude that the anthelmintic resistance to the tested drugs is a problem present in the farms evaluated.

Influence of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus.

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of tea tree oil (TTO) (Melaleuca alternifolia) tested in its pure and nanostructured (TTO nanoparticles) forms on the reproduction of female Rhipicephalus microplus. For our purpose, female ticks were collected from naturally infected animals and treated in vitro with TTO (1, 5, and 10 %) and TTO nanoparticles (0.075, 0.375, and 0.75 %). In order to validate the tests, they were performed in triplicate using positive (amitraz) and negative (untreated) controls. It was possible to observe that pure TTO (5 and 10 %) and TTO nanoparticles (0.375 and 0.75 %) showed 100 % reproductive inhibition on female ticks. Additionally, pure TTO (1 %) also showed an acaricide effect (70 %), similarly to the positive control (78.3 %). This is the first study demonstrating the activity of pure TTO and TTO nanoparticles on female ticks. Therefore, based on these results, we were able to show that both forms and all concentrations of M. alternifolia affected tick reproduction by inhibiting egg laying and hatching. We were also able to show that TTO nanoparticles potentiated the inhibitor effect of pure TTO on the reproduction of R. microplus.