Preparation of biodegradable liquid core PLLA microcapsules and hollow PLLA microcapsules using microfluidics.

Biodegradable PLLA capsules with a narrow size distribution were prepared using a microfluidics platform. With this technique, an oil-in-water emulsion was produced in which the polymer, a hydrophobic non-volatile non-solvent and a hydrophobic model drug were dissolved in the organic phase. The polymer precipitated at the droplet interface, yielding a drug deliverable microcapsule of which the release of this model drug was investigated. These capsules with an organic phase in the core were also used to prepare hollow particles by conveniently removing the core phase by lyophilization. Optimal conditions for the preparation of biodegradable capsules were found with respect to the flow rate of the continuous phase and the molecular weight of the PLLA polymer. This approach of preparing biodegradable capsules is of potential interest for the field of drug delivery.

Enzymes containing porous polymersomes as nano reaction vessels for cascade reactions.

Polystyrene(40)-b-poly(isocyanoalanine(2-thiophen-3-yl-ethyl)amide)(50) (PS-PIAT) polymersomes have the unique property of being sufficiently porous to allow diffusion of small (organic) substrates while retaining large biomolecules such as enzymes inside. Herein we report on the encapsulation and protection of glucose oxidase (GOx) and horse radish peroxidase (HRP) in PS-PIAT polymersomes and the successful employment of these functionalised nanoreactors in a cascade reaction. The demonstrated concept allows for further application in other enzymatic cascade reactions, bio-organic hybrid systems and biosensing devices.

Polymeric microcapsules for synthetic applications.

For decades scientists have been working on closed systems for transportation, catalysis and protection, which are inspired by natural cells. Only recently polymer based systems have emerged for these systems, since they are more robust, give protection from the environment and give a more stable membrane. Various methods have been developed to prepare polymer based capsules. They can be made by self-assembly, templating, in situ polymerization or precipitation. Their application has been explored in various areas e.g. drug delivery, diagnostics, sensors and nano reactors. Considering the output in this field has substantially grown, more developments can be expected from this latter application.

Tuning the properties of PS-block copolymers and their assembly into polymersomes.

The diblock copolymer polystyrene-b-polyisocyanoalanine(2-thiophene-3-yl-ethyl)amide (PS-PIAT) was prepared by reacting the isocyanide monomer (1) with a Ni(ii) initiator complex prepared from polystyrene amine (PS40NH2), either obtained by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) or anionic polymerization (AP). It was found that polymerization of optically pure 1 followed first-order kinetics in monomer concentration and resulted in the formation of insoluble block copolymers, whereas the rate of polymerization of optical mixtures of 1 was retarded and yielded block copolymers that were better soluble. Furthermore, PS-PIAT polymersomes of which the PS-block was prepared by AP were more stable than polymersomes of which the PS-block was prepared by ATRP, as was indicated by combined turbidity and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements on the aggregate solutions.