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1.
Front Pharmacol ; 15: 1364341, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38799164

RESUMO

Objectives: Cancer diagnosis is increasing day by day all over the world. Deaths due to cancer are among the most common causes of death. Access to cancer drugs is a priority of health policies. The aim of this study is to evaluate access to cancer drugs through drug box sales data by modeling population growth, cancer incidence, and Fixed Euro Exchange (FEE) rate parameters used in drug pricing in Türkiye. Methods: Access to cancer drugs was evaluated by drug box sales figures obtained from IQVIA. Box sales data were classified according to diagnosis codes (ICD-10), reference, or generic status. Consumption of cancer drugs was examined over time with panel regression analysis, taking into account variables of population growth, cancer incidence, and the FEE rate in drug pricing in Türkiye. Results: The incidence of cancer in Türkiye was 215.1 in 2010 and 223.1 (per hundred thousand) in 2017. Whereas there was a 127.02% increase in the real euro exchange rate, there was an 89.6% increase in the FEE rate. With the regression approach, there is a negative relationship between the real and fixed exchange rate difference (RFED) and reference and generic drug consumption data. Medicine access is affected depending on diagnosis codes at different levels. Colorectal cancer medicine sales had negative correlations for each variable, namely, exchange rate, population growth, and cancer incidence. On the contrary, there was a positive correlation between non-small-cell lung cancer and relevant variables. Innovative medicine groups such as monoclonal antibodies and protein kinase inhibitor consumption showed a negative correlation. Conclusion: According to our results, pricing strategy may be an access barrier for oncology medicines in Türkiye. It should be reviewing the pricing policy that is beneficial for oncology medicine access in Türkiye.

2.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38032490

RESUMO

The endocannabinoid system and prostaglandins are important modulators in the genitourinary system. This study aimed to investigate the possible interactions between the endocannabinoid system and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway on rat vas deferens. For this purpose, the concentration responses of the endocannabinoid anandamide, prostaglandin F2α analog latanoprost, and prostaglandin E1 analog misoprostol on the electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractile responses were obtained. The concentration responses to anandamide were obtained again in the presence of nonselective COX inhibitor flurbiprofen and prostaglandin analogs, while the concentration responses of latanoprost and misoprostol were obtained in the presence of cannabinoid receptor antagonists and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor URB597. FAAH, COX-1, and COX-2 enzyme levels in vas deferens tissue samples were also determined. The cumulative addition of anandamide was not different from the vehicle; however, the EFS-induced contractile responses were significantly increased with the incubation of latanoprost or flurbiprofen in the prostatic portion. Flurbiprofen and misoprostol decreased FAAH enzyme levels in both portions of the vas deferens, while latanoprost induced the inhibition in the prostatic portion. The cumulative administration of latanoprost and misoprostol significantly enhanced the contractile responses in the prostatic portion. This effect of latanoprost was significantly antagonized by URB597 and AM251. The enhancing effect of misoprostol was antagonized by anandamide, URB597, AM251, and AM630. Anandamide, AM251, AM630, and URB597 decreased enzyme levels of COX-1 and COX-2 in both portions of the vas deferens. These results demonstrate an intricate crosstalk between endocannabinoids and prostaglandins in modulation of the vas deferens contractility.

3.
Value Health Reg Issues ; 13: 31-38, 2017 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29073985

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: With the rise in life expectancy, the burden of chronic diseases, including obstructive pulmonary diseases, has increased throughout the world. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sales trends of inhaler pharmaceuticals. METHODS: The changes in box sales and sales amounts (in Turkish lira) of inhaler pharmaceuticals during the period 1998 to 2015 were examined and sales were projected for the next 3 years. Pharmaceuticals were classified according to form and pharmacological groups. RESULTS: The sales of inhaler pharmaceuticals have increased rapidly since 2008. The fastest increase in consumption has occurred in short-acting ß2 agonist preparations and nebulizer pharmaceuticals. Inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting ß2 agonist combination sales have been the highest since 2002, when these products entered the Turkish market. CONCLUSIONS: The inhaler pharmaceutical market has grown over the years, and this growth will continue in the future. The increased use of short-acting preparations, which should be used as symptom relievers, indicates that treatment management continues to be inadequate.


Assuntos
Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Broncodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Comércio/tendências , Análise Custo-Benefício , Nebulizadores e Vaporizadores/economia , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Corticosteroides/economia , Broncodilatadores/economia , Farmacoeconomia , Humanos , Turquia
4.
J Atten Disord ; 21(14): 1192-1197, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24554298

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of ADHD medication prescriptions in Turkey between 2009 and 2013. METHOD: Consumption data of ADHD medications, immediate release (IR) methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin), OROS MPH (Concerta), and atomoxetine (Strattera) were obtained from IMS Health database for the November 2008 to October 2013 period. Defined daily dose (DDD) of each drug was calculated according to WHO definitions and time-series analysis was conducted. RESULTS: There was a significant seasonal effect for prescription of all drugs. Annual use of ADHD medications increased 2.18 times for all ADHD medications combined. DDDs per 1,000 population per day for all ADHD medications were 0.28 in 2009, 0.41 in 2010, 0.52 in 2011, and 0.59 in 2012. OROS MPH represented almost 75% of all ADHD medication utilization. CONCLUSION: As reported from several other countries, ADHD medication use increased in Turkey. Results suggested that over- and underdiagnosis might be seen at the same time.


Assuntos
Inibidores da Captação Adrenérgica/administração & dosagem , Cloridrato de Atomoxetina/administração & dosagem , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/administração & dosagem , Metilfenidato/administração & dosagem , Padrões de Prática Médica/tendências , Cloridrato de Atomoxetina/uso terapêutico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/uso terapêutico , Criança , Bases de Dados Factuais , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Esquema de Medicação , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Metilfenidato/uso terapêutico , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Estações do Ano , Resultado do Tratamento , Turquia/epidemiologia
5.
Pharmacogenomics ; 10(5): 769-78, 2009 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19450128

RESUMO

AIMS: To study the variation in CYP1A2 activity in relation to smoking, gender, age and CYP1A2 polymorphisms. MATERIALS & METHODS: CYP1A2 activity was determined by plasma paraxanthine:caffeine ratio (17X:137X) 4 h after the intake of a standardized cup of coffee in 146 Turkish healthy volunteers. Seven CYP1A2 polymorphisms (-3860G>A, -3113G>A, -2467del/T, -739T>G, -729C>T, -163C>A and 5347T>C) were analyzed. RESULTS: The 17X:137X ratios were increased in smokers (p < 0.0001) and tended to be higher in men both among nonsmokers (p = 0.051) and smokers (p = 0.064). Age-related differences were observed only among nonsmoking women (p = 0.024). The -163C>A polymorphism correlated with 17X:137X ratios only in smokers (p = 0.006). Furthermore, increased 17X:137X ratios were observed in CYP1A2 haplotype H4 (-3860G, -3113G, -2467del, -739T, -729C, -163A and 5347T) carriers in the overall study population (p = 0.026). Multiple regression analyses including smoking, gender, -163C>A genotype and age revealed a significant influence of smoking (p < 0.0001) and gender (p = 0.002) in the overall study population. However, in nonsmokers only the influence of gender remained significant (p = 0.021), while in smokers the influence of the -163C>A genotype held the statistical significance (p = 0.019). The influence of haplotype H4 remained significant (p = 0.028) in the overall study population in similar analyses. CONCLUSION: Smoking has the strongest impact on CYP1A2 activity, while gender and haplotype H4 showed marginal effects. The influence of the -163C>A polymorphism on CYP1A2 activity in smokers suggests an effect on the inducibility of the enzyme.


Assuntos
Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fumar/genética , Fatores Etários , Cafeína/sangue , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/biossíntese , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/metabolismo , Indução Enzimática , Feminino , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Deleção de Sequência , Fumar/sangue , Teofilina/sangue , Turquia
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