Unusual anatomical variants of infrahyoid muscles - case report.

Anatomical anomalies of neck muscles are rarely observed and usually comprise variations of digastric and omohyoid muscles. Neck muscles' abnormalities might be correlated with embryological development and are observed in individuals with aneuploidies such as Edward's syndrome (18-trisomy) or Down syndrome (21-trisomy). Some infrahyoid muscles are important landmarks during surgery, therefore their anatomical variations of these muscles are related to higher risk of surgical complications. Herein, we present a rare case of infrahyoid muscles anomalies found during routine dissection of male cadaver. Redundant muscle bellies of sternohyoid muscle (sternohyoid azygos muscle), presence of levator glandulae thyroideae and also one hypoplastic superior belly of the omohyoid muscle were observed. Presence of muscle fibers within found structures was confirmed using Masson's trichrome staining method.

Validation of direct plating of a stool sample as a method for Listeria monocytogenes detection.

The aim of current studies was to validate the direct plating of a stool sample for Listeria monocytogenes detection, using selective medium Palcam agar with Palcam selective supplement. Validation was performed using stool samples collected from healthy humans inoculated with Listeria sp. strains. Stool samples were frozen to determine the influence of freezing on method robustness. The presented research defines the Listeria monocytogenes limit of detection (LOD) as 10(3) cfu/g of stools for fresh and frozen samples. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method has been confirmed using statistical methods. We show the effectiveness of direct plating of stool samples on Palcam agar with Palcam selective supplement collected for Listeria monocytogenes detection. This method could be useful for this pathogen detection in stool samples collected from patients with diarrhoea.

[Out-of-laboratory control screening of growth mediums used by sanitary service laboratories for isolation of pathogenic enteric bacteria from fecal specimens]. / Zewnatrzlaboratoryjna ocena jakosci wybiórczo-róznicujacych podlozy do wykrywania paleczek Shigella i Salmonella w próbkach kalu.

The aim of the study was to test the selective-differential plating mediums used for isolation of Salmonella and Shigella for routine stool specimens examination for epidemiological and sanitary purpose. Three plates of any such medium used in the laboratories in 37 Sanitary Service Stations in Poland were obtained. The specimens of Mac Conkey Lactose Bile Salt Agar and SS Agar were obtained from all laboratories, Hektoen Enteric medium from 8 and EosinMethylene Blue Agar from only one laboratory. The desiccated substrates of these mediums originated from 11 manufactures. The mediums were inoculated by "drops" method. The five control strains of selected taxons were chosen from National Institute of Hygiene strains collection. The quality of growth was evaluated by comparison with the growth on two control mediums: the general outlook of bacterial colonies, size and number of cfu/ml was taken under consideration. It was found that the results were satisfying for Hektoen medium, Levine and all but two Mac Conkey's medium specimens. The results of growth on SS medium were much worse: only on 10 specimens out of 39 checked supported properly the growth of all the five control strains. On 18 specimens the growth appeared after 48 hours of incubation and the size of colonies was too small to be isolated. On 11 there was no growth on 1, 2 or 3 control strains. The need of systematic extra-laboratory control of plating mediums used for examination stool specimen was shown.