RESUMO
Nephrolithiasis represent a common cause of disability and even death in patients of all ages. Far from being a single disease entity, renal calculi constitute the end result of a spectrum of disorders having as a common feature the formation of insoluble crystalloid protein aggregates within the kidney or along the urinary passages. The pathogenesis of calculus formation maybe evident from the increased urinary excretion of crystalloids or from the presence of infectionMedical and expectant treatment has its major role in the prevention of stone growth or occurrence while surgical treatment endeavors to remove the calculus which will likely damage the urinary tract. (Summary)
RESUMO
HLA associations in patients with Grave's disease are B8 in whites and BW35 in Japanese. This study shows the HLA association of Singapore Chinese children with Grave's disease. Forty unrelated Chinese children with Grave's disease were typed. The control population consisted of 238 consecutive unrelated normal Chinese individuals. Patients with Grave's disease showed a significantly higher frequency of BW46 than control subjects (corrected P = .0005, relative risk (RR) = 4.61). Only two patients had BW35 and none had B8. There was an increased frequency of both homozygotes and heterozygotes in thyrotoxic patients compared with controls, the RR being slightly higher in the homozygotes. Among the patients, BW46 was most frequently associated with B40, B13, and B15. The joint occurrence of BW46/B40 in thyrotoxic children had a lower relative risk than BW46 alone, whereas the joint occurrence of BW46/B13 had a higher relative risk than BW46 alone.
