Evidence that the cold- and menthol-sensing functions of the human TRPM8 channel evolved separately.

Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a temperature- and menthol-sensitive ion channel that contributes to diverse physiological roles, including cold sensing and pain perception. Clinical trials targeting TRPM8 have faced repeated setbacks predominantly due to the knowledge gap in unraveling the molecular underpinnings governing polymodal activation. A better understanding of the molecular foundations between the TRPM8 activation modes may aid the development of mode-specific, thermal-neutral therapies. Ancestral sequence reconstruction was used to explore the origins of TRPM8 activation modes. By resurrecting key TRPM8 nodes along the human evolutionary trajectory, we gained valuable insights into the trafficking, stability, and function of these ancestral forms. Notably, this approach unveiled the differential emergence of cold and menthol sensitivity over evolutionary time, providing a fresh perspective on complex polymodal behavior. These studies provide a paradigm for understanding polymodal behavior in TRPM8 and other proteins with the potential to enhance our understanding of sensory receptor biology and pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions.

A novel induced pluripotent stem cell model of Schwann cell differentiation reveals NF2 - related gene regulatory networks of the extracellular matrix.

Schwann cells are vital to development and maintenance of the peripheral nervous system and their dysfunction has been implicated in a range of neurological and neoplastic disorders, including NF2 -related schwannomatosis. We developed a novel human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model to study Schwann cell differentiation in health and disease. We performed transcriptomic, immunofluorescence, and morphological analysis of hiPSC derived Schwann cell precursors (SPCs) and terminally differentiated Schwann cells (SCs) representing distinct stages of development. To validate our findings, we performed integrated, cross-species analyses across multiple external datasets at bulk and single cell resolution. Our hiPSC model of Schwann cell development shared overlapping gene expression signatures with human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell (hAMSCs) derived SCs and in vivo mouse models, but also revealed unique features that may reflect species-specific aspects of Schwann cell biology. Moreover, we identified gene co-expression modules that are dynamically regulated during hiPSC to SC differentiation associated with ear and neural development, cell fate determination, the NF2 gene, and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. By cross-referencing results between multiple datasets, we identified new genes potentially associated with NF2 expression. Our hiPSC model further provides a tractable platform for studying Schwann cell development in the context of human disease.

Long-term Outcomes After Interrupted Aortic Arch Repair.

BACKGROUND: Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) and DiGeorge syndrome. High-risk infantile surgery is required to address IAA, with limited data available on long-term outcomes. We used the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium, a multicenter US-based registry for pediatric cardiac interventions, to assess long-term outcomes after IAA repair by patient characteristics and surgical approach. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing IAA repair between 1982 and 2003. Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to examine associations with postdischarge deaths tracked by matching with the US National Death Index. RESULTS: Of 390 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 309 (79.2%) survived to discharge. During a median follow-up of 23.6 years, 30-year survival reached 80.7% for patients surviving hospital discharge after initial IAA repair. Adjusted analysis revealed higher risk of death for type B vs type A (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.32; 95% CI, 1.48-7.44), staged repair (aHR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.14-5.50), and LVOTO interventions during initial hospitalization (aHR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.83-9.27) but not for LVOTO without need for interventions or presence of DiGeorge syndrome. There was a trend toward improved in-hospital and long-term survival over time during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Staged repair, type B IAA, and need for LVOTO intervention during initial hospitalization for repair are associated with high risk of death out to 30 years. Survival outcomes are improving, but further efforts need to minimize staged approach and risks associated with LVOTO relief procedures.

Development of eighteen novel microsatellite loci for Masked Bobwhite, Colinus virginianus ridgwayi.

BACKGROUND: Masked Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) is a critically-endangered New World quail species endemic to Sonoran Desert grasslands of North America. It suffered severe population declines during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with its persistence now reliant upon a captive breeding program that requires careful genetic management to maintain extant genetic diversity. Although nuclear microsatellite DNA markers existed for the closely related Northern Bobwhite (C. virginianus), none were available for Masked Bobwhite to inform necessary management decisions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Paired-end Illumina© sequencing was conducted to screen the Masked Bobwhite genome for microsatellite loci. We identified 18 loci exhibiting high polymorphism and limited deviations from genetic equilibrium expectations. These loci were amplified in 78 individuals. Familial relationships were reconstructed via sibship methods and compared to manually-curated pedigree data. Thirteen of fifteen full-sibling groups in the pedigree were exactly reconstructed (86.6%). Three other full-sibling groups partially matched pedigree relationships with high statistical confidence, and likely represented pedigree inaccuracies. Four additional full-sibling pairs were identified with low statistical confidence and likely resulted from analytical artifacts. CONCLUSIONS: The novel microsatellite loci accurately reconstructed parent-offspring and sibling relationships. These loci will be useful for guiding genetic management decisions and identifying pedigree inaccuracies in the captive breeding program.

Competition between inside-out unfolding and pathogenic aggregation in an amyloid-forming ß-propeller.

Studies of folded-to-misfolded transitions using model protein systems reveal a range of unfolding needed for exposure of amyloid-prone regions for subsequent fibrillization. Here, we probe the relationship between unfolding and aggregation for glaucoma-associated myocilin. Mutations within the olfactomedin domain of myocilin (OLF) cause a gain-of-function, namely cytotoxic intracellular aggregation, which hastens disease progression. Aggregation by wild-type OLF (OLFWT) competes with its chemical unfolding, but only below the threshold where OLF loses tertiary structure. Representative moderate (OLFD380A) and severe (OLFI499F) disease variants aggregate differently, with rates comparable to OLFWT in initial stages of unfolding, and variants adopt distinct partially folded structures seen along the OLFWT urea-unfolding pathway. Whether initiated with mutation or chemical perturbation, unfolding propagates outward to the propeller surface. In sum, for this large protein prone to amyloid formation, the requirement for a conformational change to promote amyloid fibrillization leads to direct competition between unfolding and aggregation.

A molecular perspective on identifying TRPV1 thermosensitive regions and disentangling polymodal activation.

TRPV1 is a polymodal receptor ion channel that is best known to function as a molecular thermometer. It is activated in diverse ways, including by heat, protons (low pH), and vanilloid compounds, such as capsaicin. In this review, we summarize molecular studies of TRPV1 thermosensing, focusing on the cross-talk between heat and other activation modes. Additional insights from TRPV1 isoforms and non-rodent/non-human TRPV1 ortholog studies are also discussed in this context. While the molecular mechanism of heat activation is still emerging, it is clear that TRPV1 thermosensing is modulated allosterically, i.e., at a distance, with contributions from many distinct regions of the channel. Similarly, current studies identify cross-talk between heat and other TRPV1 activation modes, such as protons and capsaicin, and that these modes can generally be selectively disentangled. In aggregate, this suggests that future TRPV1 molecular studies should define allosteric pathways and provide mechanistic insight, thereby enabling mode-selective manipulation of the polymodal receptor. These advances are anticipated to have significant implications in both basic and applied biomedical sciences.

Uracil-DNA glycosylase efficiency is modulated by substrate rigidity.

Uracil DNA-glycosylase (UNG) is a DNA repair enzyme that removes the highly mutagenic uracil lesion from DNA using a base flipping mechanism. Although this enzyme has evolved to remove uracil from diverse sequence contexts, UNG excision efficiency depends on DNA sequence. To provide the molecular basis for rationalizing UNG substrate preferences, we used time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, NMR imino proton exchange measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations to measure UNG specificity constants (kcat/KM) and DNA flexibilities for DNA substrates containing central AUT, TUA, AUA, and TUT motifs. Our study shows that UNG efficiency is dictated by the intrinsic deformability around the lesion, establishes a direct relationship between substrate flexibility modes and UNG efficiency, and shows that bases immediately adjacent to the uracil are allosterically coupled and have the greatest impact on substrate flexibility and UNG activity. The finding that substrate flexibility controls UNG efficiency is likely significant for other repair enzymes and has major implications for the understanding of mutation hotspot genesis, molecular evolution, and base editing.

Development of twenty-one novel microsatellite loci for Gila topminnow, Poeciliopsis occidentalis occidentalis.

BACKGROUND: Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis occidentalis) was once highly abundant throughout the Lower Colorado River Basin of the southwestern United States. However, this Sonoran Desert endemic suffered extreme population declines over the past century because of habitat degradation and nonnative species introductions. Much of the prior conservation genetic work conducted on the species relied upon a small number of microsatellite loci; many exhibiting low variability in extant populations. Consequently, there was a need for additional microsatellite loci to provide high-resolution delimitation of populations for conservation purposes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Paired-end Illumina sequencing was utilized to screen the Gila topminnow genome for novel microsatellite loci. We identified 21 novel loci that exhibited no deviations from expectations of genetic equilibrium, and cross-amplified in Yaqui topminnow (P. o. sonoriensis). These loci were amplified from 401 samples representing eight populations of Gila topminnow and Yaqui topminnow. Although diversity was low for all populations (observed heterozygosity = 0.12 to 0.45), these novel markers provided ample power to identify population of origin for each individual in Bayesian assignment tests. CONCLUSIONS: This novel set of microsatellite loci provide a useful genetic tool to assess population genetic parameters of the endangered Gila topminnow and delineate populations for identifying conservation priorities. The cross-amplification of these loci in Yaqui topminnow shows promise for application to other Poeciliopsis species of Mexico and Central America.

Operative management of non-elective incisional hernia reduces readmission in a national database.

PURPOSE: The aim of this project was to compare patient characteristics, overall efficacy, and readmission events following operative vs non-operative management modalities of non-elective patients presenting with symptomatic incisional hernias. METHODS: This study is a retrospective study of patients and patient demographics that presented as non-elective hospitalizations with symptomatic incisional hernia. Analysis of patients and characteristics utilized the National Readmission Database from 2010 to Q3 of 2015, delineating patient factors and outcomes following operative or non-operative management of hernias. RESULTS: A total of 14,137 patients met inclusion criteria for our study. The majority of patients were treated operatively rather than non-operatively (79 vs. 21%) on their non-elective admission for incisional hernia. Those undergoing surgical management were younger (56 vs 61 years, p < 0.01), we more often of male gender (69 vs 64%, p < 0.01), and had fewer comorbidities (1.92 vs 2.97, p < 0.01) and chronic conditions (0.45 vs 2.68, p < 0.01). Patients managed operatively had a significantly lower readmission rate when compared to patients managed non-operatively (6.6 vs 14.3%, p < 0.01). However, non-operative management was associated with a shorter length of stay (3 vs 4 days, p < 0.01). Of patients who were initially medically managed and had to be readmitted, a further 61% underwent surgical treatment on their readmission. CONCLUSION: In this nationwide study, patients with non-elective admissions for incisional hernia were mostly managed surgically. Those managed operatively had lower rates of readmission when compared to non-operative management. Initial non-operative management was associated with a shorter length of stay and a lower cost to the patient. The results of this study support operative management of symptomatic incisional hernia.

Modeling long QT syndrome type 2 on-a-chip via in-depth assessment of isogenic gene-edited 3D cardiac tissues.

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiovascular disease characterized by QT interval prolongation that can lead to sudden cardiac death. Many mutations with heterogeneous mechanisms have been identified in KCNH2, the gene that encodes for hERG (Kv11.1), which lead to onset of LQTS type 2 (LQTS2). In this work, we developed a LQTS2-diseased tissue-on-a-chip model, using 3D coculture of isogenic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) within an organotypic microfluidic chip technology. Primarily, we created a hiPSC line with R531W mutation in KCNH2 using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technique and characterized the resultant differentiated CMs and CFs. A deficiency in hERG trafficking was identified in KCNH2-edited hiPSC-CMs, revealing a possible mechanism of R531W mutation in LQTS2 pathophysiology. Following creation of a 3D LQTS2 tissue-on-a-chip, the tissues were extensively characterized, through analysis of calcium handling and response to ß-agonist. Furthermore, attempted phenotypic rescue via pharmacological intervention of LQTS2 on a chip was investigated.

Rapidly rising cases with Omicron in Senegal.

•Omicron variant continues to progress in Senegal with the appearance of new contaminations.•IRESSEF detected the first positive case of the Omicron variant on Friday, December 3, 2021.•Since this date, the number of Omicron variant infections has increased over the weeks.•Molecular surveillance of the Omicron variant is carried out in real time to inform the medical authorities.

A Pilot Randomized Trial of Heart Rate Monitoring Using Conventional Versus a New Electrocardiogram Algorithm during Neonatal Resuscitation at Birth.

Current guidelines support the use of a cardiac monitor during neonatal resuscitation. Infants born preterm randomized to a novel electrocardiogram algorithm displayed a heart rate sooner than the conventional electrocardiogram algorithm. Although resuscitation outcomes were not different, the availability of an earlier heart rate may benefit neonatal providers during high-risk resuscitations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.govNCT04587934.

Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein traffics to the trans-Golgi network following amphipol-mediated delivery into human cells.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 envelope protein (S2-E) is a conserved membrane protein that is important for coronavirus (CoV) assembly and budding. Here, we describe the recombinant expression and purification of S2-E in amphipol-class amphipathic polymer solutions, which solubilize and stabilize membrane proteins, but do not disrupt membranes. We found that amphipol delivery of S2-E to preformed planar bilayers results in spontaneous membrane integration and formation of viroporin cation channels. Amphipol delivery of the S2-E protein to human cells results in plasma membrane integration, followed by retrograde trafficking to the trans-Golgi network and accumulation in swollen perinuclear lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1-positive vesicles, likely lysosomes. CoV envelope proteins have previously been proposed to manipulate the luminal pH of the trans-Golgi network, which serves as an accumulation station for progeny CoV particles prior to cellular egress via lysosomes. Delivery of S2-E to cells will enable chemical biological approaches for future studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pathogenesis and possibly even development of "Trojan horse" antiviral therapies. Finally, this work also establishes a paradigm for amphipol-mediated delivery of membrane proteins to cells.

Structural and in Vitro Functional Characterization of a Menthyl TRPM8 Antagonist Indicates Species-Dependent Regulation.

TRPM8 antagonists derived from its cognate ligand, (-)-menthol, are underrepresented. We determine the absolute stereochemistry of a well-known TRPM8 antagonist, (-)-menthyl 1, using VCD and 2D NMR. We explore 1 for its antagonist effects of the human TRPM8 (hTRPM8) orthologue to uncover species-dependent inhibition versus rat channels. (-)-Menthyl 1 inhibits menthol- and icilin-evoked Ca2+ responses at hTRPM8 with IC50 values of 805 ± 200 nM and 1.8 ± 0.6 µM, respectively, while more potently inhibiting agonist responses at the rat orthologue (rTRPM8 IC50 (menthol) = 117 ± 18 nM, IC50 (icilin) = 521 ± 20 nM). Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of hTRPM8 confirm the 1 inhibition of menthol-stimulated currents, with an IC50 of 700 ± 200 nM. We demonstrate that 1 possesses ≥400-fold selectivity for hTRPM8 versus hTRPA1/hTRPV1. (-)-menthyl 1 can be used as a novel chemical tool to study hTRPM8 pharmacology and differences in species commonly used in drug discovery.

Hinge-shift mechanism as a protein design principle for the evolution of ß-lactamases from substrate promiscuity to specificity.

TEM-1 ß-lactamase degrades ß-lactam antibiotics with a strong preference for penicillins. Sequence reconstruction studies indicate that it evolved from ancestral enzymes that degraded a variety of ß-lactam antibiotics with moderate efficiency. This generalist to specialist conversion involved more than 100 mutational changes, but conserved fold and catalytic residues, suggesting a role for dynamics in enzyme evolution. Here, we develop a conformational dynamics computational approach to rationally mold a protein flexibility profile on the basis of a hinge-shift mechanism. By deliberately weighting and altering the conformational dynamics of a putative Precambrian ß-lactamase, we engineer enzyme specificity that mimics the modern TEM-1 ß-lactamase with only 21 amino acid replacements. Our conformational dynamics design thus re-enacts the evolutionary process and provides a rational allosteric approach for manipulating function while conserving the enzyme active site.

Delivery of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein into human cells.

SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein (S2-E) is a conserved membrane protein that is essential to coronavirus assembly and budding. Here, we describe the recombinant expression and purification of S2-E into amphipol-class amphipathic polymer solutions. The physical properties of amphipols underpin their ability to solubilize and stabilize membrane proteins without disrupting membranes. Amphipol delivery of S2-E to pre-formed planar bilayers results in spontaneous membrane integration and formation of viroporin ion channels. Amphipol delivery of the S2-E protein to human cells results in membrane integration followed by retrograde trafficking to a location adjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and the Golgi, which are the sites of coronavirus replication. Delivery of S2-E to cells enables both chemical biological approaches for future studies of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and development of "Trojan Horse" anti-viral therapies. This work also establishes a paradigm for amphipol-mediated delivery of membrane proteins to cells.

Association between early cerebral oxygenation and neurodevelopmental impairment or death in premature infants.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between cerebral oxygenation in the first 72 h of life and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 2 years corrected age in former premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study of 127 infants <32 weeks GA at birth with cerebral oxygenation monitoring using NIRS in the first 72 h of life. RESULTS: Using a threshold cutoff for cerebral hypoxia, infants with NDI or death had increased duration of hypoxia (4 vs 2.3%, p = 0.001), which was more pronounced in the 23-27 week subgroup (7.6 vs 3.2%, p < 0.001). Individual generalized estimating equations to adjust for repeated measures were modeled in this subgroup for the physiologic parameters including StO2. StO2 < 67% was a predictor for death or NDI (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.006, 7.5132, p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: An increased duration of cerebral hypoxia is associated with NDI or death in infants born <32 weeks GA.

Delivery of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein into human cells

SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein (S2-E) is a conserved membrane protein that is essential to coronavirus assembly and budding. Here, we describe the recombinant expression and purification of S2-E into amphipol-class amphipathic polymer solutions. The physical properties of amphipols underpin their ability to solubilize and stabilize membrane proteins without disrupting membranes. Amphipol delivery of S2-E to pre-formed planar bilayers results in spontaneous membrane integration and formation of viroporin ion channels. Amphipol delivery of the S2-E protein to human cells results in membrane integration followed by retrograde trafficking to a location adjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and the Golgi, which are the sites of coronavirus replication. Delivery of S2-E to cells enables both chemical biological approaches for future studies of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and development of "Trojan Horse" anti-viral therapies. This work also establishes a paradigm for amphipol-mediated delivery of membrane proteins to cells.

CryoFold: determining protein structures and data-guided ensembles from cryo-EM density maps.

Cryo-electron microscopy (EM) requires molecular modeling to refine structural details from data. Ensemble models arrive at low free-energy molecular structures, but are computationally expensive and limited to resolving only small proteins that cannot be resolved by cryo-EM. Here, we introduce CryoFold - a pipeline of molecular dynamics simulations that determines ensembles of protein structures directly from sequence by integrating density data of varying sparsity at 3-5 Å resolution with coarse-grained topological knowledge of the protein folds. We present six examples showing its broad applicability for folding proteins between 72 to 2000 residues, including large membrane and multi-domain systems, and results from two EMDB competitions. Driven by data from a single state, CryoFold discovers ensembles of common low-energy models together with rare low-probability structures that capture the equilibrium distribution of proteins constrained by the density maps. Many of these conformations, unseen by traditional methods, are experimentally validated and functionally relevant. We arrive at a set of best practices for data-guided protein folding that are controlled using a Python GUI.