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The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Piper betle L. leaf extract on inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus in conjunctivitis patient. This study follows a post-test only group experimental design. Antibacterial activities of five Piper betle L. extract concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%) against Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The negative control group (P-) was treated with standard 10% DMSO solution, the positive control group (P+) with ceftriaxone. The diameters of clear zone surrounding the well were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and showed that in between 1% and 1.5%; 1.5% and 2%; 2% and 2.5%; 2.5% and 3% concentrations do not show a significant difference but in between 0.5% and 1%; 0.5% and 1.5%; 0.5% and 2%; 0.5% and 2.5%; 0.5% and 3%; 1% and 2%; 1% and 2.5%; 1% and 3%; 1.5% and 2.5%; 1.5% and 3%; 2% and 3% concentrations, Piper betle L. leaf extract shows a significant difference on inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion the results obtained show that that Piper betle L. leaf extract has a significant potential use as an antibacterial agent.
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BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia condition in diabetes mellitus (DM) influences proinflammatory cytokine levels and disrupts antioxidant balances. Glycated Hemoglobin is used as a biomarker of glycemic control in DM. AIM: This study aimed to analyse the association between glycated Hemoglobin with the levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6) and antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH)) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Hospital. METHODS: A total of eighty-nine T2DM patients were recruited at USU Hospital. Glycated Hemoglobin levels were measured using routine laboratory tests at USU Hospital. The IL-6, GPx, and GSH levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) method. The statistical significance was determined using the Kruskal Wallis test, followed by Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The mean of glycated hemoglobin (%), IL-6 (pg/ml), GPx (ng/ml), and GSH (ng/ml) levels in T2DM patients were 8.96 ± 2.28, 59.27 ± 16.04, 32.13 ± 12.10, and 7.42 ± 3.50, respectively. Regarding the glycated Hemoglobin levels, 28.09% of patients had controlled diabetes, 24.72% of patients had poorly controlled diabetes, and 47.19% of patients had uncontrolled diabetes. The IL-6 levels of the three study groups based on glycated Hemoglobin levels were related significantly (p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference observed between the GPx and GSH levels (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that the glycated Hemoglobin was associated with the levels of serum IL-6 levels but not GPx and GSH levels in T2DM patients in USU Hospital.
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BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases and metabolic disorders would result in oxidative stress in cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant present inside cells that acts against oxidative stress. SOD gene polymorphism can affect the activity and levels of SOD. AIM: This study aimed to analyse SOD levels and polymorphism of gene (ala16val) that regulated SOD in tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus in Medan city. METHODS: A total of 40 tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus and 40 healthy subjects participated in the study. The levels of SOD were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Analysis of SOD gene polymorphism (ala16val) was done using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment lengths polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) with BsaW1 as the restriction enzyme. The statistical significance was determined using the Mann Whitney test, Fisher's exact test, and Kruskal Wallis test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The SOD levels of tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus were lower than those of the healthy subjects (102.474 ± 36.07 U/L vs 294.543 ± 58.75 U/L, p < 0.05). Patients of tuberculosis with diabetes mellitus tend to have more value/Val genotypes than the healthy group (57.5% vs 50%, p > 0.05). There was no association between SOD levels and SOD gene polymorphism (ala16val) in tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: In this study, there was an association between the levels of SOD and tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus, but not for the SOD gene polymorphism (ala16val). The SOD gene polymorphism (ala16val) was not the key role to influence the SOD levels in tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus in Medan city.
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BACKGROUND: The gene polymorphism (-308G/A) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels influence development of disease in type 2 diabetic patients and tuberculosis patients. AIM: In this study, we analyze the association between the TNF-α polymorphisms (-308G/A) and the levels of TNF-α in type 2 diabetic patients with and without tuberculosis infection. METHODS: This study was an analytic observational with cross sectional approach consisting 40 type 2 diabetic patients with tuberculosis infection, 40 type 2 diabetic patients without tuberculosis infection and 40 healthy control (HC) subjects. The TNF-α gene polymorphism (-308G/A) was analyzed with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment lengths polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) method. The TNF-α levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association between gene polymorphism (-308G/A) in study groups was analyzed by Fisher's exact test, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in study groups was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium also determined genotype deviation and allele frequencies. RESULTS: The GG and GA+AA genotypes frequency in both of patient groups and HC subjects were not differ significantly (95% and 5% vs 95% and 5% vs 92.5% and 7.5%; p > 0.05). The TNF-α levels (pg/ml) of type 2 diabetic without tuberculosis infection were higher than those of type 2 diabetic with tuberculosis infection and HC subjects (7.42 ± 0.78 vs 2.23 ± 0.51 vs 2.57 ± 0.63; p < 0.01). The TNF-α levels in the GA+AA genotypes were higher than the GG wild-type genotype (p > 0.05). There was no significant deviation of genotype frequency and allele from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. CONCLUSION: The gene polymorphism (-308G/A) had no association with type 2 diabetic patients with and without tuberculosis infection and the gene polymorphism (-308G/A) was not influence the TNF-α levels but there was a significant differentiation of TNF-α levels between the groups.
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AIM: This study aimed to analyse tuberculosis (TB) medication-taking behaviour based on the concept of concordance between health workers and TB patients in Medan, Indonesia. METHODS: This study was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 100 patients undergoing TB treatment at several public health centres in Medan City participated in the study. RESULTS: The results showed that there was a relationship between the concordance behaviour of the health workers with the attitude and medication-taking behaviour of the patients (p < 0.05). However, there was no relationship found between concordance and knowledge of the patients (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that most of the concordance behaviour, knowledge, attitude, and behaviour in the sample were good.
