[Value of using polyethylene glycol in the indirect antiglobulin test with erythrocytes]. / Wartosc stosowania glikolu polietylenowego w posrednim tescie antyglobulinowym z krwinkami czerwonymi.

A series of comparative investigations was carried out for establishing the value of the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) in its first phase. The results showed that PEG, in relation to NaCl solution of low ionic strength, increased the reactivity of various antibodies of different specificity present in 72 studied sera. A significant superiority of IAT-PEG to IAT-BISS was noted in 45.8% of these sera. In search for antibodies in sera of 1160 patients IAT-PEG detected 7 antibodies not reacting in the IAT-LISS, and 5 of them had Rh system specificity, one was anti-K and one anti-Jka. Although the IAT-PEG was more sensitive than IAT-LISS in the detection of anti-Rh antibodies, it was less sensitive in this range than the enzymatic LEN test with which not only 5 of these antibodies were demonstrated but which detected also 8 antibodies not demonstrated in IAT-PEG or IAT-LISS. All 5 antibodies not detected by the IAT-PEG but demonstrated in the IAT-LISS were specific for the Lewis system. The per cent of reactions regarded as non-specific in the IAT-PEG was 1.3%. The IAT-PEG modification may be recommended as a sensitive, simple and specific method extending the possibilities of immunohematological diagnosis, especially in cases of post-transfusion reactions and in difficulties of interpretation connected with the occurrence of weakly positive reactions in the IAT-LISS.

[Remarks on routine use of the enzyme test LEN (LISS Enzyme) in immunohematological studies]. / Spostrzezenia nad rutynowym stosowaniem testu enzymatycznego LEN (LISS-Enzym) w badaniach immunohematologicznych.

The authors report one-year experience with the enzymatic test LEN (LISS-Enzym) replacing the one-step papain test in the compatibility testing, and in place of the two-step papain test in the detection and identification of red cells allo-antibodies. A wide range of investigations confirmed the usefulness of this test in the detection and antibodies specificity, mainly from the Rh system which are often undetectable by means of the indirect antiglobulin tests. It is concluded that in compatibility tests the LEN test should replace the low-sensitivity one-step papain test used as yet. It is stressed that in case of positive reactions only in the LEN test suggesting presence of autoantibodies the test should be repeated bringing to 37 degrees C the reacting components before their mixing. This makes possible elimination of clinically not significant cold autoantibodies.

Analysis of immune response to red blood cell antigens in multitransfused patients with different diseases.

The rate of alloimmunization to red blood cell antigens in 1502 multitransfused patients, mainly with blood disorders, was analyzed in a retrospective study. The overall incidence of alloantibodies was 5.7%. Three groups of patients were identified with different potential for antibody production. The lowest probability (1.8%) of alloimmunization was found in the group of patients with lymphoproliferative syndromes, acute myeloid leukaemia and burn disease. The highest probability (33.4%) of immune response to red blood cell antigens was found in patients with AIHA, liver cirrhosis and myelodysplastic syndrome. In the group of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, pancytopenias, anaemias of various origin and aplastic anaemia the probability of alloimmunization ranged from 5.7% to 13.6%. A possible role of genetic-factors and immune competence status in post-transfusion alloimmunization is briefly discussed.

[Value of the LEN (LISS-enzyme) technic in detection of alloantibodies to erythrocytes]. / Wartosc techniki LEN (LISS-Enzym) w wykrywaniu alloprzeciwcial przeciw krwinkom czerwonym.

The reported study was done for assessment of the value of the enzymatic technique LSE/LISS Spin Enzyme proposed by Odell et al. using a solution of NaCl of low ionic strength (LISS) for detection of incomplete alloantibodies to erythrocytes, especially those from the Rh system. The results of the study demonstrated that the LSE test, called by the authors LEN (LISS-Enzyme) is a sensitive and specific method comparable in its effectiveness to the two-step papain test (2-Pap) used widely in this country. In routine studies the LEN technique is simple, easy and rapid. Washing of papain treated erythrocytes is not necessary. The time from enzyme addition to erythrocytes to result reading is about 15 minutes, that is it is four times shorter than the time in the 2-Pap technique (60 minutes). A significant was the preparation of one type of erythrocyte suspension in LISS solution for two tests: enzymatic and antiglobulin, carried out in parallel. For these reasons the LEN test may be recommended in place of 2-Pap for detection and identification of antibodies. It is also a practical methods for matching test in place of the one-step papain test. The LEN test should be widely introduced in laboratories of transfusiological immunology in this country. Attention is called ti various technical details necessary for obtaining of unequivocal and reproducible results.

[Detection of immune complexes in idiopathic thrombopenia]. / Proby wykrywania kompleksow immunologicznych w maloplytkowosciach samoistnych.

In 206 sera from the patients with different haematological disorders including 45 sera from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia, immune complexes were searched for, using the method of inhibition of latex-IgG agglutination by rheumatoid factor (RF) and C1q complement component. In the group of patients in 27 cases (13%) presence of endogenous RF was found. The sera of 149 patients (72.5%) inhibited RF and C1q. With the exception of sera from patients with thrombocytopenia, all the remaining ones either inhibited RF and C1q or contained endogenous RF. In the sera of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia the inhibitory factors were found in 46.5% and endogenous RF in 22.5%. In 12 patients in this group selected on clinical grounds the levels of immune complexes were investigated before and during 2 weeks after splenectomy. Apart from some changes immediately after this operation no significant differences were observed in the levels of immune complexes during this brief follow-up.

[Value of low ionic-strength salt solution in indirect antiglobulin tests with erhythrocytes]. / Wartosc stosowania srodowiska o niskiej sile jonowej w posrednim odczynie antyglobulinowym z krwinkami czerwonymi.

A series of comparative investigations were carried out for estimation of the value of the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) in the modification of Löw and Messeter in which a suspension of erythrocytes in low ionic-strength salt solution called by the authors LISS, is used for incubation of erythrocytes with tested serum, that is in phase I of this test. The results of these experiments demonstrated a significant superiority of this modification over the conventional techniques, particularly over the tile technique used generally in this country. The IAT-LISE method allows not only phase I to be reduced from 60 to 20 minutes, but increasing the intensity of the reaction it facilitates also detection of blood group antibodies and extends the range of their discovery, which is of particular importance in the compatibility tests before blood transfusion. These results were a basis for routine application of this method nad it was concluded that the IAT-LISS modification should be introduced widely in the Polish serological laboratories. Attention is called to a number of technical details important to obtain reproducible and une quivocal results.

[Study of anti-Rh(D) immunoglobulin for the presence of antibodies with different properties]. / Badania preparatów immunoglobuliny anty-RH/D/ w kierunku obecnosci przeciwcial o innych swoistosciach.

Investigations of 24 series of anti-Rh(D) immunoglobulins showed presence of arythrocyte antibodies with properties: anti--A (8) and anti--B (9) reacting only in antiglobulin test and anti-C (23), anti-E (16) and anti-s (2). In 8 preparations antibodies of HLA system were found with reactions of lymphocytes. In 2 series antibodies of HLA system were found with reactions of lymphocytes. In 2 series antibodies of HLA system were demonstrated by the C fixation with platelets method. No antibodies were detected against specific antigens of platelets and against to immunoglobulins class IgA. No preparation contained HBs antigen and corresponding antibodies. In 19 series of immunoglobulins anti-HBs antibodies were present.

[Stimulation of secondary immune response to antigen D from the Rh system]. / Badania nad stymulacjá wtórnej odpowiedzi immunologicznej na antygen D z ukladu Rh

The authors report the results of investigations on stimulation of secondary immunological response in 30 subjects immunized with antigen D for obtaining highly active sera for production of anti-D immunoglobulin. The analysis of these results showed that application of frequent antigenic stimuli leads to a short-term rise in the antibody level but in 10 cases no expected effect was obtained. None of the immunized subjects produced serologically detectable antibodies reacting with platelets.

[Unusual cis AB phenotype in ABO group system]. / Niezwykly fenotyp "cis AB" w ukladzie ABO

The authors present serologic characteristics of the "cis AB" phenotype in the ABO blood system on the basis of investigation of three families in Poland and data from the literature and genetic concepts explaining the mechanism of development of this phenotype.

Biochemical, serological and family studies in individuals with Cis AB phenotypes.

Pedigree studies and serological characterization of three cis AB families are presented. Serums of these persons exhibit strongly reduced activities of A gene-specified alpha-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and only trace activities of B gene-dependent alpha-galactosyltransferase.