Reasons for switching oral antipsychotic medications and related patterns of care and costs in patients with schizophrenia initiating monotherapy treatment: Claims-linked chart study.

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic switching is frequent in schizophrenia and is associated with poor clinical outcomes, increased health care resource utilization (HCRU), and increased health care costs. Research describing the reasons for antipsychotic switching in patients with schizophrenia and the associated impacts on HCRU and costs is limited. OBJECTIVE: To explore the reasons for oral antipsychotic medication (OAM) switching and describe HCRU and costs associated with OAM switching, stratified by reasons for switching, in patients with commercial or Medicare Advantage insurance in the United States. METHODS: This retrospective observational study used medical and pharmacy claims from the Optum Research Database linked to patient medical chart data. Adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia who initiated OAM monotherapy between January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2021, and switched from their initial OAM monotherapy to a second one were included. Reasons for OAM switching were recorded from medical charts abstracted between 4 months preceding and 2 months following the patient's switch date. HCRU and costs incurred up to 3 months before and 3 months after the OAM switch were stratified and compared by reasons for switching among individuals who switched OAM monotherapy. RESULTS: Among 134 patients with valid, abstracted charts, the 2 most common reasons for switching were lack of efficacy (57.5% of switches) and at least 1 tolerability issue (41.8%). Mutually exclusive categories of switching reasons included lack of efficacy and no tolerability issues (56/134; 41.8%), tolerability and no efficacy issues (35/134; 26.1%), lack of efficacy and tolerability issues (21/134; 15.7%), and other or unknown (22/134; 16.4%). All-cause and schizophrenia-related HCRU and costs in any health services category did not appear to differ across the reason-for-switching cohorts, with costs for inpatient stays accounting for greater than half of the total costs, regardless of switching reason. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide insight on patient experiences that contribute to OAM switching, with nearly half of patients switching because of lack of efficacy, more than one-fourth because of tolerability issues, and an additional one-sixth for reasons of both efficacy and tolerability. Health care providers should address patients' expectations regarding OAM effectiveness, symptom resolution, and side effect tolerability at treatment initiation to minimize switching before the medication has reached peak effectiveness. Prescribing access to a broad selection of antipsychotics with different side effect profiles may help physicians better match treatment to individual patients, fostering greater acceptance of therapy, increased medication adherence, and better long-term outcomes.

Patterns of care and costs of switching oral antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia initiating monotherapy treatment: A US claims analysis.

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic medications are the mainstay of schizophrenia therapy but may need to be changed over the course of a patient's illness to achieve the desired therapeutic goals or minimize medication side effects. Investigations of real-world treatment patterns and economic consequences associated with antipsychotic changes, including switching, are limited. OBJECTIVE: To describe treatment patterns among patients with schizophrenia who initiated oral antipsychotic medication (OAM) monotherapy and assess switching-related health care resource utilization (HCRU) and costs in US Medicare Advantage and commercially insured patients. METHODS: Adults with at least 2 claims with a schizophrenia diagnosis who initiated (or reinitiated after ≥6 months) OAM monotherapy between January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2021, were identified in the Optum Research Database. A claims-based algorithm using timing of therapies and treatment gaps identified medication changes, specifically OAM monotherapy switches, among OAM initiators over a period of up to 7 years. Patients who switched from their initial OAM monotherapy to a second OAM monotherapy (initial OAM switchers) were matched based on clinical and demographic characteristics to OAM initiators who had not switched OAMs; switch-related HCRU and costs (incurred up to 3 months before and 3 months after the initial OAM switch) were compared between matched initial OAM switchers and nonswitchers. RESULTS: Among 6,425 OAM monotherapy initiators, 1,505 (23.4%) had at least 1 OAM monotherapy switch at any time during follow-up, with a mean (SD) time to first switch of 209 (333) days (median, 67 days), a rate of 0.65 switches per person-year of follow-up, and 56% of first switches occurring within 3 months of OAM initiation. Of all OAM initiators, 947 (14.7%) were initial OAM switchers. Compared with 865 matched nonswitchers, 865 initial OAM switchers had greater mean counts of all-cause medical visits and greater mean counts of schizophrenia-related emergency and inpatient visits and longer inpatient stays per patient per month. Mean (SD) total schizophrenia-related costs per patient per month were $1,252 ($2,602) for switchers compared with $402 ($2,027) for nonswitchers (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Changes to antipsychotic therapy in our sample of patients with schizophrenia were common, with nearly one-fourth switching OAMs, the majority within the first 3 months of therapy. Initial OAM switchers experienced greater HCRU and costs than nonswitchers. These findings highlight the importance of initiating OAM monotherapy that effectively maintains symptom control and minimizes tolerability issues, which would limit the need to switch OAMs and therefore prevent excess HCRU and treatment costs.

Patient and physician perspectives and experiences of basal insulin titration in type 2 diabetes in the United States: Cross-sectional surveys.

AIM: Patient- and physician-associated barriers impact the effectiveness of basal insulin (BI) titration in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We evaluated the experiences of patients with T2D and physicians with BI titration education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this observational, cross-sectional study, patients with T2D and physicians treating patients with T2D were identified by claims in the Optum Research Database and were invited to complete a survey. Eligible patients had 12 months of continuous health-plan enrolment with medical and pharmacy benefits during the baseline period, and recent initiation of BI therapy. Eligible physicians had initiated BI for ≥1 eligible patient with T2D during the past 6 months. RESULTS: In total, 416 patients and 386 physicians completed the survey. Ninety per cent of physicians reported treating ≥50 patients with T2D; 66% treated ≥25% of patients with BI. Whereas 74% of patients reported that BI titration was explained to them by a physician, 96% of physicians reported doing so. Furthermore, 20% of patients stated they were offered educational materials whereas 56% of physicians reported having provided materials. Physicians had higher expectations of glycaemic target achievement than were seen in the patient survey; their main concern was the patients' ability to titrate accurately (79%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a marked difference in patients' and physicians' experiences of BI titration education. Novel tools and strategies are required to enable effective BI titration, with more educational resources at the outset, and ongoing access to tools that provide clear, simple direction for self-titration with less reliance on physicians/health care providers.

Development and electronic health record validation of an algorithm for identifying patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in US administrative claims.

BACKGROUND: Muscular dystrophies (MDs) comprise a heterogenous group of genetically inherited conditions characterized by progressive muscle weakness and increasing disability. The lack of separate diagnosis codes for Duchenne MD (DMD) and Becker MD, 2 of the most common forms of MD, has limited the conduct of DMD-specific real-world studies. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate administrative claims-based algorithms for identifying patients with DMD and capturing their nonambulatory and ventilation-dependent status. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study using the statistically deidentified Optum Market Clarity Database (including patient claims linked with electronic health records [EHRs] data) to develop and validate the following algorithms: DMD diagnosis, nonambulatory status, and ventilation-dependent status. The initial study sample consisted of US patients in the database who had a diagnosis code for Duchenne/Becker MD (DBMD) between October 1, 2018, and September 30, 2020, who were male, aged 40 years or younger on their first DBMD diagnosis, and met continuous enrollment and 1-day minimal clinical activities requirement in a 12-month measurement period between October 1, 2017, and September 30, 2020. The algorithms, developed by a cross-functional team of DMD specialists (including patient advocates), were based on administrative claims data with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modifications coding, using information of diagnosis codes for DBMD, sex, age, treatment, and disease severity (eg, evidence of ambulation assistance/support and/or evidence of ventilation support or dependence). Patients who met each algorithm and had EHR notes available were then validated against structured fields and unstructured provider notes from their own linked EHR to confirm patients' DMD diagnoses, nonambulatory status, and ventilation-dependent status. Algorithm performance was assessed by positive predictive value with 95% CIs. RESULTS: A total of 1,300 patients were included in the initial study sample. Of these, EHR were available and reviewed for 303 patients. The mean age of the 303 patients was 14.8 years, with 61.7% being non-Hispanic White. A majority had a Charlson comorbidity index score of 0 (59.4%) or 1-2 (27.7%). Positive predictive value (95% CI) was 91.6% (85.8%-95.6%) for the DMD diagnosis algorithm, 88.4% (80.2%-94.1%) for the nonambulatory status algorithm, and 77.8% (62.9%-88.8%) for the ventilation-dependent status algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides the means to more accurately identify patients with DMD from administrative claims data without a specific diagnosis code. The algorithms validated in this study can be applied to assess treatment effectiveness and other outcomes among patients with DMD treated in clinical practice. DISCLOSURES: This study was funded by Pfizer, which contracted with Optum to perform the study and provide medical writing assistance. Ms Schrader reports being an employee of Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy. Mr Posner reports being an employee and stockholder of Pfizer and receiving support from Pfizer for attending conferences not related to this manuscript. Dr Dorling reports being an employee and stockholder of Pfizer at the time the study was conducted and is a current employee of Chiesi USA, Inc. Ms Senerchia reports being an employee of Optum and owning stock in Pfizer and UnitedHealth Group, the parent company of Optum. Dr Chen reports being an employee and stockholder of Pfizer. Ms Beaverson reports being an employee of Pfizer and owning stock in Pfizer and Amicus Therapeutics. Dr Seare reports being an employee of Optum at the time the study was conducted. Dr Garnier and Ms Merla report being employees of Pfizer. Ms Walker reports being an employee of Optum. Dr Alvir reports being an employee and stockholder of Pfizer. Dr Mahn reports being an employee and stockholder of Pfizer. Dr Zhang reports being an employee of Optum. Ms Landis reports being an employee of Optum. Ms Buikema reports being an employee of Optum and holding stock in UnitedHealth Group, the parent company of Optum.

Resolution of organ dysfunction as a predictor of long-term survival in necrotizing soft tissue infections: Analysis of the AB103 Clinical Composite Endpoint Study in Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections trial and a retrospective claims database-linked chart study.

BACKGROUND: Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are an acute surgical condition with high morbidity and mortality. Timely identification, resuscitation, and aggressive surgical management have significantly decreased inpatient mortality. However, reduced inpatient mortality has shifted the burden of disease to long-term mortality associated with persistent organ dysfunction. METHODS: We performed a combined analysis of NSTI patients from the AB103 Clinical Composite Endpoint Study in Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections randomized-controlled interventional trial (ATB-202) and comprehensive administrative database (ATB-204) to determine the association of persistent organ dysfunction on inpatient and long-term outcomes. Persistent organ dysfunction was defined as a modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (mSOFA) score of 2 or greater at Day 14 (D14) after NSTI diagnosis, and resolution of organ dysfunction defined as mSOFA score of 1 or less. RESULTS: The analysis included 506 hospitalized NSTI patients requiring surgical debridement, including 247 from ATB-202, and 259 from ATB-204. In both study cohorts, age and comorbidity burden were higher in the D14 mSOFA ≥2 group. Patients with D14 mSOFA score of 1 or less had significantly lower 90-day mortality than those with mSOFA score of 2 or higher in both ATB-202 (2.4% vs. 21.5%; p < 0.001) and ATB-204 (6% vs. 16%: p = 0.008) studies. In addition, in an adjusted covariate analysis of the combined study data sets D14 mSOFA score of 1 or lesss was an independent predictor of lower 90-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.53; p = 0.001). In both studies, D14 mSOFA score of 1 or less was associated with more favorable discharge status and decreased resource utilization. CONCLUSION: For patients with NSTI undergoing surgical management, persistent organ dysfunction at 14 days, strongly predicts higher resource utilization, poor discharge disposition, and higher long-term mortality. Promoting the resolution of acute organ dysfunction after NSTI should be considered as a target for investigational therapies to improve long-term outcomes after NSTI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/epidemiology study, level III.

A Retrospective Claims Analysis of Dual Bronchodilator Fixed-Dose Combination Versus Bronchodilator Monotherapy in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increasingly receive combination bronchodilator therapies. Real world evidence for the benefits of combination therapy compared to monotherapy is lacking. METHODS: COPD patients aged ≥ 40 years initiating monotherapy (MT) with either a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) or long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) or dual therapy (DT) with a LAMA/LABA fixed dose combination (FDC) between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016 were identified from a large U.S. administrative claims database. Patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or asthma were excluded. Cohorts were propensity score matched 1:1 using baseline measures (e.g., exacerbations, hospitalizations) as proxies for COPD severity to create balanced cohorts. RESULTS: Following propensity score matching (PSM), 1286 patients remained in each cohort for analysis. Patients were followed for approximately 1 year. Patients in the DT versus MT cohort had lower rates of exacerbations leading to hospitalization (incidence rate ratio 0.7886; p=0.019), lower mean COPD-related pharmacy costs per patient per month (PPPM) ($300 versus $379, respectively; p<0.001) and total costs PPPM ($990 versus $1203, respectively; p=0.003). This occurred despite lower mean COPD-related pharmacy fills PPPM in the DT versus MT cohorts (1.41 versus 1.51, respectively; p=0.038). Patients in the DT cohort had lower rates of switching (p<0.001) and augmentation (p<0.001), and higher rates of non-persistence (p<0.001) versus the MT cohort. Rates of discontinuation were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in the DT cohort had lower rates of exacerbations leading to hospitalization, lower COPD-related pharmacy and total costs PPPM, and lower rates of switching and augmentation compared to patients in the MT cohort.

A real-world study evaluating adeQUacy of Existing Systemic Treatments for patients with moderate-to-severe Atopic Dermatitis (QUEST-AD): Baseline treatment patterns and unmet needs assessment.

BACKGROUND: Systemic therapies are commonly used for patients with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and impaired quality of life (QoL). However, real-world treatment patterns and unmet needs of adults with moderate-to-severe AD receiving systemic therapies are poorly quantified. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate unmet needs in patients with moderate-to-severe AD treated with systemic therapies. METHODS: Adults with AD diagnosis in past 5 years and a prescription for systemic treatment or phototherapy in past 6 months were identified from the Optum Research Database. Patients completed a survey about symptoms, treatment, and QoL. Chi-squared and t tests analyzed bivariable comparisons of demographics and outcomes. Spearman's rank-order correlation analyses examined the relationship between frequency of flares and outcomes. RESULTS: Eight hundred and one participants were included (mean age, 45.2 years; 71.8% female). In the 12 months before baseline survey, 38.3% reported no remission from AD. In the month before baseline survey, 63.6% used topical corticosteroids, and 81.3% of patients experienced 1 or more flares. Patients experiencing flares reported worse Patient-Orientated Eczema Measure (POEM), Peak Pruritus Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and Dermatology Life Quality Index scores (DLQI), lower treatment satisfaction, and greater work productivity loss than patients without flares (all P < .001). Patients with severe atopic dermatitis reported worse POEM, Peak Pruritus NRS, and DLQI, lower treatment satisfaction, and greater work productivity loss than patients with moderate AD (all P < .001). CONCLUSION: Despite receiving systemic therapies, adults with moderate-to-severe AD reported disease symptoms, recurrent flares, and impaired QoL, suggesting unmet therapeutic needs.

Patient-reported outcomes of dual bronchodilator fixed-dose combination versus bronchodilator monotherapy in individuals with COPD.

Background: This study compared real-world patient-reported outcomes (PROs) measured by the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ), the London Chest Activities of Daily Living (LCADL) scale, and the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire between individuals with COPD initiating LAMA/LABA fixed-dose combination (FDC) dual therapy versus either long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) or long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) monotherapy. Methods: Individuals with COPD aged ≥40 years initiating a LAMA/LABA FDC dual therapy or a LAMA or LABA monotherapy (index date = first prescription date) between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016 were identified from a large US administrative claims database. Individuals were excluded if they were prescribed an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) or ICS/LABA two months prior to the index date or were diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or asthma. The cohorts were propensity score matched (PSM) 1:1 for COPD severity using baseline measures. Each participant completed a survey. Results: Surveys were completed by 399 participants in the dual therapy cohort, and 718 participants in the monotherapy cohort. Following PSM, 379 participants remained in each cohort for analysis (monotherapy: 369 LAMA and 10 LABA). The dual therapy cohort reported fewer COPD-related symptoms (CCQ symptom score 2.75 vs 2.97, respectively, P=0.023), and, fewer limitations in leisure activities (LCADL leisure score 4.78 vs 5.17, respectively, P=0.021) versus the monotherapy cohort. No significant differences were found in the WPAI. A greater percentage of participants in the dual therapy cohort stayed on index therapy (63.1%) when compared with the monotherapy cohort (30.3%, P<0.0001). Conclusions: Only 30% of the participants prescribed monotherapy, usually with a LAMA, remained on index therapy alone at the time of survey administration. In the dual therapy cohort, 63% of the participants remained on the index medication and had fewer COPD-related symptoms and fewer limitations in leisure activities compared with participants in the monotherapy cohort.

Dose Escalation and Co-therapy Intensification Between Etanercept, Adalimumab, and Infliximab: The CADURA Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare anti-TNF dose escalation, DMARD and/or glucocorticoid intensification, switches to another biologic, and drug and drug-related costs over 12 and 18 months for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients initiating etanercept (ETN), adalimumab (ADA), or infliximab (IFX) in routine clinical practice across Canada. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of biologic-naïve adult RA patients newly initiating ADA, ETN, or IFX between January 01, 2006 and December 31, 2012 from 11 practices across Canada. RESULTS: There were 314 patients in the 12-month analysis and 217 in the 18-month analysis. No dose escalation occurred with ETN over 12 and 18 months versus 38% and 32% for IFX (p<0.001) and 2% and 2% for ADA (p=0.199, p=0.218). Over 18 months, dose escalation and/or DMARD and/or glucocorticoid intensification was less frequent among ETN (16%) versus IFX (44%, p=0.005) and ADA (34%, p=0.004). By 18 months, 22% of patients initiating ADA had switched to another biologic compared with 6% of ETN patients (p=0.001).Patients initiating ETN had lower total (drug and drug-related) costs over 12 and 18 months compared to IFX, and no difference compared to ADA when adjusted for potential confounders. Patients with dose escalation had higher costs compared to those with no dose escalation. CONCLUSION: Physicians were more likely to escalate the dose of IFX, but optimize co-therapy with ADA and ETN. ETN patients had no dose escalation and were less likely to have DMARD and/or glucocorticoid intensification than ADA patients. ETN-treated patients had lower costs compared to IFX patients.

Association Between Cognitive Function and Health Care Costs 3 Months and 6 Months After Initiating Antidepressant Medication for Depressive Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder is one of the most common and disabling mental health disorders and is associated with substantial costs in terms of direct health care utilization and workplace productivity. Cognitive dysfunction, which alone substantially increases health care costs, is commonly associated with major depressive disorder. However, the health care costs of cognitive dysfunction in the context of depressive disorder are unknown. Recovery from mood symptoms is not always associated with resolution of cognitive dysfunction. Thus, cognitive dysfunction may contribute to health care burden even with successful antidepressant therapy.  OBJECTIVE: To compare health care utilization and costs for patients with a depressive disorder with and without cognitive dysfunction, at 3 and 6 months after initiation of antidepressant medication.  METHODS: This was an observational study, combining a cross-sectional patient survey, administered during a telephone interview, with health care claims data from a large, geographically diverse U.S. health plan. Included patients had at least 1 pharmacy claim for an antidepressant medication between August 1 and September 30, 2012, and no claim for any antidepressant during the 6 months prior to the index date. In addition to other criteria assessed in the claims data, patients confirmed a diagnosis of depression or major depressive disorder and the absence of any exclusionary neurological diagnoses possibly associated with cognitive impairment. Eligible patients were administered validated cognitive function assessments of verbal episodic memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Delayed and Total); attention (Digit Span Forward Maximum Sequence Length); working memory (Digit Span Backward Maximum Sequence Length); and executive function (D-KEFS-Letter Fluency Test). Based on comparison of scores with normative data, patients were assigned to cognitive dysfunction or cognitive normal cohorts. All-cause (all diagnoses) and depressive disorder-related health care utilization and costs (all from a payer perspective) were assessed 6 months prior (baseline) to antidepressant initiation and 3 months and 6 months after (follow-up) initiation of antidepressant medication. Health care utilization and costs included ambulatory (office and hospital outpatient), emergency room, inpatient hospital, pharmacy, other medical (e.g., laboratory and diagnostics), and total (all categories combined). All-cause and depressive disorder-related total costs during the 3- and 6-month follow-up periods were modeled with generalized linear modeling with gamma distribution and log link, while adjusting for potential confounders (age, race, gender, education, employment, and comorbidities). RESULTS: Of the 13,537 patients who were mailed an invitation, 824 (6%) were eligible and agreed to participate. Of these, 563 patients provided informed consent, completed the interview, maintained eligibility, and were included in the 3-month calculations. Among these, 255 (45%) were classified as having cognitive dysfunction. Mean patient age was 41.3 (± 12.5) years; 80% were female. Most patients were white and employed. More patients in the cognitive normal cohort were white (P less than 0.001) and employed full time (P = 0.029), had higher education attainment (P less than 0.001), and had fewer comorbidities (P = 0.007) than those in the cognitive dysfunction cohort. Over the first 3 months, patients with cognitive dysfunction had higher adjusted all-cause costs ($3,309 vs. $2,157, P = 0.002) and higher adjusted depressive disorder-related costs ($718 vs. $406, P less than 0.001) than patients without cognitive dysfunction. At 6 months, data from 4 patients were removed from the analysis because of exclusionary diagnoses. Over 6 months, patients with cognitive dysfunction had higher adjusted all-cause costs ($4,793) than patients without cognitive dysfunction ($3,683, P = 0.034). Over 6 months, depressive disorder-related costs did not significantly differ between patients with ($771) and without cognitive dysfunction ($594, P = 0.071). The main drivers of all-cause costs were office visits, outpatient hospital visits, and inpatient costs, and the main driver of depressive disorder-related costs was inpatient costs. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive dysfunction was associated with higher adjusted all-cause and depressive disorder-related costs 3 months after initiation of an antidepressant medication. This difference persisted for all-cause costs through 6 months. Identification and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in patients with depressive disorder might reduce health care costs.

Health-related quality of life and treatment satisfaction in patients with gout: results from a cross-sectional study in a managed care setting.

BACKGROUND: Patient satisfaction with treatment directly impacts adherence to medication. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess and compare treatment satisfaction with the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM), gout-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with the Gout Impact Scale (GIS), and generic HRQoL with the SF-12v2(®) Health Survey (SF-12) in patients with gout in a real-world practice setting. METHODS: This cross-sectional mail survey included gout patients enrolled in a large commercial health plan in the US. Patients were ≥18 years with self-reported gout diagnosis, who filled ≥1 prescription for febuxostat during April 26, 2012 to July 26, 2012 and were not taking any other urate-lowering therapies. The survey included the TSQM version II (TSQM vII, score 0-100, higher scores indicate better satisfaction), GIS (score 0-100, higher scores indicate worse condition), and SF-12 (physical component summary and mental component summary). Patients were stratified by self-report of currently experiencing a gout attack or not to assess the discriminant ability of the questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 257 patients were included in the analysis (mean age, 54.9 years; 87% male). Patients with current gout attack (n=29, 11%) had worse scores than those without gout attack on most instrument scales. Mean differences between current attack and no current attack for the TSQM domains were: -20.6, effectiveness; -10.6, side effects; -12.1, global satisfaction (all P<0.05); and -6.1, convenience (NS). For the GIS, mean differences were: 30.5, gout overall concern; 14.6, gout medication side effects; 22.7, unmet gout treatment needs; 11.5, gout concern during attack (all P<0.05); and 7.9, well-being during attack (NS). Mean difference in SF-12 was -6.6 for physical component summary (P<0.05) and -2.9 for mental component summary (NS). Correlations between several TSQM and GIS scales were moderate. CONCLUSION: The TSQM and GIS were complementary in evaluating the impact of gout flare on treatment satisfaction and HRQoL. Correlations between the two instruments supported the relationship between treatment satisfaction and HRQoL.

Successful Discontinuation of Systemic Opioids After Implantation of an Intrathecal Drug Delivery System.

INTRODUCTION: An implantable drug delivery system (IDDS) provides an alternate route of opioid administration for patients with chronic pain. We collected data on systemic opioid use before and after IDDS implantation; patients who successfully discontinued systemic opioids; and physician support of discontinuation. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective chart review of 99 consecutive patients who used IDDSs for at least six months. Data collection included pre/postimplant systemic opioid use and pain scores, and patient demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The study population averaged 67 years of age, was 68% women, and 77% were Medicare beneficiaries. Ninety-five percent of patients had low back pain, and 86% had limb pain. The majority (81%) had pain for >5 years. Failed treatments included epidural injections (74%), lumbar spine surgery (46%), spinal cord stimulation (14%), and facet joint injections (11%), with 84% also reporting significant systemic opioid side-effects. All patients taking long-acting opioids discontinued these within one month of implant. Total systemic opioid elimination was accomplished by 68% of patients at one month postimplant, 84% at one year, and 92% at five years. At one month postimplant, 60% of patients reported decreased pain (mean change: -4.07), and at one year, 64% did (mean change: -3.42). CONCLUSIONS: IDDS can provide significant and lasting pain relief and an alternate route of delivery compared with systemic opioids with their associated side-effects. We demonstrated that systemic opioid elimination could be accomplished after IDDS implantation in the majority of cases through appropriate patient selection, monitoring, and participation.

Persistence with denosumab therapy among osteoporotic women in the Canadian patient-support program.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate persistence with denosumab among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis participating in the Canadian patient-support program (ProVital * ). Denosumab is an injectable therapeutic option for osteoporosis that is administered subcutaneously every 6 months. METHODS: ProVital, a support program in which patients voluntarily enroll, provides next injection reminder calls and educational material. A retrospective database analysis of patient self-reported data was conducted among osteoporotic women aged ≥50 who enrolled in the ProVital program and received their first denosumab injection between August 2010 and June 2011. To achieve 12 month persistence patients had to receive at least two denosumab injections, and to achieve 24 month persistence patients had to receive at least four denosumab injections, with consecutive injections no more than 6 months + 8 weeks apart. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of persistence. RESULTS: A total of 1676 patients (mean age 74 years) were included. The 12 month persistence with denosumab was 81.6% (1367/1676 patients), and the 24 month persistence was 59.1% (991/1676 patients). Characteristics associated with both 12 and 24 month persistence were possession of private medication insurance and residence in Quebec. Additionally, age greater than 75, previous postmenopausal osteoporosis medication use, and fracture were associated with 24 month persistence. LIMITATIONS: Patient enrollment in the program was voluntary, so there may be selection bias for the patient population included in this study. Also, this study did not have a control group of patients who were not enrolled in a patient support program. CONCLUSIONS: The persistence with denosumab among patients enrolled in the program was higher than historical persistence with oral bisphosphonates, and similar to persistence of patients in an education program taking teriparatide, patients taking bisphosphonates in a pharmaceutical care program, and two observational studies of denosumab.

Costs and Quality of Life in Diabetic Macular Edema: Canadian Burden of Diabetic Macular Edema Observational Study (C-REALITY).

Purpose. To characterize the economic and quality of life burden of diabetic macular edema (DME) in Canadian patients. Patients and Methods. 145 patients with DME were followed for 6 months with monthly telephone interviews and medical chart reviews at months 0, 3, and 6. Visual acuity in the worst-seeing eye was assessed at months 0 and 6. DME-related healthcare costs were determined over 6 months, and vision-related (National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire) and generic (EQ-5D) quality of life was assessed at months 0, 3, and 6. Results. Mean age of patients was 63.7 years: 52% were male and 72% had bilateral DME. At baseline, visual acuity was categorized as normal/mild loss for 63.4% of patients, moderate loss for 10.4%, and severe loss/nearly blind for 26.2%. Mean 6-month DME-related costs/patient were as follows: all patients (n = 135), $2,092; normal/mild loss (n = 88), $1,776; moderate loss (n = 13), $1,845; and severe loss/nearly blind (n = 34), $3,007. Composite scores for vision-related quality of life declined with increasing visual acuity loss; generic quality of life scores were highest for moderate loss and lowest for severe loss/nearly blind. Conclusions. DME-related costs in the Canadian healthcare system are substantial. Costs increased and vision-related quality of life declined with increasing visual acuity severity.

The burden of illness in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Canada.

INTRODUCTION: No recent Canadian studies with physician- and spirometry-confirmed diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that assessed the burden of COPD have been published. OBJECTIVE: To assess the costs associated with maintenance therapy and treatment for acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) over a one-year period. METHODS: Respirologists, internists and family practitioners from across Canada enrolled patients with an established diagnosis of moderate to severe COPD (Global initiative for chonic Obstructive Lung Disease stages 2 and 3) confirmed by postbronchodilator spirometry. Patient information and health care resources related to COPD maintenance and physician-documented AECOPD over the previous year were obtained by chart review and patient survey. RESULTS: A total of 285 patients (59.3% male; mean age 70.4 years; mean pack years smoked 45.6; mean duration of COPD 8.2 years; mean postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s 58.0% predicted) were enrolled at 23 sites across Canada. The average annual COPD-related cost per patient was $4,147. Across all 285 patients, maintenance costs were $2,475 per patient, of which medications accounted for 71%. AECOPD treatment costs were $1,673 per patient, of which hospitalizations accounted for 82%. Ninety-eight patients (34%) experienced a total of 157 AECOPD. Treatment of these AECOPD included medications and outpatient care, 19 emergency room visits and 40 hospitalizations (mean length of stay 8.9 days). The mean cost per AECOPD was $3,036. DISCUSSION: The current costs associated with moderate and severe COPD are considerable and will increase in the future. Appropriate use of medications and strategies to prevent hospitalizations for AECOPD may reduce COPD-related costs because these were the major cost drivers.

Cost of invasive fungal infections in the era of new diagnostics and expanded treatment options.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the true institutional cost of treating invasive fungal infections in light of recent advances in diagnostic techniques and antifungal therapies for both treatment and prophylaxis of these infections. DESIGN: Economic analysis. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS: A total of 200 patients discharged from the hospital during 2004-2005 with a diagnosis of proven, probable, or possible aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, invasive candidiasis, or zygomycosis (cases). Patients were matched in a 1:1 fashion with patients having similar underlying disease states but no invasive fungal infections (controls). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data on demographic and clinical characteristics were collected from patients' medical records. In addition, information concerning each patient's hospitalization was recorded. Resource utilization data for a patient's entire hospitalization were collected from the hospital's charge databases and converted to costs. These data were compared between the cases and the controls. After adjusting for race-ethnicity, sex, age, and comorbid illnesses, mean total hospital cost for cases was $32,196 more than for controls (p<0.0001). Nonpharmacy costs accounted for the majority (63%) of this difference, and an additional $3996 was attributed to systemic antifungal drugs. The mean length of hospital stay was longer for cases than controls (25.8 vs 18.4 days). CONCLUSION: Treatment of patients with invasive fungal infections was associated with a significantly higher inpatient hospital cost compared with controls. However, due to new diagnostic techniques and effective antifungal therapy, the relative cost of these infections appears to be at least stable compared with the previous decade. These findings can help assess the utility of cost-avoidance strategies such as antifungal prophylaxis and application of appropriate treatment.

The relationship between joint damage and functional disability in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise the relationship between joint damage and functional disability in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature from 1990 to 2008 was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. The search strategy focused on RA, joint damage and disability. Only longitudinal studies or randomised clinical trials with 1 year or more of follow-up containing data correlating joint damage and disability were included. The comparisons were categorised in four ways: baseline damage versus disability at end of follow-up (correlation A); damage versus disability measured cross-sectionally at each of several time points (correlation B); changes in damage versus final disability (correlation C) and changes in damage versus changes in disability (correlation D). RESULTS: From a total of 1902 abstracts, 42 studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. More than 50% of the studies that measured baseline damage to later disability (A) reported a statistically significant association. Correlation was significant when measured at multiple time points over time (B; 16/19 studies). Statistically significant associations between changes in damage and either disability at end of follow-up or changes in disability were also found (C and D; 11/13 studies). CONCLUSIONS: While many of the studies did not include multivariate analysis with confounder adjustment, the published evidence indicates a link between joint damage and functional disability and that an increase in joint damage is associated with an increase in disability over time. Treatments to limit progressive joint damage may lead to better joint function and improved patient outcome with less disability.

BLISS index for analyzing knee osteoarthritis trials data.

OBJECTIVES: Different pain thresholds were investigated, using the WOMAC Pain Scale (WOMAC-P) to determine if they could differentiate between treatment groups (hylan G-F 20 vs. appropriate care) at low and very low levels of state attainment in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). A method, termed the BLISS (Bellamy et al. Low Intensity Symptom State-attainment) Index, for analyzing OA knee clinical trials data, was proposed. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Five analyses were performed: time to first BLISS day, BLISS days over 12 months, patients with a BLISS response at month 12, patients with a BLISS response at any time, and number of BLISS periods over 12 months. For each analysis, five levels of WOMAC-P were examined:

The effectiveness of hylan G-F 20 in patients with knee osteoarthritis: an application of two sets of response criteria developed by the OARSI and one set developed by OMERACT-OARSI.

OBJECTIVE: Secondary analyses of a previously conducted 1-year randomized controlled trial were performed to assess the application of responder criteria in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) using different sets of responder criteria developed by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) (Propositions A and B) for intra-articular drugs and Outcome Measures in Arthritis Clinical Trials (OMERACT)-OARSI (Proposition D). METHODS: Two hundred fifty-five patients with knee OA were randomized to "appropriate care with hylan G-F 20" (AC+H) or "appropriate care without hylan G-F 20" (AC). A patient was defined as a responder at month 12 based on change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain and function (0-100 normalized scale) and patient global assessment of OA in the study knee (at least one-category improvement in very poor, poor, fair, good and very good). All propositions incorporate both minimum relative and absolute changes. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that statistically significant differences in responders between treatment groups, in favor of hylan G-F 20, were detected for Proposition A (AC+H=53.5%, AC=25.2%), Proposition B (AC+H=56.7%, AC=32.3%) and Proposition D (AC+H=66.9%, AC=42.5%). The highest effectiveness in both treatment groups was observed with Proposition D, whereas Proposition A resulted in the lowest effectiveness in both treatment groups. The treatment group differences always exceeded the required 20% minimum clinically important difference between groups established a priori, and were 28.3%, 24.4% and 24.4% for Propositions A, B and D, respectively. CONCLUSION: This analysis provides evidence for the capacity of OARSI and OMERACT-OARSI responder criteria to detect clinically important statistically detectable differences between treatment groups.