Prevalence of tooth forms and their gender correlation.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated different tooth shapes from female and male genders, matching them with the firstly proposed pure basic forms, and proposed different hybrid shapes; it also evaluated the percentage of correct gender identification of lay people, dentists and dental students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized digital photos were taken from 460 people and analyzed by 3 experts regarding genders and tooth forms: pure basic forms-oval (O), triangular (T), square (S) and rectangular (R); and combined hybrid forms-oval-rectangular (OR), triangular-rectangular (TR), triangular-oval (TO), square-oval with flat lateral incisors (SOF), and square-oval with scalloped lateral incisors (SOS). Then, correct gender identification (%) was evaluated among lay people, dentists and dental students (n = 10). RESULTS: Pure forms showed less prevalence in the population studied (O:6.52%; S:3.48%; T:3.26%; R:2.39%) than hybrid ones (TO:20.87%; SOS:20.65%; OR:19.57%; SOF:16.96%;TR: 6.30%). Tooth gender selection among different evaluators was not significantly different (≈50% correct answers). CONCLUSIONS: No correspondence exists between tooth shapes and patient genders. Pre-standardized pure tooth forms appeared less than hybrid ones, while the most frequently found in the population studied were TO, SOS, and OR forms, disregarding genders. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Esthetic perception is an increasingly important criterion critical to satisfy patients. The correlation of reported tooth shapes with specific genders was not reliably observed in natural smiles. Tooth shapes should be selected according to the wishes of the patient rather than by previously believed gender specific tooth shapes. Pure basic tooth forms should be complemented with the addition of combination forms to more accurately portray forms found in nature.

Detección mediante PCR-RFLP de Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae agente causal de fusariosis en frutilla / Detection by PCR-RFLP of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae causal agent of fusariosis in strawberry

La frutilla es una de las frutas de importante crecimiento económico tanto en Chile como a nivel Mundial. Desde hace varios años su producción ha experimentado pérdidas económicas, principalmente a causa de las enfermedades producidas por Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae (Fof). Este patógeno, se ha propagado rápidamente por casi todo el mundo debido a su difícil diagnóstico y actualmente la única manera de detectarlo es mediante test de patogenicidad, técnica laboriosa que requiere de bastante tiempo y material, lo que dificulta su detección oportuna. Debido a que el diagnóstico genético y las técnicas moleculares son metodologías rápidas y altamente eficaces, el objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar un método para detectar a Fof, con el fin de controlar y certificar el ingreso o salida del país de este patógeno. Para esto se amplificó el gen ®Factor de Elongación 1- α¼ (EF1- α), en 25 cepas de F. oxysporum aisladas desde diversas localidades de la VIII región y R. Metropolitana, 4 cepas otorgadas por el laboratorio Nacional del Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), y 4 cepas patogénicas controles importadas desde ATCC, EE.UU. Posteriormente por digestión con endonucleasas MseI y MspI se logró diferenciar las cepas de Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae de las respectivas cepas no patogénicas de este hongo. Estos resultados fueron confirmados mediante electroforesis en geles de poliacrilamida denaturante, RFLP con dos endonucleasas y parcialmente mediante secuenciación del producto amplificado de Fof, revelándose de esta manera la eficacia de esta metodología.

The strawberry is one of the fruits with important economic growth both in Chile, as on a world-wide basis.For several years, the fruits production has suffered economic losses principally due to the causes of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae (Fof) produced diseases.Thispathogen has widely propagated around the world, due to it is complex diagnosis.Actually, the only way to detect them is buy using a pathogenic test, which is a laborious technique that requires a long time and complex materials to effect, which makes an opportune detection difficult. Since genetic diagnosis and molecular techniques are fast and highly efficient methods, the aim of this workis to elaborate a method to detect Fof, with the aim of controlling and certifying the countries of import or exportof these pathogens. To carry this out, the genetic of Elongation Factor 1- á (EF1- á), in 25 strains of F. oxysporum was separated from diverse areas in the 8th Region and the Metropolitan Region. Plus 4 strains kindly donated by the National Laboratory of Agriculture and Livestock (SAG) and 4 pathogenic control strains imported from ATCC, USA.After digestion with endonucleases MseI y MspI it was possible to differentiate Fof and a strain of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersicis from their respective strains of non pathogenic F. oxysporum.These results were confirmed by electrophoresis in denaturant poliacrylamide gels, RFLP with twoendonucleases and partially by secuentiation of the amplified product of the Fof revealing in this form the efficiency of the methodology employed.