Gender-Specific Predictors of Recidivism Among DUI Offenders.

OBJECTIVE: Women are less likely than men to be arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or another drug, yet their proportion of DUI offenders is growing. Understanding how DUI recidivism risk varies for men and women is of practical utility for DUI assessment and intervention programs. The goals of the current study are to determine if there are different sets of predictors for men and women and whether gender-specific DUI recidivism risk scales perform better than a single recidivism scale for both men and women. METHOD: We rely on statistically driven techniques to develop gender-specific and total sample recidivism risk scales. We then test the ability of the scales to predict recidivism within 12 months among a large sample (N = 10,827, 22.3% female) of DUI offenders court mandated to a DUI intervention in Mississippi. RESULTS: Predictors of recidivism were drawn from measures of criminal history, substance use disorders, driving behaviors, and accidents. Gender-specific models yielded different sets of recidivism risk factors for men and women, with minimal overlap between the two. Male risk factors were criminal history and heavy alcohol consumption. For women, evidence of a substance use disorder was a unique predictor. Having a prior DUI arrest, driving behaviors, and a physical health consequence of alcohol or drug use (i.e., weight loss) were shared predictors for both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that within broad categories of risk factors, the predictive validity of specific assessment items may vary by sex. Our methods represent progression toward more efficient prediction of DUI recidivists.

Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation for Large Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus Is a Viable Option in an Athletic Population.

BACKGROUND: Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) has been shown to be a viable treatment option for large osteochondral lesions of the talus. However, there are limited data regarding the management of large lesions in an athletic population, notably with regard to return to sport. Our investigation focused on assessing both qualitative and quantitative outcomes in the high-demand athlete with large (>150 mm2) lesions. HYPOTHESIS: AOT is a viable option in athletes with large osteochondral lesions and can allow them to return to sport at their preinjury level. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: The study population was limited to professional and amateur athletes (Tegner score, >6) with a talar osteochondral lesion size of 150 mm2 or greater. The surgical intervention was AOT with a donor site from the lateral femoral condyle. Clinical outcomes at a minimum of 24 months included return to sport, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain score, and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). In addition, graft incorporation was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using MOCART (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue) scores at 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 38 athletes, including 11 professional athletes, were assessed. The mean follow-up was 45 months. The mean lesion size was 249 mm2. Thirty-three patients returned to sport at their previous level, 4 returned at a lower level compared with preinjury, and 1 did not return to sport (mean return to play, 8.2 months). The VAS improved from 4.53 preoperatively to 0.63 postoperatively (P = .002). FAOSs improved significantly in all domains (P < .001). Two patients developed knee donor site pain, and both had 3 osteochondral plugs harvested. Univariant analysis demonstrated no association between preoperative patient or lesion characteristics and ability to return to sport. However, there was a strong correlation between MOCART scores and ability to return to sport. The area under receiver operating characteristic of the MOCART score and return to play was 0.891 (P = .005), with a MOCART score of 52.50 representing a sensitivity of 0.85 and specificity of 0.80 in determining ability to return to one's previous level of activity. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that AOT is a viable option in the management of large osteochondral talar defects in an athletic population, with favorable return to sport level, patient satisfaction, and FAOS/VAS scores. The ability to return to sport is predicated upon good graft incorporation, and further research is required to optimize this technique. Our data also suggest that patients should be aware of the increased risk of developing knee donor site pain when 3 osteochondral plugs are harvested.

Screening for depression in young Indigenous people: building on a unique community initiative.

Gurriny Yealamucka Health Service Aboriginal Corporation (GYHSAC) is an Indigenous community-controlled health organisation providing comprehensive primary care to the people of Yarrabah in far north Queensland, Australia. GYHSAC conducts an annual Young Person's Health Check (YPC) for people aged 15-25 years based on the Medical Benefits Schedule Item 715. However, the YPC is constantly evolving to meet the needs of the community, and in 2016, in response to concerns about psychological risk among Indigenous youth, GYHSAC teamed up with James Cook University to trial an adapted PHQ-9 depression screening tool (aPHQ-9) as part of the YPC. This study describes the 2016 YPC event, reports the prevalence of depressive symptoms, examines local issues related to the use of the screening tool and proposes recommendations for future health screening. Experienced health professionals conducted the aPHQ-9 assessment in a private area of the clinic. One-in-five young people were found to have moderate-severe symptoms or self-harm ideation in the previous 2 weeks; they were referred to the mental health service. The aPHQ-9 screening process was found to be straightforward and well accepted by staff and youth. Importantly, it provided valuable 'space' to facilitate communication on sensitive issues and was a conduit for speedy referral and follow up by trained staff. Based on our experience, we recommend dedicated depression screening in future routine community health checks for young people and adults.

A natural mineral supplement provides relief from knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a randomized controlled pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: This small, pilot study evaluated the impact of treatment with a natural multi-mineral supplement from seaweed (Aquamin) on walking distance, pain and joint mobility in subjects with moderate to severe osteoarthritis of the knee. METHODS: Subjects (n = 70) with moderate to severe osteoarthritis of the knee were randomized to four double-blinded treatments for 12 weeks: (a) Glucosamine sulfate (1500 mg/d); (b) Aquamin (2400 mg/d); (c) Combined treatment composed of Glucosamine sulfate (1500 mg/d) plus Aquamin (2400 mg/d) and (d) Placebo. Primary outcome measures were WOMAC scores and 6 Minute Walking Distances (6 MWD). Laboratory based blood tests were used as safety measures. RESULTS: Fifty subjects completed the study and analysis of the data showed significant differences between the groups for changes in WOMAC pain scores over time (p = 0.009 ANCOVA); however, these data must be reviewed with caution since significant differences were found between the groups at baseline for WOMAC pain and stiffness scores (p = 0.0039 and p = 0.013, respectively, ANOVA). Only the Aquamin and Glucosamine groups demonstrated significant improvements in symptoms over the course of the study. The combination group (like the placebo group) did not show any significant improvements in OA symptoms in this trial. Within group analysis demonstrated significant improvements over time on treatment for the WOMAC pain, activity, composite and stiffness (Aquamin only) scores as well as the 6 minute walking distances for subjects in the Aquamin and Glucosamine treatment groups. The Aquamin and Glucosamine groups walked 101 feet (+7%) and 56 feet (+3.5%) extra respectively. All treatments were well tolerated and the adverse events profiles were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: This small preliminary study suggested that a multi mineral supplement (Aquamin) may reduce the pain and stiffness of osteoarthritis of the knee over 12 weeks of treatment and warrants further study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00452101.

The hereditary hemochromatosis protein HFE and its chaperone beta2-microglobulin localise predominantly to the endosomal-recycling compartment.

Hereditary Hemochromatosis is an iron overload disease most frequently associated with mutations in the HFE gene. While clinical studies of the disease have received extensive attention by various groups, the localisation, trafficking and function of the HFE protein, and its chaperone beta2-microglobulin (beta2M), require further investigation. In this study, we present data on the cellular localisation of HFE and its clinically relevant mutants in HuTu 80 cells. We find by confocal microscopy that HFE localises to the endosomal-recycling compartment (ERC), with minimal localisation to sorting or late endosomes. Interestingly, we also demonstrate that beta2M localises to the ERC where it co-localises with HFE. We find that exogenous expression of HFE results in enhanced beta2M cellular levels and that beta2M is necessary for cell surface expression of HFE. Finally, we have analysed the functional effects of exogenous expression of HFE and beta2M on transferrin binding to the cell surface. In summary, our study sheds light on the localisation and functional effects of the HFE and its chaperone protein beta2M.

Rab11-FIP3 localises to a Rab11-positive pericentrosomal compartment during interphase and to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.

The Rab11-family interacting protein 3 (Rab11-FIP3), also known as Arfophilin and Eferin, is a Rab11 and ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) binding protein of unknown function. Here, we sought to investigate the subcellular localisation and elucidate the function of Rab11-FIP3 in eukaryotic membrane trafficking. Utilising a polyclonal antibody specific for Rab11-FIP3, we have demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy that Rab11-FIP3 colocalises with Rab11 in a distinctive pericentrosomal location in A431 cells. Additionally, we found that Rab11-FIP3 localises to punctate vesicular structures dispersed throughout A431 cells. We have demonstrated that both Rab11 and Rab11-FIP3 localise to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, and that Rab11-FIP3 localisation is dependent on both microtubule and actin filament integrity. We show that Rab11-FIP3 does not enter brefeldin A (BFA) induced membrane tubules that are positive for the transferrin receptor (TfnR). Furthermore, we show that expression of an amino-terminally truncated mutant of Rab11-FIP3 (Rab11-FIP3((244-756))) does not inhibit transferrin (Tfn) recycling in HeLa cells. It is likely that Rab11-FIP3 is involved in trafficking events other than Tfn trafficking; these may include the transport of endosomally derived membrane to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.

Erythrocyte survival is promoted by plasma and suppressed by a Bak-derived BH3 peptide that interacts with membrane-associated Bcl-X(L).

Erythrocytes have a defined lifespan in vivo, and the signals that maintain their survival in circulation or trigger their death are unknown. Here, we investigated the control of erythrocyte survival and death in an in vitro culture system where erythrocytes survived for 10 days in serum-free medium in the presence or absence of bovine serum. Death of the cells in culture was correlated with increased exposure of phosphatidylserine and increased levels of intracellular calcium. Cell death could be suppressed by supplementing the medium with human plasma or serum, resulting in a doubling of the lifespan to 20 days. Freshly isolated erythrocytes and cultured erythrocytes were both found to express Bcl-X(L) and, to a lesser extent, Bak in membrane protein extracts. Treatment of the cells with a Bak-derived BH3 peptide fused to the internalization sequence of the antennapedia protein, which has previously been shown to enter cells by diffusion and antagonize Bcl-X(L), resulted in substantial cell death in erythrocyte cultures. BH3-induced death was accompanied by an immediate increase in accumulation of intracellular calcium and could be suppressed by plasma, but not by the caspase inhibitor zVAD. A BH3 peptide mutated at amino acid 78 of full-length Bak required for heterodimerization with Bcl-X(L) had no effect on cell viability or calcium levels. We conclude that the BH3 peptide accelerates erythrocyte death through antagonization of Bcl-X(L). The data suggest that erythrocyte survival is promoted by survival factors in plasma and by membrane-associated Bcl-X(L.)