Expression Levels and Genetic Polymorphism of Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 as a Biomarker of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the expression level and genetic polymorphism scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1) rs5888 may be used as biological markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This case-control study was conducted at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India, from September 2018 to December 2019. Blood samples were collected from each individual with T2DM and each healthy individual. Total proteins were determined using western blot analysis. Additionally, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was achieved to detect the incidence of genetic polymorphisms. Results: A total of 600 individuals, including 300 individuals with T2DM and 300 healthy individuals, were enrolled in the study. Western blot analysis results revealed that the protein expression of SRB1 was significantly decreased in T2DM of SCARB1 CC variant when compared with controls (P = 0.007). The genotype distribution and the allelic frequencies for the SRB1 polymorphism were significantly different between T2DM and controls (P = 0.03). The CC genotype of the SCARB1 polymorphism showed a potential association with the incidence of T2DM (odds ratio = 1.19, 95% confidence interval = 0.63-2.25; P = 0.577). Conclusion: The expression levels and genetic polymorphisms of the SCARB1 CC variant may be potential biomarkers for the occurrence of T2DM.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus: pathogenesis and genetic diagnosis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous condition that is related to both defective insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance. Beta cells are the major organ for secreting insulin hence, it is important to maintain an adequate beta-cell mass in response to various changes. Insulin resistance is a major cause of T2DM leads to elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels which increases beta-cell mass and insulin secretion to compensate for insulin insensitivity. Chronic increase of plasma FFA levels results in disturbances in lipid metabolism, which contributes to decreased beta-cell function and lipotoxicity thus promoting T2DM. In the present review, we have discussed the process of beta-cell destruction, the role of genes in contributing to the fast increase in the progression of T2DM in detail. More than 130 variants in various T2DM susceptibility and candidate genes have been discovered to be associated with T2DM. Still, these variants elucidate only a small amount of total heritability of T2DM. Further, there is also an inventory of presently used therapeutic tools and a review of novel therapeutic approaches like incretin-based therapies or sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors. Additionally, providing a concise but comprehensive update, this review will be essential to every clinician involved in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

A case control study on HDL associated PON1 enzyme level in Northern Indian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

AIM: To evaluate the serum paraoxonase 1 activity and determine its association with duration in type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients. METHODS: A total of 80 cases from type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy controls were enrolled in the present case control study. Human serum PON1 concentration was measured by ELISA and western blotting and it activity was determined spectrophotometrically using 4-nitrophenyle acetate. Diagnostic accuracy of serum PON1 to identify type 2 Diabetes mellitus was calculated with ROC analysis. RESULT: Serum concentration of LDL, VLDL, TG, A1C, FBS and TC levels showed significantly higher levels in type 2 diabetes patients as compared to healthy controls, however there were no significant differences found in the level of HDL. Serum PON1 concentration and activity monitored in patients with >1 year diabetes showed higher level (75.1 ±â€¯6.8 ng/mL) as compared to patients with >3 years diabetes (65.24 ±â€¯1.6 ng/mL), its level was further decreased in patients with >5 (53.8 ±â€¯2.6 ng/mL) and >7 years (48.1 ±â€¯2.7 ng/mL) of diabetes. PON1 concentration decreased as the duration of diabetes increased. PON1 level was further decreased due to habits like smoking and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: Serum PON1 levels decrease in states of high oxidative stress like metabolic syndrome, obesity, uncontrolled diabetes, and dyslipidemia. It can be used as diagnostic marker for diabetes mellitus along with increased TG, LDL, VLDL and FBG.