Targeting mitochondria for ovarian aging: new insights into mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Ovarian aging is a complex process characterized by a decline in oocyte quantity and quality, directly impacting fertility and overall well-being. Recent researches have identified mitochondria as pivotal players in the aging of ovaries, influencing various hallmarks and pathways governing this intricate process. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted role of mitochondria in determining ovarian fate, and outline the pivotal mechanisms through which mitochondria contribute to ovarian aging. Specifically, we emphasize the potential of targeting mitochondrial dysfunction through innovative therapeutic approaches, including antioxidants, metabolic improvement, biogenesis promotion, mitophagy enhancement, mitochondrial transfer, and traditional Chinese medicine. These strategies hold promise as effective means to mitigate age-related fertility decline and preserve ovarian health. Drawing insights from advanced researches in the field, this review provides a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between mitochondrial function and ovarian aging, offering valuable perspectives for the development of novel therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving fertility and enhancing overall reproductive health.

Photoinduced decarboxylative germylation of α-fluoroacrylic acids: access to germylated monofluoroalkenes.

Herein, a novel strategy is presented for the photoinduced decarboxylative and dehydrogenative cross-coupling of a wide range of α-fluoroacrylic acids with hydrogermanes. This methodology provides an efficient and robust approach for producing various germylated monofluoroalkenes with excellent stereoselectivity within a brief photoirradiation period. The feasibility of this reaction has been demonstrated through gram-scale reaction, conversion of germylated monofluoroalkenes, and modification of complex organic molecules.

Millimeter-scale magnetic implants paired with a fully integrated wearable device for wireless biophysical and biochemical sensing.

Implantable sensors can directly interface with various organs for precise evaluation of health status. However, extracting signals from such sensors mainly requires transcutaneous wires, integrated circuit chips, or cumbersome readout equipment, which increases the risks of infection, reduces biocompatibility, or limits portability. Here, we develop a set of millimeter-scale, chip-less, and battery-less magnetic implants paired with a fully integrated wearable device for measuring biophysical and biochemical signals. The wearable device can induce a large amplitude damped vibration of the magnetic implants and capture their subsequent motions wirelessly. These motions reflect the biophysical conditions surrounding the implants and the concentration of a specific biochemical depending on the surface modification. Experiments in rat models demonstrate the capabilities of measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viscosity, intracranial pressure, and CSF glucose levels. This miniaturized system opens the possibility for continuous, wireless monitoring of a wide range of biophysical and biochemical conditions within the living organism.

Hard Magnetic Graphene Nanocomposite for Multimodal, Reconfigurable Soft Electronics.

Soft electronics provide effective means for continuous monitoring of a diverse set of biophysical and biochemical signals from the human body. However, the sensitivities, functions, spatial distributions, and many other features of such sensors remain fixed after deployment and cannot be adjusted on demand. Here, laser-induced porous graphene is exploited as the sensing material, and dope it with permanent magnetic particles to create hard magnetic graphene nanocomposite (HMGN) that can self-assemble onto a flexible carrying substrate through magnetic force, in a reversible and reconfigurable manner. A set of soft electronics in HMGN exhibits enhanced performances in the measurements of electrophysiological signals, temperature, and concentrations of metabolites. All these flexible HMGN sensors can adhere to a carrying substrate at any position and in any spatial arrangement, to allow for wearable sensing with customizable sensitivity, modality, and spatial coverage. The HMGN represents a promising material for constructing soft electronics that can be reconfigured for various applications.

Comparison of intravenous butorphanol vs. tramadol for post-spinal anesthesia shivering: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

Background: Patients often experience shivering after spinal anesthesia. In recent years, more and more studies have compared the efficacy and side effects of intravenous butorphanol and tramadol in the treatment of shivering after spinal anesthesia. Therefore, we conducted a MATE analysis and systematic review to compare the efficacy and side effects of butorphanol vs. tramadol in the treatment of shivering after spinal anesthesia. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to 30 December 2022, comparing the effects of butorphanol vs. tramadol for the control of shivering after spinal anesthesia. Data assessment and collection were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.4 software. Results: Five randomized controlled trials involving 302 adult patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that butorphanol has a shorter time to cease shivering (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.89, -0.17], P = 0.004, I2 = 0%), a higher rate of cessation of shivering within 1 min after administering the study drugs (relative risk (RR), 1.69; 95% CI [1.15,2.48], P = 0.008, I2 = 0%), and higher incidences of sedation (RR, 2.98; 95% CI [2.11, 4.21], P <0.00001, I2 = 0%), compared with tramadol. Conclusion: In the treatment of shivering after spinal anesthesia, butorphanol has a shorter onset time and a higher rate of cessation of shivering within 1 min after the study drugs were administered than tramadol. Therefore, butorphanol is superior to tramadol in the treatment of shivering after spinal anesthesia.

SIGANEO: Similarity network with GAN enhancement for immunogenic neoepitope prediction.

Target selection of the personalized cancer neoantigen vaccine, which is highly dependent on computational prediction algorithms, is crucial for its clinical efficacy. Due to the limited number of experimentally validated immunogenic neoepitopes as well as the complexity of neoantigens in eliciting T cell response, the accuracy of neoepitope immunogenicity prediction methods requires persistent efforts for improvement. We present a deep learning framework for neoepitope immunogenicity prediction - SIGANEO by integrating GAN-like network with similarity network to address issues of missing values and limited data concerning neoantigen prediction. This framework exhibits superior performance over competing machine-learning-based neoantigen prediction algorithms over an independent test dataset from TESLA consortium. Particularly for the clinical setting of neoantigen vaccine where only the top 10 and 20 predictions are selected for vaccine production, SIGANEO achieves significantly better accuracy for predicting experimentally validated neoepitopes. Our work demonstrates that deep learning techniques can greatly boost the accuracy of target identification for cancer neoantigen vaccine.

[Hunyuan moxibustion for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome of spleen and kidney yang deficiency: a randomized controlled trial].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect between Hunyuan moxibustion and oral western medication on diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome（IBS-D）of spleen and kidney yang deficiency. METHODS: Sixty patients with IBS-D of spleen and kidney yang deficiency were randomly divided into a Hunyuan moxibustion group and a western medication group, 30 cases each group. The Hunyuan moxibustion group was treated with Hunyuan moxibustion at Guanyuan（CV 4），40 min each time, once a day; in the western medication group，loperamide hydrochloride capsules (2 mg each time, 3 times a day) and bacillus licheniformis live capsules (0.5 g each time, 3 times a day) were given orally.Both groups were treated for 20 days. The scores of irritable bowel syndrome（IBS）symptom severity scale（IBS-SSS）, IBS quality of life scale (IBS-QOL) and TCM symptom grading quantitative were observed before and after treatment, and the clinical efficacy and safety were evaluated in the two groups. RESULTS: After treatment，each item scores and total scores of IBS-SSS in the two groups were lower than those before treatment（P<0.05）, and the total scores of IBS-QOL were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05)；each item score and total score of IBS-SSS in the Hunyuan moxibustion group were lower than those in the western medication group (P<0.05), and the total score of IBS-QOL in the Hunyuan moxibustion group was higher than that in the western medication group (P<0.05).After treatment, each item score and total score of TCM symptom grading quantitative in the Hunyuan moxibustion group were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), the abdominal pain, diarrhea, lack of appetite scores and total score in the western medication group were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05)；and the abdominal pain, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, fear to cold and cold limbs scores and total score in the Hunyuan moxibustion group were lower than those in the western medication group (P<0.05).The total effective rate was 90.0%（27/30）in the Hunyuan moxibustion group, which was higher than 73.3%（22/30）in the western medication group (P<0.05). No adverse reactions occurred in both groups during treatment. CONCLUSION: Hunyuan moxibustion can effectively improve the symptom severity and quality of life in patients with IBS-D of spleen and kidney yang deficiency, especially in improving the symptoms of abdominal pain, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, fear to cold and cold limbs.Its therapeutic effect is superior to western medication.

A dataset of functional traits for compound pinnate leaves of plants in the Huangshui River Valley of Qinghai Province, China.

Background: Here, we present data collected from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau that describes the variation of leaf functional traits across 32 plant species and could be used to investigate plant community functioning and predict the impact of climate change on biogeochemical cycles. The sampling area is located in Huangshui River Valley, in the southeast of Qinghai Province, China (36° 19' to 36° 53' N, 100° 59' to 102° 48' E). The area contains an alpine meadow typical of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. New information: This dataset includes field survey data on the functional properties of compound leaves from herbaceous species in the Huangshui River Basin of Qinghai Province, China, at altitudes from 1800 m to 4000 m in the summer of 2021. Data were collected from 326 plots, including 646 data points of compound leaf plants, spanning 32 compound leaf plant species belonging to 14 genera and four families. The study species were chosen from 47 families, 165 genera and 336 species present in the plots and all compound leaf plants were chosen within each plot. We picked the parts containing leaves, petioles and rachis from the study plants and separated the leaves from the plants. The cut compound leaf part was a leaflet, while the petiole and rachis were linear elements. The dataset includes information about the leaflet trait variation (i.e. leaflet area, leaflet dry mass, specific leaflet area and leaflet nitrogen content per unit dry mass) and linear elements' biomass and nitrogen content per unit dry mass (i.e. both petiole and rachis) of 646 compound leaves. This dataset can be used to analyse the evolution of leaf traits and the basic functioning of ecosystems. Moreover, the dataset provides an important basis for studying the species distribution and protection of biodiversity of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and evaluating ecosystem services. These data also support the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin and have empirical and practical value for alpine biodiversity protection and ecosystem management.

Research Progress in Function and Regulation of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase SMURF1.

Smad ubiquitylation regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) is an important homologous member of E6-AP C-terminus type E3 ubiquitin ligase. Initially, Smurf1 was reportedly involved in the negative regulation of the bone morphogenesis protein (BMP) pathway. After further research, several studies have confirmed that Smurf1 is widely involved in various biological processes, such as bone homeostasis regulation, cell migration, apoptosis, and planar cell polarity. At the same time, recent studies have provided a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of Smurf1's expression, activity, and substrate selectivity. In our review, a brief summary of recent important biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 is proposed.

Complete chloroplast genome data of Ranunculus membranaceus (Ranunculaceae), an important medicinal plant species.

The perennial alpine herb Ranunculus membranaceus (Ranunculaceae) has significant medicinal value. The complete chloroplast genome of R. membranaceus was sequenced by high-throughput Illumina sequencing Platform Illumina NovaSeq 6000. The circular genome is 156,028 bp in size, including two inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,361 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,491 bp, and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,815 bp. A total of 128 genes were annotated, namely 84 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 36 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Two phylogenetic trees of 18 species of the tribe Ranunculeae species were constructed with Meconopsis punicea as the outgroup based on the whole chloroplast genomes and the concatenated sequence of PCGs, respectively. Phylogeny showed that R. membranaceus was closely related to R. yunnanensis. These data enrich knowledge of Ranunculaceae genetics and will contribute to further studies of R. membranaceus in molecular breeding, genetic transformation, species identification, genetic engineering and phylogenetic research.

Enabling Highly Efficient and Thermal-Stable Polymer Solar Cells through Semi-Alloy Acceptors Composed of a Hinge-Like Dimer: A Versatile Doping Protocol.

The simultaneous improvement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and thermal stability is a critical scientific challenge in advancing the commercial applications of polymer solar cells. To address this challenge, a dumbbell-shaped dimeric acceptor, DT19, is successfully designed and synthesized. It is incorporated as a third component into the PM1:BTP-eC9 system. This ternary strategy demonstrates a synergistic enhancement of the PCE and thermal stability of the host binary system. In particular, the PM1:BTP-eC9:DT19 system maintains a PCE of over 90% even after heating at 120 °C for 200 h. Additionally, the dimer-doping ternary strategy exhibits excellent generality for the other four Y-series systems and outperforms ternary systems containing alloy-like acceptors in terms of thermal stability. It is because DT19, with its hinge-like structure, can form a semi-alloy acceptor with the host acceptor, leading to strong interchain entanglement with the polymer donor, thus overcoming phase separation and excessive aggregation under thermal stress. This new type of dimeric material, which can synergistically enhance the device efficiency and thermal stability of active layers, presents promising application prospects.

Comparative Study on Growth Index and Nutritional Quality of Female Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis Selected at Different Growth Periods in Rice-Crab Culture Systems.

Research was conducted on the growth performance and nutritional quality of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) during a 62-day growing period in a symbiotic coculture comprising rice and crab. Culture experiments were conducted in three rice fields of equal size (996 m2). On days 0 (July 15, D0), 15 (July 30, D15), 31 (August 15, D31), 46 (August 30, D46), and 62 (September 2, D62), tissue samples of 50 female E. sinensis were collected randomly from each rice field. The results showed that the serum growth hormone (GH) content and muscle ecdysone receptor (EcR) mRNA expression levels were higher in the D31 and D46 groups; the content of serum 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) and the mRNA expression levels of retinoid X receptor (RXR), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), and chitinase (CHI) reached the maximum in the D31 group. Muscle crude protein content gradually increased; hepatopancreas crude protein and crude lipid content began to decrease after reaching the maximum value in the D0 and D15 groups, respectively; the contents of crude protein and crude lipid in the ovary significantly increased in the D46 and D62 groups (P < 0.05). The content of muscle essential amino acids (EAA) reached the maximum in the D46 group; the hepatopancreas EAA content began to decrease significantly in the D31 group (P < 0.05); and the EAA content of the ovary decreased significantly after reaching the maximum value in the D46 group (P < 0.05). The muscle contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) and the ratio of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3/n6) decreased significantly in the D31 group (P < 0.05); the hepatopancreas contents of EPA, PUFA, n-3PUFA, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) and the ratio of n3/n6 began to decrease after reaching the maximum value in the D31 group, ethyl behenate (21:0), tetracosanoic acid (24:0), DPA, and DHA contents were detected for the first time in the D31 group; the ovary PUFA, n-3PUFA contents, and n3/n6 ratio of the D46 and D62 groups were significantly lower than those of the D31 group (P < 0.05). During the experimental conditions described here, female E. sinensis raised in rice fields reached rapid growth from August 15 to August 30. Additionally, the nutritional quality of the female E. sinensis edible tissues (muscle, hepatopancreas, and ovary) began to decline after August 15, when sufficient nutrients such as protein, lipid, EAA, and PUFA should be provided to the female E. sinensis.

Complete chloroplast genome data for Mimosa diplotricha and Mimosa diplotricha var. inermis from China.

Mimosa diplotricha (Fabaceae) and Mimosa diplotricha var. inermis are invasive taxa introduced in the Chinese mainland in the 19th century. M. diplotricha has been listed in the list of highly invasive species in China, which has seriously endangered the growth and reproduction of local species. As a poisonous plant, M. diplotricha var. inermis, a variant of M. diplotricha, will also endanger the safety of animals. We report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of M. diplotricha and M. diplotricha var. inermis. The chloroplast genome of M. diplotricha is 164,450 bp long and the chloroplast genome of M. diplotricha var. inermis is 164,445 bp long. Both M. diplotricha and M. diplotricha var. inermis contain a large single-copy region (LSC) of 89,807 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,728 bp. The overall GC content of the two species is both 37.45%. A total of 84 genes were annotated in the two species, namely 54 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNA genes, and one rRNA gene. The phylogenetic tree based on the chloroplast genome of 22 related species showed that Mimosa diplotricha var. inermis is most closely related to M. diplotricha, while the latter clade is sister to Mimosa pudica, Parkia javanica, Faidherbia albida, and Acacia puncticulata. Our data provide a theoretical basis for the molecular identification, genetic relationships, and invasion risk monitoring of M. diplotricha and M. diplotricha var. inermis.

Predicting the distribution of plant associations under climate change: A case study on Larix gmelinii in China.

Association is the basic unit of plant community classification. Exploring the distribution of plant associations can help improve our understanding of biodiversity conservation. Different associations depend on different habitats and studying the association level is important for ecological restoration, regional ecological protection, regulating the ecological balance, and maintaining biodiversity. However, previous studies have only focused on suitable distribution areas for species and not on the distribution of plant associations. Larix gmelinii is a sensitive and abundant species that occurs along the southern margin of the Eurasian boreal forests, and its distribution is closely related to permafrost. In this study, 420 original plots of L. gmelinii forests were investigated. We used a Maxent model and the ArcGIS software to project the potential geographical distribution of L. gmelinii associations in the future (by 2050 and 2070) according to the climate scenarios RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5. We used the multi-classification logistic regression analysis method to obtain the response of the suitable area change for the L. gmelinii alliance and associations to climate change under different climate scenarios. Results revealed that temperature is the most crucial factor affecting the distribution of L. gmelinii forests and most of its associations under different climate scenarios. Suitable areas for each association type are shrinking by varying degrees, especially due to habitat loss at high altitudes in special terrains. Different L. gmelinii associations should have different management measures based on the site conditions, composition structure, growth, development, and renewal succession trends. Subsequent research should consider data on biological factors to obtain more accurate prediction results.

Double-Sided Wearable Multifunctional Sensing System with Anti-interference Design for Human-Ambience Interface.

Multifunctional sensing systems play important roles in a variety of applications, incluing health surveillance, intelligent prothetics, human-machine/ambinece interfaces, and many others. The richness of the signal and the decoupling among multiple parameters are essential for simultaneous, multimodal measurements. However, current multifunctional sensing fails to decouple interferences from various signals. Here, we propose a double-sided wearable system that both enables multifunctional sensing and avoids the interferences among multiple parameters. Specifically, the sensitivities of system modules to strain are controlled through customizing the pattern and morphology of sensing electrodes as well as the modification of active materials. Compensation of temperature drift and selection of sensing mechanisms ensure the thermal stability of the system. The encapsulation of modules resists the interferences of proximity, normal pressure, and gas molecules at the same time. A double-sided partition layout with serpentine interconnections reduces the effect of motion artifacts and ensures simultaneous operation of electrochemical-sensing modules. Cooperation among decoupled modules acts as the bridge between the perception of ambience changes and the timely feedback of the human body. In addition, to sense the signal at the interface, modules for energy harvesting and storage are also integrated into the system to broaden its application scenarios.

The immuneoreaction and antioxidant status of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) involve protein metabolism and the response of mTOR signaling pathway to dietary methionine levels.

To study the effects of dietary methionine on growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, protein metabolism, inflammatory response and apoptosis factors in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis). Five diets with different methionine levels (0.63%, 0.85%, 1.06%, 1.25% and 1.47%) were fed to E. sinensis for 8 weeks. Results showed that in the 1.25% Met group, both growth performance and feed utilization were significantly increased. The crude protein content of crab muscle in the 1.06% and 1.25% Met groups was significantly higher than that in the control group. The immune and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as gene expression levels of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 1 (ALF1), Crustin-1, prophenoloxidase (proPO), cap 'n' collar isoform C (CncC) in 1.25% Met group were significantly higher than other groups. The activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and glutamate transaminase (GPT) in serum decreased first and then increased with the increase of methionine content, while the changes of ADA and GPT in hepatopancreas increased first and then decreased. 1.25% Met group exhibited significantly increased levels of GOT, GPT, and ADA compared to the control group. 1.25% Met diet group significantly up-regulated protein synthesis and anti-apoptotic factors, and significantly down-regulated inflammatory and pro-apoptotic factors in hepatopancreas. At 1.25% in the diet, methionine was found to boost E. sinensis growth, muscle protein deposition and immunity, as well as its antioxidant capacity. Combined with the above results, based on the expression of factors involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, it is proved that methionine can not only promote protein metabolism, improve feed utilization, but also alleviate the inflammatory response and apoptosis caused by oxidative stress in the body.

Development of novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for Picea brachytyla.

BACKGROUND: Picea brachytyla is a unique tree species in China. Due to being extensively exploited in the past, it is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List. It is mainly distributed across the Hengduan and Daba-Qinglin mountains and has been found in other areas including Sichuan Province and Qinghai Province, China. Microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are widely used in correlational studies of genetic protection. Few markers have been developed for P. brachytyla because of the small number of trees and scholarly resources available for study. METHODS AND RESULTS: The genomic DNA of P. brachytyla was sequenced using the DNBSEQ platform, and unigenes were obtained after assembly and deredundancy. Of the 100 primer pairs screened, we isolated 10 useful microsatellite loci from P. brachytyla genes. The observed and expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.173 (P24) to 0.788 (P79; mean 0.469) and 0.199 (P87) to 0.911 (P79; mean 0.700), respectively. Polymorphism-information content (PIC) ranged from 0.190 (P84) to 0.904 (P79; mean 0.666). Only P84 and P72 were in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05) in the different P. brachytyla populations. All the levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) were high for the 10 SSR loci indicating that there were no autocorrelations among the 10 SSR loci. CONCLUSIONS: The novel polymorphic microsatellite markers showed high polymorphism for P. brachytyla. These polymorphic microsatellites can provide a basis for future conservation and genetic research on this rare plant species.

Using Consensus Land Cover Data to Model Global Invasive Tree Species Distributions.

Invasive tree species threaten ecosystems, natural resources, and managed land worldwide. Land cover has been widely used as an environmental variable for predicting global invasive tree species distributions. Recent studies have shown that consensus land cover data can be an effective tool for species distribution modelling. In this paper, consensus land cover data were used as prediction variables to predict the distribution of the 11 most aggressive invasive tree species globally. We found that consensus land cover data could indeed contribute to modelling the distribution of invasive tree species. According to the contribution rate of land cover to the distribution of invasive tree species, we inferred that the cover classes of open water and evergreen broadleaf trees have strong explanatory power regarding the distribution of invasive tree species. Under consensus land cover changes, invasive tree species were mainly distributed near equatorial, tropical, and subtropical areas. In order to limit the damage caused by invasive tree species to global biodiversity, human life, safety, and the economy, strong measures must be implemented to prevent the further expansion of invasive tree species. We suggest the use of consensus land cover data to model global invasive tree species distributions, as this approach has strong potential to enhance the performance of species distribution modelling. Our study provides new insights into the risk assessment and management of invasive tree species globally.

Characterization of the metabolites of trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside in monkeys and dogs.

In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC/MSn) method was established to characterize the metabolites of TRG in monkeys and dogs. A total of seven metabolites of TRG besides the prototype were found, which were identified as TR (M1), TRN (M2), trans-resveratrol-4'-O-glucuronide (M2'), trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside-4'-O-glucuronide (M3), trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside-5-O-glucuronide (M3'), trans-resveratrol-3-sulfate (M4) and trans-resveratrol-4'-sulfate (M4'). Additionally, the metabolic pathways of TRG in monkeys and dogs were proposed. There were also species differences of metabolism of TRG between monkeys and dogs.