Gender differences in osteoporotic hip fractures in Sarawak General Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture pose a major public health problem in our ageing population, and particularly concerning is the increased morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporotic hip fractures. While overall diagnosis and treatment for osteoporosis have improved, osteoporosis in men remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. We aim to describe the difference in clinical characteristics between elderly men and women with osteoporotic hip fractures in Sarawak General Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients diagnosed with osteoporotic hip fracture admitted to Sarawak General Hospital from June 2019 to March 2021 were recruited, and demographic data and clinical features were obtained. RESULTS: There were 140 patients with osteoporotic hip fracture, and 40 were men (28.6%). The mean age for males was 74.1 ± 9.5 years, while the mean age for females was 77.4 ± 9.1 years (p=0.06). The types of fracture consisted of neck of femur=78, intertrochanteric=61 and subtrochanteric=1. More men were active smokers (15% vs 1%, p<0.001). There were 20 men with secondary osteoporosis (50%), while 13 women (13%) had secondary osteoporosis (p<0.001). The causes of secondary osteoporosis among the men were hypogonadism, COPD, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, renal disease, androgen deprivation therapy, thyroid disorder, prostate cancer and previous gastrectomy. There were two deaths among the men and four deaths among the women during the inpatient and 3 months follow-up period. There was no statistical significance between the mortality rates between male patients (5%) and female patients (4%) (p=0.55). CONCLUSION: There were more females with osteoporotic hip fractures, and there were significantly more males with secondary osteoporotic hip fractures.

GSDME Is Related to Prognosis and Response to Chemotherapy in Oral Cancer.

Gasdermin E (GSDME), as the major executive protein of pyroptosis, has been considered to be linked to antitumor immunity in recent years. However, the role of GSDME in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains to be elucidated. Here, by using a human OSCC tissue microarray, human OSCC tissue, and Tgfbr1/Pten conditional knockout mice, we found that GSDME was strongly expressed in OSCC and that GSDME expression in primary tumors was higher than that in metastatic lymph nodes. In addition, GSDME expression in OSCC was positively related to better prognosis. Moreover, GSDME-mediated pyroptosis occurred upon stimulation with chemotherapy drugs, and functional knockdown of GSDME attenuated the cisplatin-induced antitumor effect. Consistent with these results, bioinformatic analysis indicated that GSDME expression was positively correlated with the sensitivity of a number of antitumor drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Inhibition of GSDME expression by small interfering RNA in SCC7 cells significantly increased the expression of the cancer stem cell markers, CD44 and ALDH1. Furthermore, multiplexed immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry indicated that the expression of GSDME positively correlated with tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, granzyme B, and M1 phenotype macrophages. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that GSDME is a potential positive prognostic factor of OSCC, and GSDME-mediated pyroptosis induced by chemotherapy plays a role in antitumor response.

[Efficacy observation of long-segment pedicle screw reduction and internal fixation combined with kyphoplasty in the treatment of stage â ¢ reducible Kummell disease].

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of long-segment pedicle screw reduction and internal fixation combined with kyphoplasty in the treatment of stage Ⅲ reducible Kummell disease. Methods: The clinical data of 32 patients with stage Ⅲ reducible Kummell disease treated at the Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine from January 2012 to March 2017 were analyzed retrospectively.There were 7 males and 25 females,aged (71.8±6.7)years(range:61 to 86 years).The injured segment was T10 in 1 patient,T11 in 8 patients,T12 in 13 patients,L1 in 7 patients,L2 in 2 patients and L3 in 1 patient.Preoperative American spinal injury association(ASIA) classification of patients all showed grade D.Bone mineral density (BMD),spinal X-ray,CT and MRI were examined before operation.All patients were treated with postural reduction, long-segment pedicle screw reduction and internal fixation combined with kyphoplasty.The operation time,intraoperative blood loss,length of stay and postoperative complications were recorded.The visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI) as well as the BMD of hip were collected before and after operation.The Cobb angle of involved segment kyphosis and the height of anterior edge of diseased vertebrae were measured before operation,3 days and 12 months after operation.CT-related parameters were measured before and 3 days after operation,including sagittal anterior and posterior diameter of spinal canal,cross-sectional anterior and posterior diameter of spinal canal and cross-sectional spinal canal area.Paired sample t test and repeated measures were used to compare the data before and after operation. Results: All patients received the operation successfully.The operation time was (131.3±16.9) minutes (range:95 to 180 minutes),the blood loss was (82.5±27.1) ml (range:50 to 150 ml),and the length of stay was (8.3±2.4) days (range:5 to 14 days).All patients were followed up for more than 12 months.The VAS decreased gradually at 3 days,3 months,6 months and 12 months after operation,and the differences were statistically significant compared with the VAS before surgery (all P<0.01).ODI at 3,6 and 12 months after surgery was significantly improved compared with that before surgery(All P<0.01).The CT-related parameters at 3 days after operation were significantly higher than those before operation (All P<0.05).At 12 months after surgery,the Cobb angle decreased from (35.2±7.6) ° preoperatively to (4.3±1.7) ° (t=22.630,P<0.01),the height of anterior edge of diseased vertebrae increased from (4.3±1.0) mm preoperatively to (16.9±2.5) mm(t=-25.845,P<0.01),the bone mineral density of hip increased from -(2.2±0.6) preoperatively to -(2.8±0.6)(t=-0.040,P<0.01).Up to the last follow-up,2 patients had distal pedicle screw loosening, 1 patient had proximal junctional kyphosis,and there was no new vertebral fracture. Conclusions: Based on postural reduction,long-segment pedicle screw reduction and internal fixation combined with kyphoplasty is a safe and effective treatment method for stage Ⅲ reducible Kummell disease,which can reconstruct the stability of the diseased vertebrae.Postoperative standard anti-osteoporosis treatment is the basis to ensure the efficacy.

Novel double injection technique for sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer.

The development of new lymphatic tracers and the advancement of hybrid tracers, such as indocyanine green (ICG)-Nanocoll (GE Healthcare), represent an exciting step in the future of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). These tracers aim to improve our ability to detect sentinel lymph nodes by enhancing their localisation. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of a novel dual tracer, double injection technique of ICG-'cold'-Nanocoll and radiolabelled Nanocoll, in SLNB for early-stage oral cancer. A double injection technique was performed first using 99mTc-Nancoll prior to sentinel node imaging followed by ICG-'cold'-Nanocoll injection in theatre. Analysis involved examination of the number, labelling, and location of the nodes harvested, sentinel node status, survival analysis, false negative rate, and complications associated with use of the technique. ICG 'cold' Nanocoll results showed concordance of fluorescence and radioactivity detection in 74 nodes in 24 patients. Most importantly, all nodes found positive for metastasis (6 nodes) were discovered to be both 'hot' and fluorescent; 74 nodes removed were both 'hot' and fluorescent, eight fluorescent only and six 'hot' only. Our results indicate that two sets of tracer injections given at two different time points will flow to the same sentinel nodes. This double labelling increased our confidence that the retrieved node was a sentinel node.

[Development and validation of risk behavior scale for in-home unintentional injury in urban children aged 0-6 years in China].

Objective: To develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of risk behavior scale for in-home unintentional injury in urban children aged 0-6 years in China. Methods: Through literature review, expert consultation and pre-survey, the final scale was determined with 10 dimensions and 54 items. A total of 1 104 children aged 0-6 years were randomly selected by using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling in the urban area of Changsha and their guardians were invited to participate in this questionnaire survey. The information about the basic characteristics, incidence of unintentional injury and risk behaviors of the children were collected. Cronbach's α coefficient and split-half reliability were used to evaluate the reliability of the scale. Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient and factor analysis were used to evaluate the content validity and structural validity of the scale respectively. The children were divided into two groups according to the incidence of unintentional injury, and t-test was used to analyze the discriminant validity of the scale. Results: The children risk behavior scale had 54 items in 10 dimensions. A total of 1 094 valid questionnaires were returned and the effective response rate was 99.09%. The incidence of unintentional injury in the children was 18.65% (204/1 104). The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.94, and the split-half reliability was 0.87. The Pearson correlation coefficients between each dimension and the total scale were 0.50-0.84 (all P<0.001). A total of 11 common factors were extracted from the total scale, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 56.52%. The average factor load of 54 items was more than 0.30. The fitting indexes of the scale were 0.06 for root mean square error of approximation, 0.78 for comparative fit index, 0.79 for goodness-of-fit index, and 0.77 for adjusted goodness-of-fit index. The children with injuries had higher scores than those without injuries, the difference was significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: The scale developed has good reliability and validity on assessing the risk behaviors of unintentional injury in urban children in China.

Reusable surface amplified nanobiosensor for the sub PFU/mL level detection of airborne virus.

We developed a reusable surface-amplified nanobiosensor for monitoring airborne viruses with a sub-PFU/mL level detection limit. Here, sandwich structures consisted of magnetic particles functionalized with antibodies, target viruses, and alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) were formed, and they were magnetically concentrated on Ni patterns near an electrochemical sensor transducer. Then, the electrical signals from electrochemical markers generated by ALPs were measured with the sensor transducer, enabling highly-sensitive virus detection. The sandwich structures in the used sensor chip could be removed by applying an external magnetic field, and we could reuse the sensor transducer chip. As a proof of concepts, the repeated detection of airborne influenza virus using a single sensor chip was demonstrated with a detection limit down to a sub-PFU/mL level. Using a single reusable sensor transducer chip, the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A (H1N1) virus with different concentrations were measured down to 10 aM level. Importantly, our sensor chip exhibited reliable sensing signals even after more than 18 times of the repeated HA sensing measurements. Furthermore, airborne influenza viruses collected from the air could be measured down to 0.01 PFU/mL level. Interestingly, the detailed quantitative analysis of the measurement results revealed the degradation of HA proteins on the viruses after the air exposure. Considering the ultrasensitivity and reusability of our sensors, it can provide a powerful tool to help preventing epidemics by airborne pathogens in the future.

Development and preliminary test of a space-resolved vacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy in EAST.

The impurity radiation from the divertor region of the EAST tokamak is dominantly in the wavelength range of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) due to the elevated edge electron temperature. A space-resolved VUV spectroscopy is developed to measure impurity radiation in the divertor region. An eagle-type VUV spectrometer with a focal length of 1 m is adopted in this system, equipped with a spherical grating and a charged-coupled device (CCD) detector. The performance of the VUV spectrometer is preliminarily tested on a synchrotron radiation facility. The wavelength calibration is conducted near 65 nm. It is found that the wavelength range observed by the CCD detector is about 11.07 nm around the central wavelength of about 65 nm. With a linear dispersion of 0.0053 nm/pixel, it is possible to measure the ion temperature lower than 20 eV at the edge region by analyzing the Doppler broadening of a carbon line. These test results show that the performance of the VUV spectrometer is capable of measuring divertor radiation and analyzing the ion temperature of edge impurity ions.

[Hepatic echinococcus granulosus: a clinicopathological analysis of thirteen cases].

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics of hepatic echinococcus granulosus (HEG). Methods: Thirteen cases of HEG were collected from Linzhi People's Hospital between January 2017 to October 2020, and their clinicopathologic features, ultrasound classification, immunophenotype and histochemical data were analyzed, retrospectively and the relevant literature was reviewed. Results: Thirteen patients (5 male patients, 8 female patients) were included in this cohort, and the mean age was 40 years. The most common clinical presentation was mild abdominal distention and pain (9/13). Based on WHO-IWGE ultrasound standardized classification, these cases were classified into 5 types, including type CL (1 case), type CE1 (2 cases), type CE2 (4 cases), type CE3 (3 cases) and type CE4 (3 cases). Gross examination revealed a solitary cyst localized in the liver, varying from 2.7 to 13.5 cm in diameter, and most of them(10/13)were more than 10 cm. Histopathologically, these cysts possessed a thin inner germinal layer and outer adventitial layer, and a central cavity filled with a clear"hydatid"fluid. The germinal layer was continuous and generated brood capsules and protoscoleces. The laminated membranes were clearly demonstrated by elastic fiber and Gomori's stains. Inside the"mother"cyst, there were a varying number of"daughter"vesicles of variable sizes. The inflammatory reaction around the cyst consisted of eosinophils, mononuclear cells immediately next to the cyst layer and sometimes formed granuloma and giant cells resembling the Langhan's type giant cells. The lymphoid cells were positive for CD20 and CD3. The CD68 immunohistochemistry clearly demonstrated epithelioid cells of granuloma in two cases. Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed plasma cells were locally positive for CD38, IgG and IgG4, but not meeting the criteria for IgG4 related lesion. Conclusions: Hepatic echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic parasitic disease prevalent in pastoral areas such as Tibet. It is important to understand its clinical features, ultrasound characteristics and histological morphology.

Unilateral axillary adenopathy following COVID-19 vaccination: a multimodality pictorial illustration and review of current guidelines.

We present a multimodality pictorial review of axillary lymphadenopathy in patients recently vaccinated against COVID-19. As the mass vaccination programme continues to be rolled out worldwide in an effort to combat the pandemic, it is important that radiologists consider recent COVID-19 vaccination in the differential diagnosis of unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy and are aware of typical appearances across all imaging methods. We review current guidelines on the management of unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy in the context of recent COVID-19 vaccination.

A questionnaire survey on patients' willingness to pay with reference to the waiting time of public in-vitro fertilization treatment in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patients' willingness to pay (WTP) with reference to the waiting time of public in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment in order to improve the public IVF service in Hong Kong. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective multi-centred questionnaire survey. Infertile women attending infertility clinics of nine public hospitals in Hong Kong between October 2017 and August 2018 were asked to complete a questionnaire in their first clinic visit. RESULTS: Out of 1092 respondents, 10.4 % had private IVF cycles prior to their first visit at public hospitals. In general, patients were willing to pay more for a shorter waiting time for public IVF service. The proportion of respondents who were willing to pay more than HK$10,000 (US$1282) for one IVF cycle increased from 54.6% to 80.7% if the waiting time for public IVF service were hypothetically shortened from four years to one year. Likewise, 22.5 % versus 45.5 % were willing to pay more than HK$ 25,000 (US$3205) with a waiting time of four versus one year respectively. Assuming the cost per IVF cycle was HK$ 25,000 (US$3205), 23.4 % of respondents could afford one IVF cycle, 40.0 % of them could afford two IVF cycles and 31.5 % could afford three IVF cycles. A multivariate regression model demonstrated that only family income and presence of existing child(ren) were significant independent determinants of the maximum amount that an individual was willing to pay for IVF (p < 0.05). Those with family monthly income below HK$100,000 ($12,820) were less than half as likely, and those without existing child(ren) were more than double as likely, to be willing to pay higher for IVF. CONCLUSION: Patients were willing to pay more for a shorter waiting time for public IVF service. Those with family income below HK$100,000 (US$ 12,820) were less than half as likely, and those without existing children were more than double as likely, to be willing to pay higher for IVF.

Cross-Kingdom Cell-to-Cell Interactions in Cariogenic Biofilm Initiation.

Candida albicans is known to form polymicrobial biofilms with various Streptococcus spp., including mitis and mutans group streptococci. Streptococcus gordonii (mitis group) has been shown to bind avidly to C. albicans hyphae via direct cell-to-cell interaction, while the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans (mutans group) interacts with the fungal cells via extracellular glucans. However, the biophysical properties of these cross-kingdom interactions at the single-cell level during the early stage of biofilm formation remain understudied. Here, we examined the binding forces between S. mutans (or S. gordonii) and C. albicans in the presence and absence of in situ glucans on the fungal surface using single-cell atomic force microscopy and their influence on biofilm initiation and subsequent development under cariogenic conditions. The data show that S. gordonii binding force to the C. albicans surface is significantly higher than that ofS. mutans to the fungal surface (~2-fold). However, S. mutans binding forces are dramatically enhanced when the C. albicans cell surface is locally coated with extracellular glucans (~6-fold vs. uncoated C. albicans), which vastly exceeds the forces between S. gordonii andC. albicans. The enhanced binding affinity of S. mutans to glucan-coated C. albicans resulted in a larger structure during early biofilm initiation compared to S. gordonii-C. albicans biofilms. Ultimately, this resulted in S. mutans dominance composition in the 3-species biofilm model under cariogenic conditions. This study provides a novel biophysical aspect of Candida-streptococcal interaction whereby extracellular glucans may selectively favor S. mutans binding interactions with C. albicans during cariogenic biofilm development.

Paediatric Molecular Radiotherapy: Challenges and Opportunities.

The common contemporary indications for paediatric molecular radiotherapy (pMRT) are differentiated thyroid cancer and neuroblastoma. It may also have value in neuroendocrine cancers, and it is being investigated in clinical trials for other diseases. pMRT is the prototypical biomarker-driven, precision therapy, with a unique mode of delivery and mechanism of action. It is safe and well tolerated, compared with other treatments. However, its full potential has not yet been achieved, and its wider use faces a number of challenges and obstacles. Paradoxically, the success of radioactive iodine as a curative treatment for metastatic thyroid cancer has led to a 'one size fits all' approach and limited academic enquiry into optimisation of the conventional treatment regimen, until very recently. Second, the specialised requirements for the delivery of pMRT are available in only a very limited number of centres. This limited capacity and geographical coverage results in reduced accessibility. With few enthusiastic advocates for this treatment modality, investment in research to improve treatments and broaden indications from both industry and national and charitable research funders has historically been suboptimal. Nonetheless, there is now an increasing interest in the opportunities offered by pMRT. Increased research funding has been allocated, and technical developments that will permit innovative approaches in pMRT are available for exploration. A new portfolio of clinical trials is being assembled. These studies should help to move at least some paediatric treatments from simply palliative use into potentially curative protocols. Therapeutic strategies require modification and optimisation to achieve this. The delivery should be personalised and tailored appropriately, with a comprehensive evaluation of tumour and organ-at-risk dosimetry, in alignment with the external beam model of radiotherapy. This article gives an overview of the current status of pMRT, indicating the barriers to progress and identifying ways in which these may be overcome.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase confers transgenic tobacco with elevated tolerance to salt stress.

Polyamines play an important role in stress response. In the pathway of polyamines synthesis, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) is one of the key enzymes. In this study, a full length cDNA of SAMDC (AhSAMDC) was isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Phylogenetic analysis revealed high sequence similarity between AhSAMDC and SAMDC from other plants. In peanut seedlings exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl), the transcript level of AhSAMDC in roots was the highest at 24 h that decreased sharply at 72 and 96 h after 150 mM NaCl treatment. However, the expression of AhSAMDC in peanut leaves was significantly inhibited, and the transcript levels in leaves were not different compared with control These results implied the tissue-specific and time-specific expression of AhSAMDC. The physiological effects and functional mechanism of AhSAMDC were further evaluated by overexpressing AhSAMDC in tobaccos. The transgenic tobacco lines exhibited higher germination rate and longer root length under salt stress. Reduced membrane damage, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and higher proline content were also observed in the transgenic tobacco seedlings. What's more, AhSAMDC also led to higher contents of spermidine and spermine, which can help to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Together, this study suggests that AhSAMDC enhances plant resistance to salt stress by improving polyamine content and alleviating membrane damage.

Distributions of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone in 2020 thyroid disease-free adults from areas with different iodine levels: a cross-sectional survey in China.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to describe the distributions of serum thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in thyroid disease-free adults from areas with different iodine levels in China. Meanwhile, we aimed to evaluate the influence of age and gender on the distribution of TSH, assess the relationship between concentrations of TSH and free thyroxine (FT4), and analyze the factors that may affect TSH levels. METHODS: 2020 adults were included from April 2016 to June 2019. Urinary iodine concentration, serum iodine concentration, serum TSH, FT4, free triiodothyronine, thyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyroglobulin antibodies were measured, and thyroid ultrasonography was performed. RESULTS: The median of TSH in iodine-fortification areas (IFA), iodine-adequate areas (IAA), iodine-excessive areas (IEA) were 2.32, 2.11 and 2.34 mIU/L, respectively. Serum TSH concentrations were significantly higher in IFA and IEA than that in IAA (p = 0.005 and < 0.0001). The TSH values of most adults were distributed within the range of 1.01-3.00 mIU/L with the same trend in three groups. In our study, TSH levels did not change with age, and the TSH level of females was higher than that of males (p < 0.0001). There was a negative correlation between FT4 and TSH in IAA (r = - 0.160, p < 0.0001) and IEA (r = - 0.177, p < 0.0001), but there was no correlation between FT4 and TSH in IFA (r = - 0.046, p = 0.370). BMI, smoking status, education levels, and marital status were associated with TSH. CONCLUSION: Our study provides a basis for establishing the reference intervals of TSH in different iodine level areas.

Prevalence and risk factors of dual sensory impairment among community-dwelling older adults in Selangor: A secondary data analysis.

The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of dual sensory impairment, and to identify its risk factors among community-dwelling older adults in Selangor. METHODS: Secondary analysis was carried out on data collected by the Grand Challenge Project among older adults aged ≥65 years from Selangor. Data on sociodemographic information, medical history, cognitive function and functional performance were obtained through face-to-face interviews using standardized questionnaires. Visual acuity was measured using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart while hearing was assessed using pure-tone audiometry. Descriptive analysis was used to measure the prevalence of the impairments, and logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of dual sensory impairment and hearing impairment were at 10.5% and 76.2% respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that participants with lower cognitive scores were associated with dual sensory impairment (odds ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-0.98), while smoking was found associated with hearing impairment (odds ratio, 6.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-28.65). CONCLUSION: Dual sensory impairment is common among older adults in Selangor. The association between dual sensory impairment and cognitive function suggests the need to have visual and hearing screening on older adults for early detection particularly those at risk of cognitive impairment. The prevalence of hearing impairment was reported high among older adults and smokers appeared to be at higher risk of the impairment. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 911-916.

[A combined method of proximalization of the patella tendon and double boundle reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament with adductor magnus tendon autograft for the treatment of habitual dislocation of patella in adolescent].

Objective: To present the technique and clinic effect of the combined method of proximalization of the patella and double boundle reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) with adductor magnus tendon autograft for the treatment of habitual dislocation of patella (HDP) in adolescent. Methods: From August 2016 to August 2018, a total of 33 consecutive skeletally immature adolescent patients (37 knees) with HDP were surgically treated in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital and were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, 10 patients (12 knees) with severe quadriceps contracture underwent the index comprehensive procedure. There were 4 males and 6 females with a mean age of (12.1±1.4) years (10 to 14 years old) at the operation. Before surgery and at the final follow-up, subjective symptoms were scored by Lysholm knee score, physical examination and radiological assessment were performed. Results: of patellar tracking were assessed by congruence angle and lateral patellofemoral angle. Results Patients were followed up for an average period of 23 months (12-36 months). No infection, patella redislocation were observed in all cases. Lysholm scores improved from 77±9 before surgery to 96±6 at the final follow-up (t= -23.155, P<0.05). There was a statistically significant improvement in the congruence angle, from 72.4°±17.2° preoperatively to -7.5°±4.8° at the final follow-up (t=21.392, P<0.01) and in the lateral patellofemoral angle, from -64.6°±9.4° preoperatively to 6.5°±3.7° at the final follow-up (t=-22.874,P<0.01). Conclusion: In this short term study, the novel comprehensive procedure, including proximalization of the patella and double boundle reconstruction of MPFL with adductor magnus tendon autograft, treats HDP effectively in skeletally immature adolescent patients with severe quadriceps contracture.

[Association between socioeconomic status and overweight/obesity in Yi people, Sichuan province].

Objective: To explore the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and overweight/obesity in Yi people in Sichuan province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in 2015. Stratified cluster sampling method was used to enroll Yi farmers and rural-to-urban Yi migrants aged 20-80 years. SES was measured by education level, personal annual income, and compound SES index. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to determine the association between SES and overweight/obesity (BMI≥24.0 kg/m(2)). Results: 1 894 Yi farmers and 1 162 rural-to urban migrants were included in the analysis. After adjustment for age, smoking, drinking and physical activity, compared with illiteracy, OR for farmer males with higher education level (primary or junior school, senior high school or higher) were 1.71 (95%CI: 1.13-2.58) and 4.15 (95%CI: 2.10-8.22). Compared with lower income group (<5 000 CNY/y), the higher income group had increased risk (OR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.12-2.44). For farmer males with medium and high SES level, the risk of overweight/obesity were 1.65 (95%CI: 1.02-2.67) and 3.26 (95%CI: 1.97-5.42) compared with low level of SES. For farmer females, the risk increased with the higher income, with OR as 1.49 (95%CI: 1.10-2.02). Compared with low SES level, farmer females with medium level of SES was associated with 1.47 (95%CI: 1.11-1.95) times higher risk of overweight/obesity. In Yi migrants, the association between SES and overweight/obesity was not found. Conclusion: Socioeconomic status was positively associated with overweight/obesity only in Yi farmers.