RESUMO
Ants are one of the important groups of venomous animals with about 14,000 described species. Studies so far focused on the discovery of venom proteins are only available for limited stinging ants, and the proteinaceous compositions of the stingless ants are completely unknown. Here, we used the transcriptomic approach to identify venom components from the yellow meadow ant, Lasius flavus, a stingless ant. The transcriptomic analysis yielded an extraordinary simplicity of the venom expression profile, with 17 venom proteins, such as phospholipase B, odorant binding protein, and apolipoprotein D. Ten of them were discovered as novel toxins for future functional investigations. Quantitative real time PCR analysis revealed that genes encoding the identified venom proteins display exclusively or highly expression profiles in venom glands, validating them as venom compositions. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the evolutional diversity of toxins between stinging and stingless ants.
Assuntos
Venenos de Formiga , Formigas , Animais , Formigas/genética , Peptídeos/química , Peçonhas/metabolismo , Pradaria , Proteínas/metabolismo , Venenos de Formiga/químicaRESUMO
Corn-straw biochar (BC500 and BC900) and KOH modified biochar (BAC) were used as the electrode materials of bioelectrochemical system (BES). Compared to carbon felt (CF) electrodes BES, the maximum power density of BC500, BC900 and BAC anodes BES increased by 10.7%, 56.0% and 92.0%, and that of BC500, BC900 and BAC cathodes BES increased by 3.1, 5.2 and 4.8 times, respectively. The CF electrodes BES was optimized to decolor the AO7 simulated wastewater and 97% of AO7 was quickly degraded within 2h. When using biochar anodes, the decoloration rates were enhanced. The apparent rate constant (kapp) increased from 2.93h-1 for CF anode BES to 3.58, 4.35 and 5.33h-1 for BC500, BC900 and BAC anode system, respectively. AO7 could also be effectively decolored in biochar cathode systems, which was mainly due to adsorption.
