Amis Pacilo and Yami Cipoho are not the same as the Pacific breadfruit starch crop-Target enrichment phylogenomics of a long-misidentified Artocarpus species sheds light on the northward Austronesian migration from the Philippines to Taiwan.

'Breadfruit' is a common tree species in Taiwan. In the indigenous Austronesian Amis culture of eastern Taiwan, 'breadfruit' is known as Pacilo, and its fruits are consumed as food. On Lanyu (Botel Tobago) where the indigenous Yami people live, 'breadfruit' is called Cipoho and used for constructing houses and plank-boats. Elsewhere in Taiwan, 'breadfruit' is also a common ornamental tree. As an essential component of traditional Yami culture, Cipoho has long been assumed to have been transported from the Batanes Island of the Philippines to Lanyu. As such, it represents a commensal species that potentially can be used to test the hypothesis of the northward Austronesian migration 'into' Taiwan. However, recent phylogenomic studies using target enrichment show that Taiwanese 'breadfruit' might not be the same as the Pacific breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), which was domesticated in Oceania and widely cultivated throughout the tropics. To resolve persistent misidentification of this culturally and economically important tree species of Taiwan, we sampled 36 trees of Taiwanese Artocarpus and used the Moraceae probe set to enrich 529 nuclear genes. Along with 28 archived Artocarpus sequence datasets (representing a dozen taxa from all subgenera), phylogenomic analyses showed that all Taiwanese 'breadfruit' samples, together with a cultivated ornamental tree from Hawaii, form a fully supported clade within the A. treculianus complex, which is composed only of endemic Philippine species. Morphologically, the Taiwanese 'breadfruit' matches the characters of A. treculianus. Within the Taiwanese samples of A. treculianus, Amis samples form a fully supported clade derived from within the paraphyletic grade composed of Yami samples, suggesting a Lanyu origin. Results of our target enrichment phylogenomics are consistent with the scenario that Cipoho was transported northward from the Philippines to Lanyu by Yami ancestors, though the possibility that A. treculianus is native to Lanyu cannot be ruled out completely.

Smithiayehii (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), a new species from Taiwan.

A new species of Smithia Aiton, S.yehii C.M.Wang, Chih Y.Chang & Y.H.Tseng, sp. nov. from the wetlands of Taiwan is reported in this article. This species was mistakenly identified as S.sensitiva Aiton, but can be distinguished by its pale yellow corolla (vs. vivid yellow), often smaller flowers and shorter style. There is also a color gradient on the adaxial surface of the leaflets between young and mature leaves. Surface sculpture of pollen of S.yehii has significantly larger perforations, and muri are wider than those of S.sensitiva. An identification key to the Smithia taxa of Taiwan and S.sensitiva is presented.

Zingiber chengii (Zingiberaceae), a new species from Taiwan.

In this article, we describe a new species, Zingiber chengii Y.H. Tseng, C.M. Wang & Y.C. Lin, discovered on a rock cliff of Youluo riverside in northern Taiwan. This species is easily distinguished from other known congeners by its grass-like leaves, spikes composed of a few sterile bracts, and seeds one-third enveloped by the aril. Color illustrations, line drawings, and a key to species of Zingiber in Taiwan are provided as well as comparative morphology in relation to its allied species, geographical distribution, and conservation status.

Re-emergence of Lilium callosum Sieb. et Zucc. in Taiwan after a fire allows propagation and renews the possibility of conservation.

BACKGROUND: Lilium callosum is native to Taiwan, but little is known about it since it has been considered extinct since 1915. After the rediscovery of this rare species after a fire in 2011 in Tunghsiao Township, intensive work has been conducted to count the number in the wild population, to develop a conservation strategy, and to understand its reproductive characteristics and even economic potential. RESULTS: To conserve the germplasm of this population, three scales from a wild L. callosum plant were collected to establish a mass propagation system. Flowers from two regenerated plants were crossed by hand-pollination, the ovules were rescued and cultured in vitro, and 10 offspring were obtained. The karyotype was determined to be 2n = 2x = 24 = 2m + 2m(sat) + 2sm + 8st + 10t. The phylogenetic analysis using ITS sequences revealed that the sample of L. callosum from Taiwan was not grouped with the other accessions of L. callosum from other regions. The native habitat is classified as grass-dominated vegetation at the early successional stage and a subtropical monsoon-type climate. To clarify the causes of population scarcity in the native environment, reproductive characteristics of regenerated plants were investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the information from this study, it is possible that factors intrinsic to L. callosum could combine to limit pollination and seed formation. The L. callosum pollen only germinated at a temperature that was higher than the native environment, the plants are self-incompatibile, there was a and scarce population, scattered flowering time and dichogamy. Through the culture of these wild harvested parts, the diversity of the germplasm has been broadened and is now available to preserve this rare and valuable species for the future.