Constructing and implementing a performance evaluation indicator set for artificial intelligence decision support systems in pediatric outpatient clinics: an observational study.

Artificial intelligence (AI) decision support systems in pediatric healthcare have a complex application background. As an AI decision support system (AI-DSS) can be costly, once applied, it is crucial to focus on its performance, interpret its success, and then monitor and update it to ensure ongoing success consistently. Therefore, a set of evaluation indicators was explicitly developed for AI-DSS in pediatric healthcare, enabling continuous and systematic performance monitoring. The study unfolded in two stages. The first stage encompassed establishing the evaluation indicator set through a literature review, a focus group interview, and expert consultation using the Delphi method. In the second stage, weight analysis was conducted. Subjective weights were calculated based on expert opinions through analytic hierarchy process, while objective weights were determined using the entropy weight method. Subsequently, subject and object weights were synthesized to form the combined weight. In the two rounds of expert consultation, the authority coefficients were 0.834 and 0.846, Kendall's coordination coefficient was 0.135 in Round 1 and 0.312 in Round 2. The final evaluation indicator set has three first-class indicators, fifteen second-class indicators, and forty-seven third-class indicators. Indicator I-1(Organizational performance) carries the highest weight, followed by Indicator I-2(Societal performance) and Indicator I-3(User experience performance) in the objective and combined weights. Conversely, 'Societal performance' holds the most weight among the subjective weights, followed by 'Organizational performance' and 'User experience performance'. In this study, a comprehensive and specialized set of evaluation indicators for the AI-DSS in the pediatric outpatient clinic was established, and then implemented. Continuous evaluation still requires long-term data collection to optimize the weight proportions of the established indicators.

Comparative survey among paediatricians, nurses and health information technicians on ethics implementation knowledge of and attitude towards social experiments based on medical artificial intelligence at children's hospitals in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Implementing ethics is crucial to prevent harm and promote widespread benefits in social experiments based on medical artificial intelligence (MAI). However, insufficient information is available concerning this within the paediatric healthcare sector. We aimed to conduct a comparative survey among paediatricians, nurses and health information technicians regarding ethics implementation knowledge of and attitude towards MAI social experiments at children's hospitals in Shanghai. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional electronic questionnaire was administered from 1 July 2022 to 31 July 2022, at tertiary children's hospitals in Shanghai. PARTICIPANTS: All the eligible individuals were recruited. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) should be a paediatrician, nurse and health information technician, (2) should have been engaged in or currently participating in social experiments based on MAI, and (3) voluntary participation in the survey. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Ethics implementation knowledge of and attitude to MAI social experiments among paediatricians, nurses and health information technicians. RESULTS: There were 137 paediatricians, 135 nurses and 60 health information technicians who responded to the questionnaire at tertiary children's hospitals. 2.4-9.6% of participants were familiar with ethics implementation knowledge of MAI social experiments. 31.9-86.1% of participants held an 'agree' ethics implementation attitude. Health information technicians accounted for the highest proportion of the participants who were familiar with the knowledge of implementing ethics, and paediatricians or nurses accounted for the highest proportion among those who held 'agree' attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant knowledge gap and variations in attitudes among paediatricians, nurses and health information technicians, which underscore the urgent need for individualised education and training programmes to enhance MAI ethics implementation in paediatric healthcare.

Development, Reliability, and Structural Validity of the Scale for Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Ethics Implementation Among AI Researchers: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Medical artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly contributed to decision support for disease screening, diagnosis, and management. With the growing number of medical AI developments and applications, incorporating ethics is considered essential to avoiding harm and ensuring broad benefits in the lifecycle of medical AI. One of the premises for effectively implementing ethics in Medical AI research necessitates researchers' comprehensive knowledge, enthusiastic attitude, and practical experience. However, there is currently a lack of an available instrument to measure these aspects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive scale for measuring the knowledge, attitude, and practice of ethics implementation among medical AI researchers, and to evaluate its measurement properties. METHODS: The construct of the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice in Ethics Implementation (KAP-EI) scale was based on the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) model, and the evaluation of its measurement properties was in compliance with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) reporting guidelines for studies on measurement instruments. The study was conducted in 2 phases. The first phase involved scale development through a systematic literature review, qualitative interviews, and item analysis based on a cross-sectional survey. The second phase involved evaluation of structural validity and reliability through another cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The KAP-EI scale had 3 dimensions including knowledge (10 items), attitude (6 items), and practice (7 items). The Cronbach α for the whole scale reached .934. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the goodness-of-fit indices of the scale were satisfactory (χ2/df ratio:=2.338, comparative fit index=0.949, Tucker Lewis index=0.941, root-mean-square error of approximation=0.064, and standardized root-mean-square residual=0.052). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the scale has good reliability and structural validity; hence, it could be considered an effective instrument. This is the first instrument developed for this purpose.

Longitudinal predictions between executive function and general and specific psychiatric problems in school-age children.

This study examined the longitudinal associations of various executive function components with subsequent psychiatric problems in Chinese school-age children. Data from 1,639 children (44.36% girls) ages 6-13 years were drawn from the Children School Functions and Brain Development project. Executive function components were assessed by the cancellation test, the Corsi test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Psychiatric problems were determined by parent report. All assessments were administered twice, separated by a 1-year interval. Cross-lagged panel models showed that cognitive flexibility and general psychiatric problems (general p) mutually predicted each other. Worse inhibitory control at baseline significantly predicted more externalizing problems 1 year later, regardless of age, while externalizing problems did not significantly predict inhibitory control 1 year later. Working memory at baseline did not significantly predict internalizing problems and vice versa. These findings demonstrate that better inhibitory control may help to prevent or reduce externalizing problems in Chinese school-age children and that higher cognitive flexibility may help to mitigate general psychiatric problems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Direct costs of community-acquired pneumonia for hospitalized children in Shanghai, China from 2018 to 2020: a cross-sectional analysis.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute respiratory infection with a high clinical and economic burden. Clarifying the burden is important for health policy making. However, there is inadequate data on the economic burden of childhood CAP in China. In this study, the direct disease burden of CAP in children was analyzed using city-level data. Methods: A cross-sectional study of the direct costs of CAP for hospitalized children aged 28 days to 18 years old in Shanghai from January 2018 to December 2020 was performed. Information, including the hospitalization costs from the first page of the children's hospitalized medical records, was obtained. The direct costs included medical services, diagnostics, medications, and medical supplies. The continuous variables with non-normal distributions are expressed as the median (interquartile range). Comparisons between groups were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The enumeration data are expressed as the number (percentage), and comparisons between groups were performed using the χ2 test. Results: A total of 59 hospitals and 63,614 hospitalized CAP patients were included in this study. Significantly fewer patients were discharged in 2020 than 2018 and 2019 (6,662, 27,943, and 29,009, respectively, P<0.001). Among the patients, 27,741 patients (43.6%) were covered by social medical insurance, 13,509 (21.2%) by commercial health insurance, and 22,364 (35.2%) were self-paying. The annual total direct costs for 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 118.553, 140.865, and 40.064 million Chinese Yuan (CNY), respectively. The average direct costs per hospital stay due to pediatric CAP in Shanghai was 4,707.83 CNY in 2018, a sum that accounted for 7.3% and 16.7% of the per capita disposable income in Shanghai and China in 2018, respectively. The total costs of the group aged <1 year were significantly higher than those of the other age groups (6,271.1 vs. 3,244.3~4,610.7 CNY, P<0.001). The total costs of severe cases were significantly higher than those of non-severe cases (5,200.6 vs. 3,170.4 CNY, P<0.001). The median duration of hospital stay was 6.0 days (5.0, 8.0). Conclusions: CAP hospitalization continues to represent a high clinical and economic burden in Shanghai, China. Specialized hospitals, severe cases, and the length of hospital stay were positively correlated with inpatient costs.

Sensation Seeking and Substance use in Chinese Adolescents: Longitudinal Trajectories and Prospective Within-person Associations.

Sensation seeking has been extensively demonstrated as a risk factor for substance use. Potential bidirectional associations between sensation seeking and substance use at the within-person level are incompletely understood. The present study examined longitudinal trajectories of sensation seeking and substance use and bidirectional longitudinal associations between sensation seeking and substance use in Chinese adolescents during a 3-year period over three time points. A total of 10,138 adolescents (59.8%) male; Mage = 16.77, SD = 0.83 at time (1) were surveyed. Sensation seeking and substance use frequency increased concomitantly over time. At the within-person level, sensation seeking and substance use were reciprocally predictable, and there were no evidence of sex difference in longitudinal associations. This study provides unique data concerning the relationship between sensation seeking and substance use in a sample of Chinese adolescents, and highlights the importance of identifying sensation seeking behaviors to prevent substance use.

Depression and Reasoning Ability in Adolescents: Examining the Moderating Role of Growth Mindset.

The present two-year longitudinal study aimed to examine the relationship between depression and reasoning ability in adolescents, and further investigated the modulation effect of growth mindset on this relationship. A total of 1,961 and 1,667 Chinese adolescents participated in the study for the first year (T1) and second year (T2), respectively. The results showed that T1 depression was negatively correlated with T1 growth mindset (r = -0.35, p < 0.001), T1 reasoning (r = -0.30, p < 0.001), and T2 reasoning (r = -0.23, p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that T1 depression and the interaction between T1 depression and T1 growth mindset significantly predicted T1 reasoning (ß = -0.220/-0.044, all ps < 0.05). After controlling for gender, age, family socioeconomic status, and T1 reasoning ability, both T1 depression and the interaction between T1 depression and T1 growth mindset still significantly predicted T2 reasoning (ß = -0.104/ß = 0.054, all ps < 0.05). The simple slope analysis found that the negative correlation between depression and reasoning in the high growth mindset group was weaker than that of the low growth mindset group in both T1 and T2, suggesting that growth mindset plays a significant moderating role in the relationship between depression and reasoning. In conclusion, depression was negatively correlated with reasoning ability in adolescents, in addition, growth mindset moderated the relationship between depression and reasoning.

Developmental Sex Differences in Negative Emotion Decision-Making Dynamics: Computational Evidence and Amygdala-Prefrontal Pathways.

Sex differences in human emotion and related decision-making behaviors are recognized, which can be traced back early in development. However, our understanding of their underlying neurodevelopmental mechanisms remains elusive. Using developmental functional magnetic resonance imaging and computational approach, we investigated developmental sex differences in latent decision-making dynamics during negative emotion processing and related neurocognitive pathways in 243 school-aged children and 78 young adults. Behaviorally, girls exhibit higher response caution and more effective evidence accumulation, whereas boys show more impulsive response to negative facial expression stimuli. These effects parallel sex differences in emotion-related brain maturity linking to evidence accumulation, along with age-related decrease in emotional response in the basolateral amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in girls and an increase in the centromedial amygdala (CMA) in boys. Moreover, girls exhibit age-related decreases in BLA-MPFC coupling linked to evidence accumulation, but boys exhibit increases in CMA-insula coupling associated with response caution. Our findings highlight the neurocomputational accounts for developmental sex differences in emotion and emotion-related behaviors and provide important implications into the neurodevelopmental mechanisms of sex differences in latent emotional decision-making dynamics. This informs the emergence of sex differences in typical and atypical neurodevelopment of children's emotion and related functions.

Reduced Thalamus Volume and Enhanced Thalamus and Fronto-Parietal Network Integration in the Chess Experts.

The ability of chess experts depends to a large extent on spatial visual processing, attention, and working memory, all of which are thought to be mediated by the thalamus. This study explored whether continued practice and rehearsal over a long period of time results in structural changes in the thalamic region. We found smaller gray matter volume regions in the thalami of expert Chinese chess players in comparison with novice players. We then used these regions as seeds for resting-state functional connectivity analysis and observed significantly strengthened integration between the thalamus and fronto-parietal network in expert Chinese chess players. This strengthened integration that includes a group of brain regions showing an increase in activation to external stimulation, particularly during tasks relying on working memory and attention. Our findings demonstrate structural changes in the thalamus caused by a wide range of engagement in chess problem solving, and that this strengthened functional integration with widely distributed circuitry better supports high-level cognitive control of behavior.

Altered resting functional network topology assessed using graph theory in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Notwithstanding an extensive literature about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and brain structure and function, the controversy of ADHD resulting from dysfunction or developmental delay remains unclear. Graph analysis studies have reached consensus about the pattern of increased integration and decreased randomness during childhood and early adulthood. Here, we hypothesized that ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from developmental delay and would show a pattern of decreased integration and increased randomness during childhood and early adulthood compared with typically developing children. To test this hypothesis, publicly available resting-state fMRI data from 102 children with ADHD and 143 typically developing controls (TDC) were compared using graph theoretical analysis. Functional connectivity was estimated using Pearson correlation analysis, and network topology was characterized using small-world (SW) and minimum spanning tree (MST) properties. The mean strength of global connectivity was significantly weaker in those with ADHD and was related to ADHD diagnosis scores. Significant group differences were observed for SW(clustering coefficient, path length, global and local efficiency) and MST (leaf number, kappa and hierarchy) topology. In addition, except for global efficiency, all of these parameters showed significant correlations with ADHD-related disability. The topology of SW and MST showed less integration and more randomness, which confirmed that ADHD is a disorder associated with developmental delay. Moreover, the topology of resting-state functional networks in children with ADHD that show abnormalities was associated with the degree of disability, which can be considered neurological hallmarks of neurodevelopmental disorders and may facilitate the evaluation and monitoring of clinical status in individuals with ADHD.

Entorhinal cortex volume, thickness, surface area and curvature trajectories over the adult lifespan.

The entorhinal cortex (ERC) acts as a connection between the hippocampus and temporal cortex and plays a key role in memory retrieval and navigation. The morphology of this brain region changes with age. However, there are few quantitative magnetic resonance imaging studies of ERC morphology across the healthy adult lifespan. In this study, we quantified ERC volume, thickness, surface area, and curvature in a large number of subjects spanning seven decades of life. Using structural MRI data from 563 healthy subjects ranging from 19 to 86 years of age, we explored the adult lifespan trajectory of ERC volume, thickness, surface and curvature. ERC volume, thickness, and surface area initially increased with age, reaching a peak at about 32 years, 40 years, and 50 years of age, respectively, after which they decreased with age. ERC volume and surface area were hemispherically leftward asymmetric, whereas ERC thickness was hemispherically rightward asymmetric, with no gender differences. The direction of asymmetry differed across the measures. This informs previous inconsistencies in reports of ERC asymmetry. ERC aging began in mid-adulthood. At this stage of life, it may be important to adopt some strategies to reduce the effects of aging on cognition.

Growth Mindset Can Reduce the Adverse Effect of Substance Use on Adolescent Reasoning.

The present study examined the relationship between substance use and reasoning in adolescents, and further investigated the modulation role of growth mindset on this relationship. A total of 1759 adolescents in China with substance use experience were investigated. The results showed that substance use (smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use) was negatively correlated with reasoning (r = -0.24 ∼-0.39, p < 0.01) and growth mindset (r = -0.18 ∼-0.32, p < 0.01). Regression analysis revealed that after controlling for the background variables (i.e., age, family annual income, and parents' educational level), only illicit drug use was the significant predictor of reasoning (ß = -0.325, t = -14.28, p < 0.001). The interaction effect between growth mindset and illicit drug use was also a significant predictor of reasoning (ß = -0.067, t = -2.92, p = 0.004), indicating growth mindset modulated the relationship between illicit drug use and reasoning ability. Further analysis found that the negative correlation between frequency of illicit drug use and reasoning in high growth mindset group was weaker than that of low growth mindset group (F ( 3 , 1733 ) = 332.51, p < 0.001, f 2 = 0.22). This suggests that growth mindset plays a significant moderating role in the relationship between substance use and reasoning. Overall, substance use has adverse effect on adolescent reasoning, however, growth mindset could reduce this adverse effect.

Changes in the development of subcortical structures in autism spectrum disorder.

Many studies have reported abnormalities in the volume of subcortical structures in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and many of these change with age. However, most studies that have investigated subcortical structures were cross-sectional and did not accurately segment the subcortical structures. In this study, we used volBrain, an automatic and reliable quantitative analysis tool, and a longitudinal design to examine developmental changes in the volume of subcortical structures in ASD, and quantified the relation between subcortical volume development and clinical correlates. Nineteen individuals with ASD (16 males; age: 12.53 ± 2.34 years at baseline; interval: 2.33 years) and 14 typically developing controls (TDC; 12 males; age: 13.50 ± 1.77 years at baseline; interval: 2.31 years) underwent T1-weighted MRI at two time points. Bilaterally, hippocampus volume increased from baseline to follow-up in both ASD and TDC, with no difference between groups. Left caudate and right thalamus volume decreased in ASD, but did not change in TDC. The decreases in left caudate and right thalamus volume were related to ASD social score. Right amygdala volume was larger in ASD than in TDC at baseline but not at follow-up. These results confirm previous cross-sectional findings regarding the development of subcortical structures in ASD. The association between developmental changes in left caudate and right thalamus volume and ASD social score offers an explanation for the social deficits in ASD. Results also captured the different abnormality of amygdala volume between childhood and late adolescence.

Disrupted Resting Frontal-Parietal Attention Network Topology Is Associated With a Clinical Measure in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Purpose: Although alterations in resting-state functional connectivity between brain regions have been reported in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the spatial organization of these changes remains largely unknown. Here, we studied frontal-parietal attention network topology in children with ADHD, and related topology to a clinical measure of disease progression. Methods: Resting-state fMRI scans were obtained from New York University Child Study Center, including 119 children with ADHD (male n = 89; female n = 30) and 69 typically developing controls (male n = 33; female n = 36). We characterized frontal-parietal functional networks using standard graph analysis (clustering coefficient and shortest path length) and the construction of a minimum spanning tree, a novel approach that allows a unique and unbiased characterization of brain networks. Results: Clustering coefficient and path length in the frontal-parietal attention network were similar in children with ADHD and typically developing controls; however, diameter was greater and leaf number, tree hierarchy, and kappa were lower in children with ADHD, and were significantly correlated with ADHD symptom score. There were significant alterations in nodal eccentricity in children with ADHD, involving prefrontal and occipital cortex regions, which are compatible with the results of previous ADHD studies. Conclusions: Our results indicate the tendency to deviate from a more centralized organization (star-like topology) towards a more decentralized organization (line-like topology) in the frontal-parietal attention network of children with ADHD. This represents a more random network that is associated with impaired global efficiency and network decentralization. These changes appear to reflect clinically relevant phenomena and hold promise as markers of disease progression.

Teacher Support and Mental Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotions and Resilience.

Teacher support has been shown to enhance adolescent mental health. However, the effects of negative emotions and resilience in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being in adolescents are still unknown. This study investigated (a) the mediating role of negative emotions in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being, (b) the mediating role of resilience in the association between teacher support and mental well-being, (c) the serial mediating role of negative emotions and then resilience in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being, and (d) the parallel mediating role of the five dimensions of resilience and the three factors of negative emotions in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being. Participants were 1228 Chinese adolescents (age, M = 15.43 years; 53.09% male). Participants filled out questionnaires regarding teacher support, negative emotions, resilience, and mental well-being. After controlling for age and gender, we found that teacher support, negative emotions, and resilience were significantly linked with mental well-being. Moreover, negative emotions and resilience were found to mediate the relationship between teacher support and adolescent mental well-being, accounting for 5.45 and 30.00% of the total effect, respectively. We also found that teacher support enhances mental well-being by decreasing negative emotions and then increasing resilience. This serial mediating effect accounted for 8.48% of the total effect. Finally, the mediating effect of resilience between teacher support and mental well-being was significantly greater than the mediating effects of the other two indirect effects (negative emotions in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being, negative emotions and then resilience in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being). And the parallel mediation model showed that teacher support can promote adolescent mental well-being by increasing goal planning, affect control, and help-seeking behavior, and decreasing depression. These findings suggest a process through which negative emotions can decrease resilience and identify the mediating effects of negative emotions (including the three dimensions of negative emotions) and resilience (including the five factors of resilience) in the relationship between teacher support and adolescent mental well-being.

[Relationship between personality, migration experience, subjective health and depression in school adolescents: mediated mediation effect].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between personality in school adolescents, migration experience, subjective health and depression. METHODS: From January to February 2016, this study was surveyed by random sampling used subjective health questionnaire, ten-item personality questionnaire and Beck questionnaire to test 759 adolescents aged 14 to 25 in Wuhu, Lu' an and Maanshan. The personality, migration experience, subjective health and depression were analyzed by correlation analysis and regression analysis. RESULTS: ( 1) Adolescent depression was significantly negatively correlated with extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and subjective health( r =-0. 13, P < 0. 01; r =-0. 15, P < 0. 01; r =-0. 25, P < 0. 01; r =-0. 12, P < 0. 01; r =-0. 14, P < 0. 01), and had a significant positive correlation with neuroticism( r = 0. 23, P < 0. 01). ( 2) Subjective health played a mediating role in extroversion( indirect effect-0. 05, 95% CI-0. 14--0. 02), conscientiousness( indirect effect-0. 05, 95% CI-0. 14--0. 01) and relationship( indirect effect0. 05, 95% CI 0. 01-0. 12) between neuroticism and depression. ( 3) In the extroversion and conscientiousness dimensions, the migration experience regulated the two paths before and after the mediation process [( ß =-0. 17, t =-3. 41, P < 0. 001; ß =-0. 26, t =-4. 57, P < 0. 001), ( ß = 0. 13, t = 2. 65, P < 0. 01; ß =-0. 20, t =-3. 60, P <0. 001) ]. In the neuroticism dimension, the migration experience regulated the direct path and the latter half of the mediation process( ß = 0. 79, t = 12. 68, P < 0. 001; ß =-0. 15, t =-2. 85, P < 0. 001). CONCLUSION: The migration experience weakens the positive predictive effect of extroversion on subjective health, and enhances the positive predictive effect of conscientiousness on subjective health and the positive predictive effect of neuroticism on depression among school adolescents.

Increased ratio of Th17 cells to SIGIRR+CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with SLE is associated with disease activity.

To investigate the clinical significance of the ratio of T helper cell 17 (Th17) cells to single immunoglobulin IL-1-related receptor (SIGIRR)+ cluster of differentiation (CD4)+ T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), novel data and data from previous studies were analyzed. The frequency of Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and their correlation with clinical data were evaluated in 48 patients with SLE and 38 healthy controls through flow cytometry. Compared with healthy controls, the percentage of Th17 cells was significantly increased in the PBMCs of patients with SLE (Z=-5.82, P<0.001). Compared with inactive SLE (ISLE), the percentage of Th17 cells in active SLE (ASLE) were significantly increased (Z=-4.26, P<0.0001). Compared with patients without lupus nephritis, the frequency of Th17 cells was significant increased (Z=-2.20, P=0.028). The frequency of Th17 cells was inversely correlated with the frequency of SIGIRR+CD4+ T cells (r=-0.61, P<0.001). The ratio of Th17 cells to SIGIRR+CD4+ T cells in ASLE was significantly increased compared with healthy controls or patients with ISLE (P<0.001) and was inversely correlated with complement component 3 and complement component 4, and positively correlated with SLE disease activity index and 24-h proteinuria (P<0.05). In summary, increased numbers of Th17 cells and decreased numbers of SIGIRR+CD4+ T cells in patients with SLE suggested that SIGIRR+CD4+ T and Th17 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Rice actin binding protein RMD controls crown root angle in response to external phosphate.

Root angle has a major impact on acquisition of nutrients like phosphate that accumulate in topsoil and in many species; low phosphate induces shallower root growth as an adaptive response. Identifying genes and mechanisms controlling root angle is therefore of paramount importance to plant breeding. Here we show that the actin-binding protein Rice Morphology Determinant (RMD) controls root growth angle by linking actin filaments and gravity-sensing organelles termed statoliths. RMD is upregulated in response to low external phosphate and mutants lacking of RMD have steeper crown root growth angles that are unresponsive to phosphate levels. RMD protein localizes to the surface of statoliths, and rmd mutants exhibit faster gravitropic response owing to more rapid statoliths movement. We conclude that adaptive changes to root angle in response to external phosphate availability are RMD dependent, providing a potential target for breeders.

Factor Structure of the Chinese Version of the Parent Adult-Child Relationship Questionnaire.

The Parent Adult-Child Relationship Questionnaire (PACQ) included two identical versions of the 13-item scale, which were administered to each subject, one which referred to "relationship with mother" and the other to "relationship with father." The PACQ, originally in English, is a self-report measure of the filial relationship. The present study aimed to develop a Chinese version of the PACQ and use it to explore Chinese parent adult-child relationships. A total of 454 Chinese adult-children completed the Chinese version of the PACQ. The structure of the questionnaire was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We found that the Cronbach's α was 0.66-0.88 for fathers and 0.76-0.91 for mothers, which demonstrates high internal consistency reliabilities of the Chinese version of the PACQ. The Chinese version of the PACQ for father had similar constructs similar to with those of the original English version. However, a new factor for mothers, "attachment," was derived from the original English version. The results suggested that the Chinese version of PACQ is a valid and reliable measure of relationship quality between Chinese adult-children and their parents.

Negative Academic Emotion and Psychological Well-being in Chinese Rural-to-Urban Migrant Adolescents: Examining the Moderating Role of Cognitive Reappraisal.

The study aimed to explore the relationship among negative academic emotions (e.g., anxiety, shame, anger, boredom, hopelessness, disappointment, and hatred), psychological well-being (including life vitality, health concern, altruism commitment, self-value, friendly relationship, and personal development), and cognitive reappraisal in rural-to-urban migrant adolescents in China. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the relationship between psychological well-being and negative academic emotions is moderated by cognitive reappraisal. A total of 311 migrant adolescents aged 14-20 years were selected, including 132 boys and 179 girls. Results of a regression analysis showed that cognitive reappraisal (positive) and negative academic emotions were significant predictors of psychological well-being. The interaction effect between cognitive reappraisal and negative academic emotion was also a significant predictor of psychological well-being. In the simple slope analysis the group with a below average cognitive reappraisal score the negative academic emotions were associated with lower psychological well-being, whereas in the group with above average cognitive reappraisal the effect of negative academic emotions on psychological well-being was not significant. However, for those with a cognitive reappraisal score of 1 standard deviation above the average, the effect of negative academic emotions on psychological well-being was not significant. These results suggest that cognitive reappraisal was a significant moderator in the relationship between negative academic emotion and psychological well-being.