Diagnostic Role of FDG PET/CT in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis.

PURPOSE: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), or chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis, is difficult to diagnose. The accurate diagnosis of CRMO relies on comprehensive imaging examinations because of its multifocal nature. In this regard, 18 F-FDG PET/CT has demonstrated significant utility in inflammatory diseases. This study tries to determine the value of FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of CRMO. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected imaging data from pediatric CRMO patients who underwent FDG PET/CT scans. Lesions exhibiting abnormal metabolism with/without structural abnormalities on FDG PET/CT were identified as CRMO lesions, and their location and SUV max were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 21 pediatric patients with CRMO were included in this study. The median age at diagnosis was 9.4 years. Total 131 foci of abnormal activity were identified using FDG PET/CT imaging. The distribution pattern showed a higher prevalence of lower limbs and pelvis involvement. Among all identified lesions, abnormalities were detected on both PET and CT images of 93 lesions, whereas exclusively positive findings on 18 F-FDG PET alone were observed for 38 of them. CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings suggest a higher prevalence of lesions in the bones of the lower limbs and pelvis among children with CRMO. Compared with CT scans, FDG PET exhibits superior sensitivity in detecting these lesions.

The role of 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters in the differential diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after pediatric liver transplantation.

Background: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a significant complication after liver transplantation. Research on the diagnostic value of the Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) metabolic parameters of PTLD in pediatric liver transplantation (pLT) recipients is limited. This study sought to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in differentiating between PTLD and non-PTLD lymphadenopathy in pLT recipients. Methods: This retrospective study collected the 18F-FDG PET/CT scans with clinical and pathological information of all consecutive children who were clinically suspected of PTLD from November 2016 to September 2022 at the Beijing Friendship Hospital. The 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters of the two groups were analyzed. We then established a diagnostic model composed of the clinical characteristics and metabolic parameters. Results: In total, 57 eligible patients were enrolled in this study, of whom 40 had PTLD and 17 had non-PTLD lymphadenopathy. Of the metabolic parameters examined in this study, total lesion glycolysis (TLG) had the highest area under the curve (AUC) value [0.757, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.632-0.883, P=0.002]. The AUCs of the other metabolic parameters were all less than the AUC of TLG, including the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) (AUC: 0.725, 95% CI: 0.597-0.853, P=0.008), mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) (AUC: 0.701, 95% CI: 0.568-0.834, P=0.017), metabolic tumor volume total (MTVtotal) (AUC: 0.688, 95% CI: 0.549-0.827, P=0.040), TLG total (AUC: 0.674, 95% CI: 0.536-0.812, P=0.026). The diagnostic model, which was composed of clinical characteristics (digestive symptoms), the SUVmax, TLG, and the MTVtotal, showed excellent performance in the differential diagnosis (sensitivity: 0.675, 95% CI: 0.508-0.809; specificity: 0.941, 95% CI: 0.692-0.997; positive predictive value: 0.964, 95% CI: 0.798-0.998; and negative predictive value: 0.552, 95% CI: 0.360-0.730). Conclusions: The 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters can be used to distinguishing between PTLD and non-PTLD lymphadenopathy in pLT recipients.

Potential Added Value of 18F-FDG PET Metabolic Parameters in Predicting Disease Relapse in Type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: The predictive value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) metabolic parameters for predicting AIP relapse is currently unknown. This study firstly explored the value of 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters as predictors of type 1 AIP relapse. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study analyzed 51 patients who received 18F-FDG PET/CT prior to treatment and did not receive maintenance therapy after remission. The study collected baseline characteristics and clinical data and conducted qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of pancreatic lesions and extrapancreatic organs. The study used three thresholds to select the boundaries of pancreatic lesions to evaluate metabolic parameters, including the maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), mean standard uptake value (SUVmean), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and tumor-to-normal liver standard uptake value ratio (SUVR). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors and build a recurrence prediction model. The model was internally validated using the bootstrap method and a nomogram was created for clinical application. RESULTS: In the univariable analysis, the relapsed group showed higher levels of SUVmax (6.0 ± 1.6 vs. 5.2 ± 1.1; P = 0.047), SUVR (2.3 [2.0-3.0] vs. 2.0 [1.6-2.4]; P = 0.026), and TLG2.5 (234.5 ± 149.1 vs. 139.6 ± 102.5; P = 0.020) among the 18F-FDG PET metabolic parameters compared to the non-relapsed group. In the multivariable analysis, serum IgG4 (OR, 1.001; 95% CI, 1.000-1.002; P = 0.014) and TLG2.5 (OR, 1.007; 95% CI, 1.002-1.013; P = 0.012) were independent predictors associated with relapse of type 1 AIP. A receiver-operating characteristic curve of the predictive model with these two predictors demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.806. CONCLUSION: 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters, particularly TLG2.5, are potential predictors for relapse in patients with type 1 AIP. A multiparameter model that includes IgG4 and TLG2.5 can enhance the ability to predict AIP relapse.

Metabolic parameters of pretreatment 2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography for prognosis in patients with gallbladder adenocarcinoma: a cohort study.

Background: The incidence of gallbladder adenocarcinoma (GBA) is relatively low, yet it exhibits a high degree of malignancy and a significantly low 5-year survival rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of pretreatment 2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography {2-[18F]FDG PET} parameters in predicting outcomes for patients with GBA. Methods: In total, 67 patients with GBA who underwent 2-[18F]FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) before treatment were retrospectively analyzed at Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2012 to June 2022. All patients were diagnosed by pathology, and their baseline characteristics and clinical data were collected. The metabolic PET parameters of the primary and metastatic lesions were measured, including the maximum and average standardized uptake values (SUVs), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG). The prognostic significance of metabolic parameters and other clinical variables was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Differences in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in relation to metabolic parameters were examined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: During a median follow-up period of 14.2 months, 43 patients (64.2%) experienced tumor recurrence or progression, and 38 patients (56.7%) died of cancer. In the univariate Cox regression analysis, liver parenchymal invasion (P=0.001), lymph node metastasis (P=0.007), distant metastases (P=0.049), tumor differentiation (P=0.028), surgery (P=0.014), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level (P=0.030), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) level (P=0.003), TLG (P=0.005), MTV (P<0.001), sum of the TLGs of the primary and metastatic lesions (total TLG, tTLG) (P=0.001), and sum of the MTVs of the primary and metastatic lesions (total MTV, tMTV) (P<0.001) were significant predictors of PFS. In multivariate analysis, MTV was an independent predictor of PFS [hazard ratio (HR) =2.785; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.204-6.441; P=0.017]. In the univariate Cox regression analysis, liver parenchymal invasion (P=0.001), lymph node metastasis (P=0.027), distant metastases (P=0.036), tumor differentiation (P=0.047), surgery (P=0.002), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (P=0.011), CEA level (P=0.036), CA19-9 level (P<0.001), TLG (P=0.007), MTV (P<0.001), tTLG (P=0.003), and tMTV (P<0.001) were significant predictors of OS. In the multivariate analysis, higher CA19-9 levels >37 U/mL and a greater tMTV (HR =2.961; 95% CI: 1.092-8.024; P=0.033) were predictive of OS. Conclusions: Our study results suggest that pretreatment 2-[18F]FDG PET parameters can not only assist in the diagnosis of patients with GBA but may also serve as predictive factors for the prognosis of these patients and should thus be applied in their treatment.

Preoperative metabolic parameters of 18F-FDG PET/CT are associated with TNM stage and prognosis of colorectal cancer patients.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death, while tumor/node/metastasis (TNM) stage of American Joint Committee on Cancer is the guideline of making treatment strategy and predicting survival. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of preoperative 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT), TNM stage, and prognosis of patients with CRC. Methods: From September 2016 to August 2022, a total of 132 patients were retrospectively and consecutively enrolled in this cross-sectional study, who were diagnosed as CRC by histopathology and received preoperative 18F-FDG PET/CT. Firstly, the correlation between the metabolic parameters and clinicopathological features of the primary tumors was investigated. Secondly, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratio of the association between the clinical and metabolic parameters and the advanced TNM stage (stage III-IV). Thirdly, progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Log-rank test. Results: The results revealed that the metabolic tumor volume (MTV) >6.6 cm3 and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) >5.84 ng/mL were independently associated with advanced TNM stage (P=0.0009, 0.0011, respectively). Larger tumor size, higher tumor-to-liver standardized uptake value ratio, MTV, and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were significantly correlated with advanced pT stage (stage 4), and higher TLG and MTV were significantly correlated with advanced pN stage (stage 1-2) (P<0.05), while no metabolic parameters were significantly correlated with metastasis status (P>0.05). Higher serum CEA and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels were significantly correlated with advanced pT, pN stage, and metastasis status (P<0.05). Patients were followed up for at least 1 year. The MTV >6.6 cm3 was significantly associated with worse PFS (P=0.032). Conclusions: 18F-FDG PET-CT can serve as a noninvasive tool for preoperatively staging CRC. The MTV >6.6 cm3 might be associated with advanced TNM stage and worse PFS.

Predictive value of 2-deoxy-2-fluorine-18-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography parameters for MYCN amplification in high-risk neuroblastoma.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the predictive value of 2-deoxy-2-fluorine-18-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) parameters for MYCN amplification in high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed by reviewing 68 HR-NB patients who underwent MYCN testing and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging at our hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. Based on the results of MYCN testing, patients were categorized into either the MYCN-amplified (MNA) or MYCN non-amplified (MYCN-NA) group. The 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters, including maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean), peak standardized uptake value (SUVpeak), tumor metabolic volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), coefficient of variation (COV), and areas under the curve of cumulative SUV-volume histogram index (AUC-CSH index) were evaluated. Independent predictors were identified through univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, and their diagnostic performance was evaluated using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that SUVpeak was significantly associated with MYCN amplification. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that SUVpeak was an independent predictor of MYCN amplification in HR-NB [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.673, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI): 0.494-0.917, P = 0.012]. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the predictive model including SUVpeak had higher diagnostic performance [area under the curve (AUC): 0.790, 95 % CI: 0.677-0.881, sensitivity: 0.861, specificity: 0.591, positive predictive value (PPV): 0.820, negative predictive value (NPV): 0.722] compared to using SUVpeak alone (AUC: 0.640, 95 % CI: 0.514-0.752, sensitivity: 0.630, specificity: 0.682, PPV: 0.806, NPV: 0.469). CONCLUSION: SUVpeak can predict the MYCN amplification in HR-NB patients. The predictive model constructed by combining SUVpeak and age can distinguish MYCN status in HR-NB non-invasively with superior efficacy compared to using SUVpeak alone.

Prognostic Value of Metabolic Parameters and Textural Features in Pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT of Primary Lesions for Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastoma.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Our study evaluated the prognostic value of the metabolic parameters and textural features in pretreatment 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) of primary lesions for pediatric patients with neuroblastoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 107 pediatric patients with neuroblastoma who underwent pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT were retrospectively included and analyzed. All patients were diagnosed by pathology, and baseline characteristics and clinical data were collected. The four metabolic parameters and 43 textural features of 18F-FDG PET/CT of the primary lesions were measured. The prognostic significance of metabolic parameters and other clinical variables was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Differences in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in relation to parameters were examined using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 34.3 months, 45 patients (42.1%) experienced tumor recurrence or progression, and 21 patients (19.6%) died of cancer. In univariate Cox regression analysis, age, location of disease, International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS) stage M, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), four positron emission tomography (PET) metabolic parameters, and 33 textural features were significant predictors of PFS. In multivariate analysis, INRGSS stage M (hazard ratio [HR] = 19.940, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.733-145.491, P = 0.003), skewness (＞0.173; PET first-order features; HR = 2.938, 95% CI = 1.389-6.215, P = 0.005), coarseness (＞0.003; neighborhood gray-tone difference matrix; HR = 0.253, 95% CI = 0.132-0.484, P ï¼œ 0.001), and variance (＞103.837; CT first-order gray histogram parameters; HR = 2.810, 95% CI = 1.160-6.807, P = 0.022) were independent predictors of PFS. In univariate Cox regression analysis, gender, INRGSS stage M, MYCN amplification, NSE, LDH, two PET metabolic parameters, and five textural features were significant predictors of OS. In multivariate analysis, INRGSS stage M (HR = 7.704, 95% CI = 1.031-57.576, P = 0.047), MYCN amplification (HR = 3.011, 95% CI = 1.164-7.786, P = 0.023), and metabolic tumor volume (＞138.788; HR = 3.930, 95% CI = 1.317-11.727, P = 0.014) were independent predictors of OS. CONCLUSION: The metabolic parameters and textural features in pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT of primary lesions are predictive of survival in pediatric patients with neuroblastoma.

Menstruation Confounding the Correct Interpretation of 99m Tc-RBC Bleeding Scan.

ABSTRACT: 99m Tc-RBC bleeding scan in a 17-year-old adolescent girl showed an increased focal activity in the pelvis. However, SPECT/CT showed that this activity was located in the uterus, which was considered a normal variant considering that the patient was in her fourth day of the menstrual period. Subsequent 99m TcO 4- Meckel scan showed the typical characteristic of ectopic gastric mucosa in the small bowel. Postsurgical pathology confirmed the diagnosis of ectopic gastric mucosa. This case suggested the menstrual period uterus should be included as differential diagnosis of 99m Tc-RBC scan.

Hub genes and their key effects on prognosis of Burkitt lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an exceptionally aggressive malignant neoplasm that arises from either the germinal center or post-germinal center B cells. Patients with BL often present with rapid tumor growth and require high-intensity multi-drug therapy combined with adequate intrathecal chemotherapy prophylaxis, however, a standard treatment program for BL has not yet been established. It is important to identify biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of BLs and discriminating patients who might benefit from the therapy. Microarray data and sequencing information from public databases could offer opportunities for the discovery of new diagnostic or therapeutic targets. AIM: To identify hub genes and perform gene ontology (GO) and survival analysis in BL. METHODS: Gene expression profiles and clinical traits of BL patients were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to construct gene co-expression modules, and the cytoHubba tool was used to find the hub genes. Then, the hub genes were analyzed using GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. Additionally, a Protein-Protein Interaction network and a Genetic Interaction network were constructed. Prognostic candidate genes were identified through overall survival analysis. Finally, a nomogram was established to assess the predictive value of hub genes, and drug-gene interactions were also constructed. RESULTS: In this study, we obtained 8 modules through WGCNA analysis, and there was a significant correlation between the yellow module and age. Then we identified 10 hub genes (SRC, TLR4, CD40, STAT3, SELL, CXCL10, IL2RA, IL10RA, CCR7 and FCGR2B) by cytoHubba tool. Within these hubs, two genes were found to be associated with OS (CXCL10, P = 0.029 and IL2RA, P = 0.0066) by survival analysis. Additionally, we combined these two hub genes and age to build a nomogram. Moreover, the drugs related to IL2RA and CXCL10 might have a potential therapeutic role in relapsed and refractory BL. CONCLUSION: From WGCNA and survival analysis, we identified CXCL10 and IL2RA that might be prognostic markers for BL.

Multiparameter diagnostic model based on 18F-FDG positron emission tomography and serological examination for differentiating focal autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Background: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) has demonstrated high sensitivity in the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), while also exhibiting the ability to distinguish AIP from PDAC lesions. The objective of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of multiparametric 18F-FDG PET with serological examination for distinguishing focal AIP (f-AIP) from PDAC. Methods: A total of 127 patients (43 with f-AIP and 84 with PDAC) who received 18F-FDG PET-CT before treatment were retrospectively included in the cohort study conducted at two centers, Beijing Friendship Hospital and Chinese PLA General Hospital, from January 2015 to December 2021. The baseline characteristics and clinical data were collected. The metabolism parameters of 18F-FDG PET, including maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), tumor-to-normal liver SUV ratio (SUVR), mean SUV (SUVmean), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) were evaluated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the differential diagnostic efficacy. The diagnostic efficacy improvement was assessed through the integrated discriminatory improvement (IDI), net reclassification improvement (NRI), and DeLong test. Results: Serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) >280 mg/dL, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) <85 U/mL, and metabolic parameters differed significantly between patients with f-AID and PDAC. The ROC curve analysis of MTV showed the highest differentiating diagnostic value [sensitivity =0.814, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.661-0.911; specificity =0.893, 95% CI: 0.802-0.947; area under the curve (AUC) =0.890, 95% CI: 0.820-0.957]. The combined diagnostics model of serum IgG4 >280 mg/dL, CA19-9 <85 U/mL, and MTV resulted in the highest AUC of 0.991 (95% CI: 0.978-1.000; sensitivity =0.953, 95% CI: 0.829-0.992; specificity =0.964, 95% CI: 0.892-0.991). Conclusions: The multiparameter diagnostic model based on 18F-FDG PET and serological examination has excellent clinical value in the differential diagnosis of f-AID and PDAC.

The baseline metabolism parameters of 18F­FDG PET/CT as promising prognostic biomarkers in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare myeloid precursor cell inflammatory neoplasia, which agonizes, maims, and even kills patients. Although clinical outcomes have steadily improved over the past decades, the progression/relapse rate of LCH remains high. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the pre-treatment metabolism parameters of baseline 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F­FDG PET/CT) in children with LCH. Methods: This cross-sectional study retrospectively and consecutively included 37 children (24 males and 13 females; median age, 5.1 years; range, 2.4-7.8 years) with pre-treatment 18F-FDG PET/CT from September 2020 to September 2022 in Nuclear Medicine Department, Beijing friendship hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. These patients were then all admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with LCH by biopsy, in Hematology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Five metabolism parameters of 18F-FDG PET/CT were analyzed, including maximum standardized uptake, tumor-to-normal liver standard uptake value ratio, tumor-to-normal bone marrow standard uptake value ratio, sum of metabolic tumor volume (sMTV), and sum of total lesion glycolysis (sTLG) of all lesions. Patients were followed up for at least 1 year or until disease progression/relapse. Univariate and multivariate analyses of progression-free survival was performed. Results: During follow-up, 11 (29.7%) patients had disease progression/relapse. Univariate analysis revealed that the risk organ involvement, the treatment response at the 5th or 11th week, pre-treatment sMTV, and sTLG were significantly associated with progression-free survival (P=0.024, 0.018, 0.006, 0.006, and 0.042, respectively). Multivariate COX analysis revealed that non-response at the 11th week, pre-treatment sMTV >32.55 g/cm3, and sTLG >98.86 g (P=0.002, 0.020, 0.026, respectively) were risk factors for progression-free survival. Conclusions: The baseline metabolism parameters of 18F-FDG PET/CT could be promising imaging biomarkers for predicting prognosis in children with LCH.

Identification of six genes associated with COVID-19-related circadian rhythm dysfunction by integrated bioinformatic analysis.

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) might cause long-term burden of insomnia, while the common pathogenic mechanisms are not elucidated. The gene expression profiles of COVID-19 patients and healthy controls were retrieved from the GEO database, while gene set related with circadian rhythm was obtained from GeneCards database. Seventy-six shared genes were screened and mainly enriched in cell cycle, cell division, and cell proliferation, and 6 hub genes were found out including CCNA2, CCNB1, CDK1, CHEK1, MKI67, and TOP2A, with positive correlation to plasma cells. In the TF-gene regulatory network, NFYA, NFIC, MEF2A, and FOXC1 showed high connectivity with hub genes. This study identified six hub genes and might provide new insights into pathogenic mechanisms and novel clinical management strategies.

Corrigendum: The role of 18F-FDG PET in predicting the pathological response and prognosis to unresectable HCC patients treated with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors as a conversion therapy.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151967.].

Evaluation of iodine-123-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography based on the International Society of Pediatric Oncology Europe Neuroblastoma score in children with neuroblastoma.

Background: This study sought to examine whether iodine-123-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT), which is based on the International Society of Pediatric Oncology Europe Neuroblastoma (SIOPEN) score, could improve the diagnostic efficiency of children with neuroblastoma (NB), and to compare the diagnostic ability of minimal residual disease (MRD) detection and 123I-MIBG SPECT/CT. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 238 scans of patients who underwent 123I-MIBG SPECT/CT at the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, from January 2021 to December 2021. The diagnostic study was not registered with a clinical trial platform, and the study protocol was not published. The standard was established based on pathology, other relevant imaging examinations, and follow-up. The SIOPEN scores were calculated separately based on planar and tomographic imaging. Results: In a comparison to the standard mentioned in the method, the diagnostic accuracy of planar and tomographic imaging was 151 of 238 (63.5%) and 228 of 238 (95.8%), respectively, and the κ values of the SIOPEN score were 0.468 and 0.855 (P<0.001), respectively. The SIOPEN scores differed significantly among the various subgroups. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method used to detect the bone marrow PHOX2B gene was able to find bone/bone marrow metastases (P=0.024, κ=0.282), while the flow cytometry (FCM) assay method was not statistically significant (P=0.417, κ=0.065). Conclusions: 123I-MIBG SPECT/CT, which relies on the semiquantitative assessment of the SIOPEN score, is of clinical importance in the management of pediatric NB. MRD detection can be used to detect early metastasis and recurrence in the bone or bone marrow; however, 123I-MIBG SPECT/CT has better diagnostic value. We intend to conduct further investigations on their prognostic value in the future.

The role of 18F-FDG PET in predicting the pathological response and prognosis to unresectable HCC patients treated with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors as a conversion therapy.

Purpose: To investigate the diagnostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET), as an imaging biomarker, for predicting pathological response and prognosis of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with Lenvatinib and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors as a conversion therapy. Methods: A total of 28 unresectable HCC patients with BCLC stage B or C were treated with Lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors before surgery. The 18F-FDG PET/CT scans were acquired before pre- (scan-1) and post-conversion therapy (scan-2). The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), TLR (tumor-to-normal liver standardized uptake value ratio), and the percentages of post-treatment changes in metabolic parameters (ΔSUVmax [%] and ΔTLR [%]) were calculated. Major pathological response (MPR) was identified based on the residual viable tumor in the resected primary tumor specimen (≤10%). Differences in the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) stratified by ΔTLR were examined by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: 11 (11/28, 39.3%) patients were considered as MPR responders and 17 (17/28, 60.7%) patients as non-MPR responders after conversion therapy. ΔSUVmax (-70.0 [-78.8, -48.8] vs. -21.7 [-38.8, 5.7], respectively; P<0.001) and ΔTLR (-67.6 [-78.1, -56.8] vs. -18.6 [-27.9, 4.0], respectively; P<0.001) were reduced in the responder group than those in the non-responder group. According to the results of the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, ΔTLR showed an excellent predictive value for the MPR of primary HCC lesions (area under curve=0.989, with the optimal diagnostic threshold of -46.15). When using ΔTLR of -21.36% as a threshold, patients with ΔTLR-based metabolic response had superior PFS (log-rank test, P=0.001) and OS (log-rank test, P=0.016) compared with those without ΔTLR-based metabolic response. Conclusion: 18F-FDG PET is a valuable tool for predicting pathological response and prognosis of unresectable HCC patients treated by Lenvatinib combined with PD-1 as a conversion therapy.

New Onset of Tuberculosis Complicating FDG PET/CT Evaluation in Patient With Recent Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy.

ABSTRACT: A 16-year-old adolescent girl with CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia experienced new onset of the fever. 18 F-FDG PET/CT studies acquired at 1 and 2 months, respectively, after CAR-T, showed foci of abnormal activity in the mediastinal lymph nodes not seen on the study before therapy. However, these foci of abnormal activity were later proven due to newly developed tuberculosis after CAR T-cell therapy.

Multiparameter diagnostic model based on 18F-FDG PET metabolic parameters and clinical variables can differentiate nonmetastatic gallbladder cancer and cholecystitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of a multiparameter model based on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) metabolic parameters and clinical variables in differentiating nonmetastatic gallbladder cancer (GBC) from cholecystitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 122 patients (88 GBC nonmetastatic patients and 34 cholecystitis patients) with gallbladder space-occupying lesions who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT were included. All patients received surgery and pathology, and baseline characteristics and clinical data were also collected. The metabolic parameters of 18F-FDG PET, including SUVmax (maximum standard uptake value), SUVmean (mean standard uptake value), SUVpeak (peak standard uptake value), MTV (metabolic tumour volume), TLG (total lesion glycolysis) and SUVR (tumour-to-normal liver standard uptake value ratio), were evaluated. The differential diagnostic efficacy of each independent parameter and multiparameter combination model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The improvement in diagnostic efficacy using a combination of the above multiple parameters was evaluated by integrated discriminatory improvement (IDI), net reclassification improvement (NRI) and bootstrap test. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate clinical efficacy. RESULTS: The ROC curve showed that SUVR had the highest diagnostic ability among the 18F-FDG PET metabolic parameters (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.698; sensitivity = 0.341; specificity = 0.971; positive predictive value [PPV] = 0.968; negative predictive value [NPV] = 0.363). The combined diagnostic model of cholecystolithiasis, fever, CEA > 5 ng/ml and SUVR showed an AUC of 0.899 (sensitivity = 0.909, specificity = 0.735, PPV = 0.899, NPV = 0.758). The diagnostic efficiency of the model was improved significantly compared with SUVR. The clinical efficacy of the model was confirmed by DCA. CONCLUSIONS: The multiparameter diagnostic model composed of 18F-FDG PET metabolic parameters (SUVR) and clinical variables, including patient signs (fever), medical history (cholecystolithiasis) and laboratory examination (CEA > 5 ng/ml), has good diagnostic efficacy in the differential diagnosis of nonmetastatic GBC and cholecystitis.

Autonomous self-burying seed carriers for aerial seeding.

Aerial seeding can quickly cover large and physically inaccessible areas1 to improve soil quality and scavenge residual nitrogen in agriculture2, and for postfire reforestation3-5 and wildland restoration6,7. However, it suffers from low germination rates, due to the direct exposure of unburied seeds to harsh sunlight, wind and granivorous birds, as well as undesirable air humidity and temperature1,8,9. Here, inspired by Erodium seeds10-14, we design and fabricate self-drilling seed carriers, turning wood veneer into highly stiff (about 4.9 GPa when dry, and about 1.3 GPa when wet) and hygromorphic bending or coiling actuators with an extremely large bending curvature (1,854 m-1), 45 times larger than the values in the literature15-18. Our three-tailed carrier has an 80% drilling success rate on flat land after two triggering cycles, due to the beneficial resting angle (25°-30°) of its tail anchoring, whereas the natural Erodium seed's success rate is 0%. Our carriers can carry payloads of various sizes and contents including biofertilizers and plant seeds as large as those of whitebark pine, which are about 11 mm in length and about 72 mg. We compare data from experiments and numerical simulation to elucidate the curvature transformation and actuation mechanisms to guide the design and optimization of the seed carriers. Our system will improve the effectiveness of aerial seeding to relieve agricultural and environmental stresses, and has potential applications in energy harvesting, soft robotics and sustainable buildings.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy of Neurolymphomatosis Monitored by FDG PET/CT.

ABSTRACT: 18 F-FDG PET/CT was performed to evaluate possible recurrent B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in a 34-year-old man. The images showed multiple foci of increased activity in the nerve root and peripheral nerve. A biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of neurolymphomatosis. After receiving chemotherapy, PET/CT showed progressive disease. The patient subsequently received the CD-19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. A follow-up PET/CT acquired 30 days after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy revealed no abnormal FDG activity.

A MgFe-LDH Nanosheet-Incorporated Smart Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel with Controllable Growth Factor Releasing Capability for Bone Regeneration.

Although growth factor (GF)-loaded hydrogels have been explored as promising materials in repairing bone defects, it still remains challenging to construct smart hydrogels with excellent gelation/mechanical properties as well as controllable GF releasing capability. Herein, the incorporation of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)-functionalized MgFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets into chitosan/silk fibroin (CS) hydrogels loaded with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) to construct a smart injectable thermo-responsive hydrogel (denoted as CSP-LB), which can achieve a burst release of PDGF-BB and a sustained release of BMP-2, for highly efficient bone regeneration is reported. The incorporation of MgFe-LDH in CS hydrogel not only shortens the gelation time and decreases sol-gel transition temperature, but also enhances the mechanical property of the hydrogel. Because of the sequential release of dual-GFs and sustained release of bioactive Mg2+ /Fe3+ ions, the in vitro experiments prove that the CSP-LB hydrogel exhibits excellent angiogenic and osteogenic properties compared with the CS hydrogel. In vivo experiments further prove that the CSP-LB hydrogel can significantly enhance bone regeneration with higher bone volume and mineral density than that of the CS hydrogel. This smart thermo-sensitive CSP-LB hydrogel possesses excellent gelation capability and angiogenic and osteogenic properties, thus providing a promising minimally invasive solution for bone defect treatment.