Small Feature-Size Transistors Based on Low-Dimensional Materials: From Structure Design to Nanofabrication Techniques.

For several decades after Moore's Law is proposed, there is a continuous effort to reduce the feature-size of transistors. However, as the size of transistors continues to decrease, numerous challenges and obstacles including severe short channel effects (SCEs) are emerging. Recently, low-dimensional materials have provided new opportunities for constructing small feature-size transistors due to their superior electrical properties compared to silicon. Here, state-of-the-art low-dimensional materials-based transistors with small feature-sizes are reviewed. Different from other works that mainly focus on material characteristics of a specific device structure, the discussed topics are utilizing device structure design including vertical structure and nano-gate structure, and nanofabrication techniques to achieve small feature-sizes of transistors. A comprehensive summary of these small feature-size transistors is presented by illustrating their operation mechanism, relevant fabrication processes, and corresponding performance parameters. Besides, the role of small feature-size transistors based on low-dimensional materials in further reducing the small footprint is also clarified and their cutting-edge applications are highlighted. Finally, a comparison and analysis between state-of-art transistors is made, as well as a glimpse into the future research trajectory of low dimensional materials-based small feature-size transistors is briefly outlined.

Recent Advance in Synaptic Plasticity Modulation Techniques for Neuromorphic Applications.

Manipulating the expression of synaptic plasticity of neuromorphic devices provides fascinating opportunities to develop hardware platforms for artificial intelligence. However, great efforts have been devoted to exploring biomimetic mechanisms of plasticity simulation in the last few years. Recent progress in various plasticity modulation techniques has pushed the research of synaptic electronics from static plasticity simulation to dynamic plasticity modulation, improving the accuracy of neuromorphic computing and providing strategies for implementing neuromorphic sensing functions. Herein, several fascinating strategies for synaptic plasticity modulation through chemical techniques, device structure design, and physical signal sensing are reviewed. For chemical techniques, the underlying mechanisms for the modification of functional materials were clarified and its effect on the expression of synaptic plasticity was also highlighted. Based on device structure design, the reconfigurable operation of neuromorphic devices was well demonstrated to achieve programmable neuromorphic functions. Besides, integrating the sensory units with neuromorphic processing circuits paved a new way to achieve human-like intelligent perception under the modulation of physical signals such as light, strain, and temperature. Finally, considering that the relevant technology is still in the basic exploration stage, some prospects or development suggestions are put forward to promote the development of neuromorphic devices.

Probing the Strain Direction-Dependent Nonmonotonic Optical Bandgap Modulation of Layered Violet Phosphorus.

Recent theoretical investigations have well-predicted strain-induced nonmonotonic optical band gap variations in low-dimensional materials. However, few two-dimensional (2D) materials are experimentally confirmed to exhibit nonmonotonic optical band gap variation under varying strain. Here, a strain-induced nonmonotonic optical bandgap variation in violet phosphorus (VP) nanosheets is observed, as evidenced by photoluminescence spectroscopy, which is reported in a few other 2D materials in knowledge. The optical bandgap variations are characterized to show the modulation rates of 41 and -24 meV/% with compression and tensile strains, respectively. Remarkably, first-principle calculations predict and clarify the nonmonotonic modulation accurately, highlighting its relationship with the strain direction-dependent asymmetric distribution of conduction band minimum wavefunctions, demonstrating that this unique nonmonotonic optical bandgap modulation is determined by the distinctive crystal structure of VP. This work provides a deep insight into the design of 2D materials toward optoelectronic and photoelectrochemical applications via strain engineering.

Mechanically Induced Nanoscale Architecture Endows a Titanium Carbide MXene Electrode with Integrated High Areal and Volumetric Capacitance.

Complete utilization of electrochemically active materials while maintaining the high areal/volumetric packing density is a goal to be achieved in miniaturized supercapacitor devices, which therefore display both high volumetric and areal energy density. Although critical, it is usually challenging to achieve this goal by optimizing the electrode architecture. Dense packing of active materials maximizes the volumetric capacitance but also results in sluggish diffusion of the electrolyte. Structurization of the electrode by forming large pores creates a pathway for electrolyte penetration but reduces the volumetric energy density. Here, densified electrodes with hierarchical porous architecture at the nanoscale are reported, which provide an alternative solution. Worm-like expanded titanium carbide MXene powders are produced in highly viscous reaction media and assembled by mechanical compression. The expanded morphology of the MXene powders translates into a buckling microstructure in the electrodes, resulting in 28.2 ± 4.1% porosity mainly in the form of nanosized pores. At the sub-nanometer scale, the diffusion of electrolytes is enhanced in interlayer space of the bended lattice with pillared intercalants. These hierarchical structural features lead to both high areal and volumetric capacitance (11.4 F cm-2 coupled with 770 F cm-3 ) in hundred-micrometers-thick electrodes, which inspires the design of high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices.

Ultratough Hydrogen-Bond-Bridged Phosphorene Films.

The rapid development of flexible electronic devices, especially based on 2D materials, has triggered the demand for high-strength materials. Mono- or few-layer phosphorene with excellent electronic properties has attracted extensive attention. However, phosphorene is affected by its low Young's modulus when applied to flexible electronic devices. Here, a strategy via ion intercalation to significantly improve the mechanical properties of black phosphorus to generate hydrogen-bond-bridged phosphorene films with Young's modulus as high as 316 GPa is reported. This value is several times larger than the theoretical values of 166 GPa in the zigzag direction, 44 GPa in the armchair direction, and the averaged Young's modulus among all directions of 94 GPa. The impact of intercalation on mechanical properties is also explored. Experimental nanoindentation results obtained by atomic force microscopy indicate that the relationship between the ratio of intercalated ions to phosphorus atoms and the corresponding Young's modulus satisfies the formula E = e a e - [ ln ( x ) + b ] 2 c ( 0 < x ≤ 1.80 ) \[E{\bm{ = }}{e^{a{e^{\frac{{{\bm{ - }}{{[\ln (x){\bm{ + }}b]}^2}}}{c}}}}}(0{\bm{ < }}x{\bm{ \le }}1.80)\] . Furthermore, a flexible NO2 gas sensor device based on this ultratough material presents excellent performance, even after 10 000 bending cycles. The results provide new insight into the potential for practical applications of black phosphorus devices.

Out-of-plane and in-plane ferroelectricity of atom-thick two-dimensional InSe.

Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials are promising substitutes of three-dimensional perovskite based ferroelectric ceramic materials. Yet most studies have been focused on the construction of non-centrosymmetric 2D van der Waals materials and only a few are constructed experimentally. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the co-existence of voltage-tunable out-of-plane (OOP) and in-plane (IP) ferroelectricity in few-layer InSe prepared by a solution-processable method and fabricate ferroelectric semiconductor channel transistors. The reversible polarization can initiate instant switch of resistance with high ON/OFF ratios and a comparable subthreshold swing of 160 mV/dec under gate modulation. The origins of such unique OOP and IP ferroelectricity of the centrosymmetric structure are theoretically analyzed.

Fivefold enhancement of yield and toughness of copper nanowires via coating carbon nanotubes.

Carbon nanotubes are outstanding reinforcements owing to their unparallel strength, while their effects on the copper nanowire are still not fully understood, hampering their broad applications. Herein, we have investigated the tensile behaviors of the nanocomposite-wire of carbon nanotube-copper using molecular dynamic simulations. For the nanocomposite, both the coated and embedded carbon nanotubes increase the Young's modulus, fracture stress and toughness of the copper nanowire. A reinforcement of over fivefold in both yield strength (5.3 times) and toughness (5.1 times) has been achieved when the carbon nanotubes are coated on the copper nanowires, as well as 1.7 times in the Young's modulus. Higher temperatures and lower loading rates reduce the reinforcement.

Atomistic Study of Mechanical Behaviors of Carbon Honeycombs.

With an ultralarge surface-to-volume ratio, a recently synthesized three-dimensional graphene structure, namely, carbon honeycomb, promises important engineering applications. Herein, we have investigated, via molecular dynamics simulations, its mechanical properties, which are inevitable for its integrity and desirable for any feasible implementations. The uniaxial tension and nanoindentation behaviors are numerically examined. Stress⁻strain curves manifest a transformation of covalent bonds of hinge atoms when they are stretched in the channel direction. The load⁻displacement curve in nanoindentation simulation implies the hardness and Young's modulus to be 50.9 GPa and 461±9 GPa, respectively. Our results might be useful for material and device design for carbon honeycomb-based systems.

[Logistic regression analysis of risk factors of serious complications related with double-J ureteral stenting following percutaneous nephrolithotomy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of the serious complications related with double-J ureteral stent placement following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: Clinical data were reviewed for 272 patients treated with PCNL and indwelling double-J stents between January, 2014 and April, 2016. The risk factors of serious complications were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Serious complications of double-J ureteral stenting occurred in 63 patients (23.1%). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the ureter abnormalities (ß=1.735, P=0.000, OR=5.670), stent indwelling duration (ß=1.206, P=0.028, OR=3.340), gender (ß=0.895, P=0.016, OR=2.446), preoperative urinary tract infection (ß=0.849, P=0.020 , OR=2.338) and stent size (ß=0.847, P=0.011, OR=2.333) were all risk factors of serious complications related with the procedure. CONCLUSION: Male patients are exposed to a higher risk of serious complications following PCNL. Effective management of urinary tract infection and choice of appropriate stent size in cases of ureteral abnormalities help to reduce these complications. The double-J stent should be withdrawn as soon as possible in patients with good postoperative recovery.

Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 on the relaxation responses of the cavernous smooth muscle from aged rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was determine whether intracavernosal injection (ICI) of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) protein can improve corpus cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation in aging rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten young (4-month-old) and 30 old (24-month-old) Sprague-Dawley male rats were enrolled in the study. The old rats were divided into three groups: vehicle-only (n = 10), IGF-1 1 µg/kg (n = 10) and IGF-1 10 µg/kg treatment groups (n = 10). After 4 weeks of single IGF-1 injection treatment, strips of corporal tissue were precontracted with phenylephrine, and dose-response curves were generated to evaluate endothelial-dependent [acetylcholine (ACh)], endothelial-independent [sodium nitroprusside (SNP)] and electrical field stimulation (EFS) vasoreactivity. The changes in percentage of cavernosal smooth muscle and the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in penile tissue were also evaluated. RESULTS: After IGF-1 treatment, the vasoreactivity was significantly improved in both the 1 µg/kg and the 10 µg/kg treatment groups compared with the vehicle-only group at 4 weeks in response to ACh, SNP and EFS (all p < 0.05). The percentage of cavernosal smooth muscle was increased in the IGF-1 treatment groups. The NO concentrations were increased after IGF-1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that ICI of IGF-1 can improve vasoreactivity via endothelium-dependent and endothelial-independent mechanisms in the corpus cavernosum of the aging rat.

[Influences of three surgical approaches to urethral stricture on the erectile function of the patients].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impacts of three different surgical approaches to urethral stricture on the erectile function of the patients. METHODS: This study included 126 male patients with urethral stricture, 35 treated by substitution urethroplasty (group A), 52 by anastomotic urethroplasty (group B), and 39 by internal urethroplasty (group C). We evaluated the pre- and postoperative erectile function of the patients using IIEF-5 scores by telephone calls and interviews. We also monitored their nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT). RESULTS: The IIEF-5 scores in groups A, B and C were 13.5 +/- 4.5, 11.1 +/- 4.8 and 14.5 +/- 4.41 respectively after surgery, all significantly decreased as compared with 17.1 +/- 2.6, 17.1 +/- 3.0 and 17.6 +/- 2.2 preoperatively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: All the three surgical approaches can reduce IIEF-5 scores in patients with urethral stricture, but anastomotic urethroplasty may induce a higher incidence of erectile dysfunction than the other two approaches.

shRNA constructs targeting IGFBP-3 alleviate age related erectile dysfunction in the rat.

PURPOSE: We investigated whether injecting shRNA constructs targeting IGFBP-3 in the penis of old rats would improve erectile function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The most validated IGFBP-3 shRNA plasmid vector (pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3) was prepared and injected in penile corpus cavernosum tissue. A total of 30 old (age 24 months) male Sprague Dawley® rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, including 10 each that received phosphate buffered saline only (100 µl), pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shNC (100 µg) and the most validated plasmid constructs pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3 (100 µg). At 4 weeks the erectile response was measured as intracavernous pressure. The percent of smooth muscle in corpus cavernosum tissue was evaluated. Nitric oxide synthase activity and the cGMP concentration in penile tissue were also analyzed. IGFBP-3 was estimated in penile tissue by Western blot, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3 corrected the impaired erectile response in aged rats compared with the response in those injected with phosphate buffered saline and pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shNC (each p <0.01). The percent of cavernous smooth muscle was increased in the pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3 group. Nitric oxide synthase activity and the cGMP concentration were also significantly increased in rats treated with pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3. IGFBP-3 shRNA effectively reduced IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein expression in penile corpus cavernosum tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Decreasing IGFBP-3 expression by plasmid expressed shRNA improved erectile function in aged rats. The therapy may modulate smooth muscle integrity and increase the cGMP concentration. This may be a new direction for treating erectile dysfunction in clinical practice.

[Impact of aging on the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells of rats in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) in rats of different ages and explore the possible relationship of IGF-1 with aging-related erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: We primarily cultured CCSMCs of rats aged 4, 12 and 24 months, and identified them by immunohistochemistry. We quantitatively cultured the CCSMCs in 6-well culture plates, determined the levels of IGF-1 secreted from the CCSMCs by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and analyzed the effect of age on the IGF-1 level. RESULTS: CCSMCs were successfully cultured in vitro. The level of IGF-1 secreted from the CCSMCs was decreased with the increase of age, with 7.1 ng/10(5) cells in the 4-month-old group, 2.2 ng/10(5) cells in the 12-month group, and 1.9 ng/10(5) cells in the 24-month group, with statistically significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The secretion of IGF-1 is reduced with the increase of age, and the decreased expression of IGF-1 might be associated with aging-related ED.

[Application of CUA Guidelines on Prostatitis in the management of chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a nationwide survey].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application of the Chinese Urological Association (CUA) Guidelines on Prostatitis and its effects on the clinical practice patterns of diagnosing and treating chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) among Chinese urologists and andrologists. METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire investigation on the application of the CUA Guidelines on Prostatitis among the urologists and andrologists of 173 hospitals in 21 cities of China, and performed statistical analyses on all the eligible questionnaires collected. RESULTS: Of the 1 056 questionnaires distributed, 851 (80.6%) were eligible, of which 71.6% were from the urologists or andrologists in grade 3 hospitals, 80.7% of them with senior or intermediate professional titles and 97.5% had studied the CUA Guidelines. Most of the subjects agreed that Type III prostatitis is a clinical syndrome, whose diagnosis should exclude other conditions with similar symptoms, and whose treatment should aim at relieving pain, alleviating urination symptoms and improving the quality of life. Those who had and those who had not studied the CUA Guidelines differed in their viewpoints on CPPS as illustrated in the book. In clinical practice, the most common treatment options for CPPS were psychological therapy (80.7%), medication (80.4%) and life style adjustment (79.6%), and the most frequently used drugs were phytotherapy (80.0%), alpha-blockers (68.9%) and antibiotics (61.0%). CONCLUSION: CUA Guidelines on Prostatitis has gained a nationwide application and promoted the standardization of the management of CPPS in China.

[Insulin-like growth factor-1 gene therapy improves the levels of mRNA and protein of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in aging related erectile dysfunction in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of gene transfer of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on the penis of senile rats and the altered levels of mRNA and protein of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). METHODS: Ten young (4 months) and 20 senile (24 months) Sprague-Dawley male rats were selected. The senile rats were divided into 2 groups: phosphate buffer solution (PBS)-only (n = 10) and 100 µg IGF-1 plasmid treatment group (n = 10). After a 4-week injection of IGF-1, the responses of intracavernous pressure (ICP) with electrical stimulation to the cavernous nerve and systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP) were evaluated. In the control and transfected senile rats, the levels of eNOS mRNA and protein were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot respectively. RESULTS: The ICP/MAP and total ICP were significantly higher in the young control group versus the PBS-only group at Week 4 (P < 0.05). The ICP/MAP and total ICP were significantly higher in the young control group and the 100 µg IGF-1 treatment group versus the PBS-only group at Week 4 (P < 0.05). The levels of mRNA and protein of eNOS were higher in the 100 µg IGF-1 treatment group versus the PBS-only group at Week 4 (0.62 ± 0.16 vs 0.25 ± 0.08, 0.71 ± 0.19 vs 0.27 ± 0.09, both P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: The gene therapy of IGF-1 can ameliorate erectile functions and improve the levels of mRNA and protein of eNOS in senile rats.

[Growth factors and gene therapy for erectile dysfunction].

Growth factors have a universal bioactivity. Gene therapy is a new strategy in dealing with erectile dysfunction (ED). This paper presents an overview on the value of growth factors, particularly the vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), in the treatment of ED.

Higher expression of mRNA and protein of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in old rat penile tissues: implications for erectile dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have confirmed the gene transfer of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the IGF-1 protein can improve the erectile function in aging rats. IGF binding protein (BP)-3 can regulates the availability of IGF-I. The higher expression of IGFBP-3 may play an important role in erectile dysfunction (ED). AIM: The study aimed to investigate the mRNA and protein expression of IGFBP-3 in young and old rat penile tissues and assess the alteration of the penile structure and the NO-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathways-related marker in ED associated with aging. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures for this study were the expression of IGFBP-3, morphological changes, NO-cGMP signaling pathways-related marker, erectile responses were determined. METHODS: Traditional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR were performed to examine the mRNA expression of the IGFBP-3. The Western blot was used to confirm the protein expression. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to identify the cellular localization of the encoded protein. The percentage of smooth muscle in corpus cavernosum tissue, the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and concentration of cGMP in penile tissue were also analyzed. RESULTS: The expression levels of IGFBP-3 of mRNA and protein were greatly increased in aging rats compared with young control rats, which is confirmed by traditional RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and Western blot (P < 0.01, respectively). Increased IGFBP-3 protein was localized to the epithelium of the urethra, penile endothelium, and smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum. Significant depletion of the smooth muscle density relative to the connective tissue was also observed in the penis of the aged rats, and the lower activity of NOS and lower concentration of cGMP was also demonstrated accompanied with a significant reduction in the intracavernous pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the increased mRNA and protein expression of IGFBP-3 in old rats may play a role in ED.

[Qianlie Beixi Capsules for unliquefiable semen: a multi-center clinical study].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and possible action mechanism of Qianlie Beixi Capsules in the treatment of unliquefiable semen. METHODS: A total of 190 patients with unliquefiable semen were treated with Qianlie Beixi Capsules for 1 or 2 courses (3 weeks per a course). The seminal changes were observed and recorded. RESULTS: Of the 190 patients in the 1-course treatment arm, 99 were cured and 91 failed to respond after the first course. And the effectiveness rate was 52.1%. Of the 122 patients in the 2-course treatment arm, 81 were cured and 41 failed to respond after the second course. And the effectiveness rate was 66.4%. The efficacy of 2-course regimen was obviously better than that of 1-course regiment. In the meantime, sperm density improved in the 2-course treatment arm. Sperm motility improved slightly in the effective subjects of 1-course treatment arm. All the above results had statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Qianlie Beixi Capsules is both safe and effective for unliquefiable semen and may shorten the time of seminal liquefaction.

[Bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate versus monopolar transurethral prostatectomy: a pathological study in a canine model].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the postoperative depths of the coagulation zones and pathological changes between bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate with plasmakinetic energy (PKRP) and monopolar transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) in canines. METHODS: Twenty-five male dogs were randomly divided into a PKRP group (n = 12), a TURP group (n = 12) and a sham-operation control group (n = 1). The dogs were sacrificed, their prostates harvested at 0 week (immediately after surgery), 1 week, 2 weeks and 8 weeks postoperatively and sectioned for pathologic analysis and measurement of the coagulation zones. RESULTS: At 0, 1 and 2 weeks after the operation, the coagulation depths were (237.73 +/- 20.12) microm, (113.03 +/- 16.65) microm and (106.01 +/- 16.36) microm in the PKRP group, and (200.75 +/-19.34) microm, (129.46 +/- 17.81) microm and (116.04 +/- 25.67) microm in the TURP group (P < 0.01). At 8 weeks, the coagulation zones completely peeled off and the wounds were covered by regenerated urothelial in both of the groups. At 0, 1, 2 and 8 weeks, different inflammatory reactions were observed in the prostates of the PKRP and TURP groups, with some glandular lumens beneath the coagulation zones expanded and epithelia damaged. However, none of these phenomena occurred in the sham-operation control group. CONCLUSION: Pathologically, PKRP and TURP inflicted basically similar effects on the prostate of the canine. However, the coagulation zone was deeper intraoperatively and became thinner postoperatively with the former than with the latter, which suggests that PKRP causes less bleeding and less penetrative thermal damage than TURP.

[Induction of cell cycle arrest in bladder cancer RT4 cells by capsaicin].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of capsaicin on the growth of bladder cancer RT4 cell and its potential mechanism. METHODS: Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry were employed to observe the effects of capsaicin (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 micromol/L) on cell growth, cell cycle and apoptosis. Capsaicin (0 micromol/L) was used as a control. The effects of mRNA and protein of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V 1 (TRPV1) on RT4 cells were tested by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence respectively. And the expressions of cell cycle protein P53, P21, CDK2 were detected by Western blot after the treatment of capsaicin. RESULTS: 100 micromol/L capsaicin significantly decreased the viability of RT4 cell [82.0% +/- 6.2% vs 100.0% +/- 12.4% (control), P = 0.036] while the cell viability was 7.8% +/- 2.9% at 250 micromol/L (P = 0.000). It was in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, capsaicin induced the cell cycle arrest of bladder cancer RT4 cells G(0)/G(1) phase in a dose-dependent way. The cell proportion of G(0)/G(1) phase in the control was 37.4% +/- 5.6%, however, it was 72.4% +/- 5.3% at 250 micromol/L (P = 0.000). It was showed that TRPV1 mRNA and protein were expressed in RT4 cells. After a 48-hour treatment with capsaicin, the expressions of P53 and P21 were up-regulated in contrary to the expression of CDK2. CONCLUSION: Capsaicin induces the cell cycle arrest of bladder cancer RT4 cells G(0)/G(1) phase and growth inhibition via TRPV1 receptor by modulating the expression of P53, P21 and CDK2.