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1.
Carbohydr Polym ; 298: 120023, 2022 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36241256

RESUMO

Polysaccharides are important constituents in Dolichos lablab hull. Herein, pectin-glucuronoxylan complex from D. lablab hull designated as DLHP-3 (D. lablab hull polysaccharide,) was prepared by ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography, and further characterized by acid degradation and enzymatic hydrolysis, methylation combined with GC-MS, NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Both of pectin and glucuronoxylan regions were found in DLHP-3. The glucuronoxylan region consisted of a →4)-ß-Xylp-(1→ backbone with branches of α-GlcpA-(1→ substituted at O-2 site, and the ratio of xylose to glucuronic acid was about 5:1. Acetyl groups were mainly attached to O-3 site of →2,4)-ß-Xylp-(1→ residues. The main chain of pectin region could be represented by →4)-α-GalpA-(1→4)-α-GalpA-(1→ and →2)-α-Rhap-(1→4)-α-GalpA-(1→ with partial methyl-esterification. The side chains were deduced to embrace arabinan and arabinogalactan linked to rhamnogalacturonan-I region. Pectin was probably covalently bound to glucuronoxylan. Our findings uncovered the molecular structure of pectin-glucuronoxylan complex from D. lablab hull.


Assuntos
Dolichos , Dolichos/metabolismo , Ácido Glucurônico , Pectinas/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Ramnogalacturonanos , Xilanos , Xilose
2.
Food Chem ; 368: 130772, 2022 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34399182

RESUMO

Macrolepiota albuminosa (Berk.) Pegler is abundant in active polysaccharides, but little is known about their structures and solution properties. In this study, water-extracted polysaccharides from M. albuminosa (MAWP) were purified into three fractions with structural heterogeneity, which was attributed to the diversity in molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and linkage patterns, further affecting their solution properties. Methylation and NMR analysis revealed MAWP-60p and MAWP-70 were a 3-O-methylated glucomannogalactan and a previously unreported glucomannogalactan, whereas MAWP-80 was elucidated as a branched galactoglucan. Besides, three fractions exhibited random coil conformation in aqueous solution, while MAWP-60p had the highest viscosity due to its highest molecular weight, mean square radius of gyration (Rg) and O-methyl group attached to the backbone. The molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkages might be the major contributors to the flexibility, molecular size and stereochemistry of mushroom polysaccharide chains.


Assuntos
Agaricales , Polissacarídeos , Carboidratos da Dieta , Peso Molecular , Monossacarídeos , Viscosidade
3.
Food Chem ; 359: 129899, 2021 Oct 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33965763

RESUMO

A low methyl-esterified pectin (33.2% methyl-esterification degree) was isolated from the tuber of Dioscorea opposita Thunb., which was an edible and medicinal material in China. This pectin (Mw of 1.3 × 104 g/mol) contained the ~59.1% homogalacturonan (HG) and ~38.1% highly branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) region with possible side chains embracing arabinogalactan II, arabinan or arabinogalactan I. The fragments including HG backbone consisting of â†’ 4)-α-GalpA-(1 â†’ and â†’ 4)-α-GalpA-6-O-methyl-(1 â†’ with molar ratio of ~2:1, and repeating unit of arabinogalactan II side chain composed of α-Araf-(1 â†’ and â†’ 3,6)-ß-Galp-(1→, were speculated through methylation analysis and NMR spectra. However, the linkage pattern for RG-I backbone and side chains were indiscernible due to limited resolution of NMR spectra. Besides, the pectin adopted a flexible chain conformation in 0.1 M NaNO3 solution. These results provided a structural basis for study on polysaccharide from D. opposite, which was benefit for development of functional food of yam.


Assuntos
Dioscorea/química , Pectinas/isolamento & purificação , Configuração de Carboidratos , China , Galactanos/análise , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Pectinas/análise , Pectinas/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Polissacarídeos/análise , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação
4.
Food Res Int ; 143: 110290, 2021 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33992390

RESUMO

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been widely used as an analytical chemistry technique to investigate the molecular structure and conformation of polysaccharides. Combined with 1D spectra, chemical shifts and coupling constants in both homo- and heteronuclear 2D NMR spectra are able to infer the linkage and sequence of sugar residues. Besides, NMR has also been applied in conformation, quantitative analysis, cell wall in situ, degradation, polysaccharide mixture interaction analysis, as well as carbohydrates impurities profiling. This review summarizes the principle and development of NMR in polysaccharides analysis, and provides NMR spectra data collections of some common polysaccharides. It will help to promote the application of NMR in complex polysaccharides of biochemical interest, and provide valuable information on commercial polysaccharide products.


Assuntos
Polissacarídeos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Conformação Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular
5.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 80: 410-7, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26111910

RESUMO

In this study, two sulfated polysaccharides (S-CP1-4 and S-CP1-8) from Cyclocarya paliurus were produced by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to develop an oxidative stress model in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Effects of the two sulfated polysaccharides on H2O2-induced oxidative stress were investigated. The results showed that S-CP(1-8) improved the viability of the H2O2-induced stressed RAW264.7 cells, as well as inhibited the lipid oxidation as determined by the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Meanwhile, treatment with S-CP(1-4) increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in these cells. The sulfated polysaccharides were found to have a better protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress as compared to the native polysaccharide. Scanning electron microscopy also showed a significant change in the surface morphology of sulfated polysaccharides, but the degradation of main chain of polysaccharides was unconspicuous according to the results of monosaccharide composition. In addition, the sulfated polysaccharides had noticeable DPPH radical scavenging activity. In summary, our results demonstrated that H2O2 was able to induce oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells, and sulfated group might play an important role in resistance to H2O2-induced oxidative damage.


Assuntos
Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/farmacologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Sobrevivência Celular , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Radicais Livres/química , Juglandaceae/química , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Camundongos , Picratos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Células RAW 264.7 , Sulfatos/farmacologia , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo
6.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 79: 248-55, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25957721

RESUMO

Sulfated modification was carried out to modify a water-insoluble polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum (AGAP). The effects of sulfation on structure, physicochemical and functional properties of AGAP were investigated. Three sulfated derivatives were prepared, designated as S-1, S-2 and S-3 with degree of substitution (DS) of 0.35, 0.74 and 1.14, respectively. AGAP was elucidated as an α-(1→3)-glucan with few branches terminated by single mannose or xylose residues. The molecular weight (Mw) and radius of gyration (Rg) were estimated to be 1665 kDa and 65.49 nm, respectively. After sulfated modification, non-selective sulfation occurred preferably at O-6, partially at O-2 and O-4 positions of the glucosyl residues. The water-solubility of the derivatives was significantly improved in a DS-dependent manner. Mw of the derivatives showed a sharp decrease, and the chain conformation was estimated to be expanded stiff in phosphate buffer. In vitro tests showed that sulfated modification improved its antioxidant activities and anti-proliferative ability against S-180 tumor cells. This study suggested that sulfated modification was an effective approach to improve the water-solubility and functional properties of insoluble polysaccharides.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Citostáticos/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , Ganoderma/química , Glucanos/química , Sulfatos/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Configuração de Carboidratos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Citostáticos/isolamento & purificação , Citostáticos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Glucanos/isolamento & purificação , Glucanos/farmacologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Peso Molecular , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Solubilidade , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Água
7.
J Agric Food Chem ; 63(10): 2734-40, 2015 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25715057

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in spleen lymphocytes. Our results showed that PSG-1 increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and calcineurin (CaN) activity. Moreover, PSG-1 was found to elevate nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity, but this effect could be diminished by the treatment of CaN inhibitors (cyclosporin A and FK506). PSG-1-induced interleukin (IL)-2 production was also inhibited by cyclosporin A and FK506. In addition, PSG-1 was found to significantly enhance protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC was involved in induction of NFAT activity by PSG-1, as evidenced by abrogation of NFAT activity by PKC inhibitor calphostin C, which significantly decreased PSG-1-induced IL-2 production. On the basis of these results, we concluded that PSG-1 may induce activation of spleen lymphocytes at least in part via the Ca2+/CaN/NFAT/IL-2 signaling pathway and the PKC/NFAT/IL-2 signaling pathway cooperatively regulated PSG-1-induced activation of spleen lymphocytes.


Assuntos
Ganoderma/química , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Verduras/química , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Interleucina-2/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/citologia , Baço/imunologia
8.
J Agric Food Chem ; 63(2): 517-25, 2015 Jan 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25549720

RESUMO

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1)-induced antitumor activity. In vitro, the apoptosis rate of S-180 cells was increased in PSG-1-induced peritoneal macrophage derived from C3H/HeN (wild-type) mice, but not from C3H/HeJ (TLR4-deficient) mice. In the S-180 tumor model, phagocytosis, NO and ROS release, phosphorylation of MAPKs and Akt, and expression of NF-κB were increased by PSG-1 in peritoneal macrophage derived from C3H/HeN mice. Furthermore, PSG-1 elevated Th1 cytokine production and enhanced the cytotoxic activity of CTL and NK cells in C3H/HeN mice. In addition, PSG-1 decreased the tumor weight and increased the apoptosis rate and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities of tumor derived from the C3H/HeN mice. However, none of these activities were observed in C3H/HeJ mice. In summary, these findings demonstrated that the antitumor activity of PSG-1 is mediated by TLR4.


Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Ganoderma/química , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Polissacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/imunologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Humanos , Macrófagos Peritoneais/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneais/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Camundongos Knockout , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/fisiopatologia , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th1/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th1/imunologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética
9.
Food Chem Toxicol ; 66: 14-22, 2014 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24447977

RESUMO

Ganoderma atrum has been used as Chinese traditional medicine and healthful mushroom for thousands of years. The polysaccharide is regarded as the major bioactive substances in G. atrum. To delineate the underlying mechanism and signaling cascade involved in the immunomodulatory property of G. atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1). Specifically, this study is designed to examine the possibility of TLR4 as a candidate receptor interacted with G. atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) and elucidate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PSG-1-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production during macrophage activation. Flow cytometric and confocal laser-scanning microscopy analysis showed that fluorescence-labeled PSG-1 bind specifically to the macrophages. Moreover, PSG-1 stimulated TNF-α secretion of peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN mice, but not from C3H/HeJ mice. PSG-1-indcued TNF-α production was suppressed by anti-TLR4 mAb. Furthermore, ROS production was mediated by TLR4, and NADPH oxidase-derived ROS act as upstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt/mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs)/nuclear factor(NF)-κB signaling pathway in the regulation of PSG-1 stimulated TNF-α production. Taken together, we conclude that PSG-1 induces TNF-α secretion through TLR4/ROS/PI3K/Akt/MAPKs/NF-κB pathways during macrophage activation. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the potential of PSG-1 as a novel immunomodulatory agent.


Assuntos
Ativação de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/fisiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Ganoderma , Macrófagos/enzimologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais
10.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 64: 395-401, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24370474

RESUMO

In this study, the chemoprotective effects of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in cyclophosphamide (Cy) treated mice were investigated. In Cy-treated mice, PSG-1 treatment accelerated recovery dose-dependently of peripheral red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, enhanced splenic natural killer cell activity and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. In addition, PSG-1 elevated CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts as well as the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio dose-dependently. Furthermore, PSG-1 restored the levels of IL-2, INF-γ, IL-10, IgA, IgM and IgG, as well as hemolysin in the sera. Finally, PSG-1 can also significantly increase the total antioxidant capacity, activities of superoxidase dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and decrease the malondialdehyde level in vivo. These findings indicate that PSG-1 plays an important role in the protection against myelosuppression and immunosuppression and oxidative stress in Cy-treated mice and could be a potential immunomodulatory agent.


Assuntos
Ciclofosfamida/efeitos adversos , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Ganoderma/química , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ciclofosfamida/toxicidade , Citocinas/sangue , Feminino , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , Hematopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Imunofenotipagem , Células Matadoras Naturais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Fenótipo , Baço/citologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/metabolismo
11.
Int Immunopharmacol ; 14(4): 362-8, 2012 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23010818

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the macrophage activation by Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) and elucidate the molecular mechanism of PSG-1-induced signal transduction in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion. Our results illustrated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were simultaneously activated and involved in PSG-1-induced TNF-α secretion in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, our results also demonstrated that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway was stimulated and played an important role in the PSG-1 induced TNF-α secretion. Additionally, the present study showed that nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation by PSG-1 was triggered by PI3K/Akt/MAPK pathway and NF-κB participated in PSG-1 stimulated TNF-α production. In conclusion, we have elucidated the mechanism of PSG-1-mediated immunomodulatory activities, and provide a theoretical basis for the potential of PSG-1 as a novel immunomodulating agent.


Assuntos
Ganoderma/química , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Polissacarídeos/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética
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