Short sleep time may be the main reason for irregular breakfast to cause overweight-a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: In recent years, the relationship between circadian rhythm and overweight and obesity has attracted the attention of many scholars. Methods: To evaluate association between the duration of sleep and the regularity of breakfast and overweight. A total of 1,178 students from Qingdao University were selected by stratified cluster sampling. There were 601 males (24.69 ± 0.80 years old) and 569 females (24.54 ± 0.70 years old). We used body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) to define overweight levels. Chi-square test, Pearson correlation test, and logistic regression were applied to test association among overweight, sleep duration, sleep onset time, and breakfast regularity. Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used to assess the overall sleep quality of the study subjects. Mediation effect and Sobel test were used to analyze the effect of sleep duration on breakfast regularity and overweight. Results: Only 34.1% of the population ate breakfast every day, and eating breakfast 1-3 times per week was associated with a higher risk of overweight (BMI: OR = 2.183, 95%CI: 1.369,3,481; WC: OR = 2.101, 95%CI: 1.232,3,583; WHR: OR = 2.108, 95%CI: 1.331,3,337). The effects of all types of Usual Breakfast Consumption Frequency on overweight were fully mediated by sleep duration (p < 0.05). In particular, the subjects exercised outdoors more than five times per week slept longer (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Short sleep duration may be the main reason for irregular breakfast leading to overweight. Adequate outdoor exercise is essential for weight maintenance.

Probabilistic assessment of dietary rare earth elements intake among people living near a rare earth ore.

Rare earth elements (REEs) can cause neoplasms, reduce bone density, affect children's intelligence, etc., and diet is an important way for the human body to absorb REEs. With the increasing use of REEs, the impact on human health is becoming more and more important. So, we used a probabilistic assessment method with Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the dietary intake of REEs by residents of a large light rare earth mining area in Shandong Province. 16 REEs in 447 samples (including wheat, maize, dry beans, vegetables, fruits and eggs) were detected. The mean value of total REEs for all samples was 286.96 µg/kg, and of light rare earth elements (LREEs) was 270.18 µg/kg. Among of LREEs, Ce, La, Nd and Pr were dominant. The REEs content of different food categories showed that wheat, leafy vegetables and allium vegetables had higher content of REEs, melons vegetables, root vegetables, fruits and eggs had the lowest content. The mean dietary intake of rare earth oxides for the whole population was 4.20 µg/kg bw/d, wheat and vegetables (leafy vegetables, allium vegetables and root vegetables) were the main sources of REEs. Dietary intake estimates of REEs by age and gender did not exceed the acceptable daily intake which means implying no impact on human health.

Pesticide residues and dietary risk assessment in radishes in Shandong.

Pesticide residues in radishes can induce serious health hazards, especially in children and toddlers. In order to assess potential health risk from pesticide residues in radishes, a total of 26 pesticides were evaluated by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in 1690 samples, which were collected from the year 2016 to 2019 in Shandong Province of China. All the 26 pesticide residues were detected in 752 radish samples (44.50%), but only 221 samples (13.08%) contained detectable pesticide residues, which are above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Multiple residues with two to nine pesticides were present in 5.09% (86 out of 1690) of samples. Hazard quotient (HQ) and the cumulative risk index were far below 100, while percentage value of acute reference dose (%ARfD) of triazophos exceeded 100 for adults, children, and toddlers. The %ARfD value for carbofuran, aldicarb, monocrotophos, and parathion was over 100 for toddlers. From the perspective of public health, the occurrence of pesticide residues in radishes could not pose a serious health risk problem, but the acute health risk should be paid more attention, especially to toddlers. It is recommended to make strict regulations on the management of pesticide residues and human health risk assessment about pesticide residues.

Cinnamic acid derivatives: inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli ß-glucuronidase and structure-activity relationships.

Gut microbial ß-glucuronidase (GUS) is a potential therapeutic target to reduce gastrointestinal toxicity caused by irinotecan. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 17 natural cinnamic acid derivatives on Escherichia coli GUS (EcGUS) were characterised. Seven compounds, including caffeic acid ethyl ester (CAEE), had a stronger inhibitory effect (IC50 = 3.2-22.2 µM) on EcGUS than the positive control, D-glucaric acid-1,4-lactone. Inhibition kinetic analysis revealed that CAEE acted as a competitive inhibitor. The results of molecular docking analysis suggested that CAEE bound to the active site of EcGUS through interactions with Asp163, Tyr468, and Glu504. In addition, structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the presence of a hydrogen atom at R1 and bulky groups at R9 in cinnamic acid derivatives was essential for EcGUS inhibition. These data are useful to design more potent cinnamic acid-type inhibitors of EcGUS.

Descriptive Study of Foodborne Disease Using Case Monitoring Data in Shandong Province, China, 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND: In order to generate data on the burden of foodborne diseases in Shandong Province, we aimed to use the case monitoring data of foodborne diseases from 2016 to 2017 to estimate. METHODS: Data were obtained from the foodborne disease surveillance reporting system with dates of onset from Jan 1, 2016, to Dec 31, 2017, in Shandong, China. RESULTS: The places of food exposure were categorized by settings as follows: private home, catering facility, collective canteens, retail markets, rural banquets and other. Exposed food is divided into 23 categories. Overall incidence rate and proportions by exposure categories, age, and sex-specific incidence rates were calculated and sex proportions compared. Approximately 75.00% of cases who had at least one exposure settings were in private homes. The most frequently reported exposed food was a variety of food (meaning more than two kinds of food). The two-year average incidence rate was 75.78/100,000, sex-specific incidence rate was much higher for females compared to males (78.23 vs. 74.69 cases per 100,000 population). An age-specific trend was observed in the cases reported (Chi-Square for linear trend, χ2=4.39, P=0.036<0.05). CONCLUSION: A preliminary estimate of 14 million cases of foodborne diseases in Shandong province each year. Future studies should focus on cross-sectional and cohort studies to facilitate the assessment of the distribution and burden of foodborne disease of the population in Shandong. Considering strengthening the burden of foodborne diseases in foodborne disease surveillance is also a feasible way.

[Risk assessment of nonylphenol exposure in vegetable oil of residents in six cities of Shandong Province in 2014-2015].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the level of nonylphenol dietary exposure in vegetable oils of 6 cities in Shandong Province and to evaluate the contribution of risk. METHODS: The data of Total Dietary Study and Health Status Survey of Shandong Province and nonylphenol test data were used to evaluate the exposure. A total of 3468 people from6 cities of Shandong province were selected for food survey by stratified multistage cluster random sampling method in 2014-2015. The consumption of vegetable oil was investigated by weighing and accounting method. Nonylphenol content in dietary samples was detected by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry( HPLC-MS). RESULTS: The exposure level of nonylphenol in vegetable oil was 0-0. 44 µg/kg, and the risk index of the highest point of exposure was 0. 088. CONCLUSION: Risk caused by vegetable oil intake of nonylphenol in Shandong Province 6 city residents is extremely low.

Epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks from 2011 to 2016 in Shandong Province, China.

Foodborne disease is a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. China has established a nationwide Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in China. Each provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducts the system working.We reviewed foodborne disease outbreaks that occurred during 2011 to 2016 in Shandong Province from the FDOSS. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the median number of ill persons in outbreaks. All data analysis was performed using Epi Info 7.During 2011 to 2016, Shandong CDC received reports of 1043 foodborne disease outbreaks, resulting in 8078 illnesses, 2442 hospitalizations, and 17 deaths. There were a median of 69 outbreaks annually [interquartile range (IQR) 10-342], resulting in 335 to 3824 illnesses each year. The median outbreak size was 3 persons (IQR 2-7). Hotels (including cruise ships, hotpot restaurants, barbecue shops) were the most common setting. Among the 744 (71.3%) outbreaks with an implicated food or contaminated ingredient reported, 704 (94.6%) could be assigned to one of 17 predefined commodity categories. Of the 280 outbreaks with a known etiology, 117 (41.8%) were caused by poisonous plants and animals and their toxins, 39 (13.9) were caused by nitrite, and 27 (9.6%) were caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus. Of the 491 (47.1%) outbreaks with at least a contributing factor to cause outbreak, 168 (34.2%) were caused by improper processing, and 100 (20.4) were caused by inedible and misuse.Timely investigation, disposal and reporting of foodborne disease outbreaks provides information that might help FDOSS to make full use of efficiency and FDOSS should be continued and strengthened even more in Shandong Province, such as an increase in diagnostic laboratory capacities.

Association between serum magnesium and blood lipids: influence of type 2 diabetes and central obesity.

To assess the changes in the relationship between serum Mg and blood lipids of Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or central obesity, a total of 8163 subjects (mean age 59·6 years, 54·9 % men) were analysed. Participants were classified according to blood Mg (below 0·65 mmol/l, 0·65-0·95 mmol/l and above 0·95 mmol/l), T2D (yes/no) and central obesity (yes/no). Blood lipids (TAG, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) were determined by standardised methods and conditions. A significant increase in blood lipids, with the exception of HDL-cholesterol, across progressive Mg groups in all subjects was noted (P0·05). TAG, TC, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher among subjects with T2D than those without T2D (P<0·05). Multivariable models for TAG and LDL-cholesterol failed to attain statistical significance in diabetics, by using a generalised linear or parsimonious model. TAG, TC, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher among subjects with T2D or central obesity. Blood lipids, with the exception of HDL-cholesterol, were associated with serum Mg, but this association was somehow influenced by T2D in LDL-cholesterol. In addition, multivariable models for both TAG and LDL-cholesterol failed to attain statistical significance among subjects with T2D, different from subjects without T2D.

Secular trends in salt and soy sauce intake among Chinese adults, 1997-2011.

Salt and soy sauce are the main ways of sodium intake in Chinese dietary. In this study, we used the data of the China Health and Nutrition Surveys to describe the secular trends of salt and soy sauce intake among Chinese adults from 1997 to 2011. Trends were tested by multiple linear regression models. During the past 14 years, the consumption of sodium, salt and soy sauce intake values decreased significantly across the six study periods (p < .0001) among both men and women. Averaged salt values decreased by 4.9 g/d in men and 4.1 g/d in women. Mean soy sauce intake values decreased by 9.0 g/d among men and 7.3 g/d among women. Similar significant trends were observed in all age groups, activity levels and regions (p < .0001).

Health risk assessment of rare earth elements in cereals from mining area in Shandong, China.

To investigate the concentrations of rare earth elements in cereals and assess human health risk through cereal consumption, a total of 327 cereal samples were collected from rare earth mining area and control area in Shandong, China. The contents of 14 rare earth elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The medians of total rare earth elements in cereals from mining and control areas were 74.22 µg/kg and 47.83 µg/kg, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The wheat had the highest rare earth elements concentrations (109.39 µg/kg and 77.96 µg/kg for mining and control areas, respectively) and maize had the lowest rare earth elements concentrations (42.88 µg/kg and 30.25 µg/kg for mining and control areas, respectively). The rare earth elements distribution patterns for both areas were characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements. The health risk assessment demonstrated that the estimated daily intakes of rare earth elements through cereal consumption were considerably lower than the acceptable daily intake (70 µg/kg bw). The damage to adults can be neglected, but more attention should be paid to the effects of continuous exposure to rare earth elements on children.

Concentrations and health risk assessment of rare earth elements in vegetables from mining area in Shandong, China.

To investigate the concentrations of rare earth elements in vegetables and assess human health risk through vegetable consumption, a total of 301 vegetable samples were collected from mining area and control area in Shandong, China. The contents of 14 rare earth elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The total rare earth elements in vegetables from mining and control areas were 94.08 µg kg-1 and 38.67 µg kg-1, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The leaf vegetable had the highest rare earth elements concentration (984.24 µg kg-1 and 81.24 µg kg-1 for mining and control areas, respectively) and gourd vegetable had the lowest rare earth elements concentration (37.34 µg kg-1 and 24.63 µg kg-1 for mining and control areas, respectively). For both areas, the rare earth elements concentration in vegetables declined in the order of leaf vegetable > taproot vegetable > alliaceous vegetable > gourd vegetable. The rare earth elements distribution patterns for both areas were characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements. The health risk assessment demonstrated that the estimated daily intakes (0.69 µg kg-1 d-1 and 0.28 µg kg-1 d-1 for mining and control areas, respectively) of rare earth elements through vegetable consumption were significantly lower than the acceptable daily intake (70 µg kg-1 d-1). The damage to adults can be neglected, but more attention should be paid to the effects of continuous exposure to low levels of rare earth elements on children.

P38/NF-κB/snail pathway is involved in caffeic acid-induced inhibition of cancer stem cells-like properties and migratory capacity in malignant human keratinocyte.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer is the most common cancer throughout the world. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the acquisition of cancer stem cells (CSCs)-like properties emerge as critical steps in the metastasis of human skin cancers. Caffeic acid (CaA) exerts anticarcinogenic effects. However, the effects of CaA on the migratory capability and on the CSCs-like properties of skin cancer cells, and the molecular mechanisms underlying it are not fully understood. METHODS: Malignant HaCaT cells were treated by CaA. Transwell assay was performed to determine that CaA attenuated the migratory capability; Spheroid formation assay was performed to confirm that CaA decreased the CSCs-like phenotype; Treated malignant HaCaT cells were molecularly characterized by RT-PCR, Western blots, Southwestern blot, and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: In CaA-treated malignant human keratinocyte (malignant HaCaT cells), inhibition of the migratory capability and CSCs-like phenotype were observed. CaA up-regulated the phosphorylation of p38, and down-regulated the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/snail signal pathway. Indeed, p38 decreased the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB to the promoter of snail gene, which resulted in the transcriptional inactivation of snail. Blockage of p38 attenuated the CaA-induced inhibition of migratory capability and CSCs-like phenotype in malignant HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS: CaA attenuates the migratory capability and CSCs-like Properties of malignant human keratinocyte, in which, p38-mediated down-regulation of NF-κB/snail signal pathway is involved.

[Status quo and characteristics of blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7-17 years at normal weight but with abdominal obesity, in Shandong province].

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and characteristics of blood pressure (BP) among children and adolescents at normal weight but with abdominal obesity. METHODS: Using data from the 'Student physical fitness and health surveillance 2010 project' in Shandong province, a total of 38 816 students aged 7-17 years were selected to participate in this study. Stature, body weight, waist circumference(WC), systolic blood pressure(SBP)and diastolic blood pressure(DBP) of these subjects were measured. Body weight status and abdominal obesity were defined by body mass index (BMI) and WC, respectively. RESULTS: In total, the proportions of thinness, normal weight, overweight and obesity defined by BMI were 5.37%, 72.47%, 12.92% and 9.24% respectively. 5.86% of the children and adolescents with normal weight had abdominal obesity, with normal weighted girls (7.19%) having higher prevalence of abdominal obesity than boys(4.33%)(P < 0.01). The Z-scores of SBP and DBP for both boys and girls were all significantly higher in the normal weight but with abdominal obesity groups than in both normal weight and WC groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents under normal weight but with abdominal obesity had higher BP level need to be identified and considered as high-risk individuals. Related intervention programs should also be targeted to this population.

[Effect of copper deficiency on iron metabolism in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of copper deficiency on the nutritional status of iron, the expression of hepcidin mRNA and transferrin receptor mRNA in rats. METHODS: Forty eight clean male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups according to body weight; and there were 12 rats in each group. The groups are normal iron and copper control group (group I), normal iron and copper deficiency group (group II), normal iron and copper slightly deficient group (group III), both iron and copper slightly deficient group (group IV). Serum, liver and spleen of rats were collected by the end of 8th week. Serum copper, serum iron, hemoglobin, serum transferrin receptor, serum ferritin, liver iron and liver copper, spleen iron and spleen copper were determined. The expression of liver transferring receptor mRNA and hepcidin mRNA were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. RESULTS: Compared with the controls, the contents of serum iron and serum ferritin decreased (P < 0.05), but the level of serum transferrin receptor and the content of iron in liver and spleen increased significantly under copper deficiency. The expression of transferrin receptor mRNA in liver increased but the expression of hepcidin mRNA in liver decreased significantly under copper deficiency (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of iron may be affected by copper deficiency through influencing the absorption, storage and transportation of iron. Under the condition of copper deficiency, the expression of hepcidin mRNA in liver was lowered and the expression of transferrin receptor mRNA was enhanced through the way of iron response element-iron regulatory protein (IRE-IRP) to regulate iron metabolism.

[Effect of iron deficiency on vitamin A metabolism in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of iron deficiency on vitamin A (VA) metabolism in rats. METHODS: Forty-four male SD rats were divided randomly into four groups according to their body weights and every group included 11 rats: control group (I group), entire iron deficient and normal VA group (II group), slight iron deficient and normal VA group (III group), slight iron and VA deficient (IV group). After being raised for 10 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and the serum VA, retinol-binding protein (RBP), hemoglobin, serum iron, serum iron saturation, VA in the liver, retinyl ester in the liver were determined. RESULTS: Iron deficiency decreased serum VA and VA in the liver significantly, and increased molar ratio of hepatic retinyl esters to retinol significantly. VA deficiency decreased the level of RBP mRNA expression in the liver significantly. CONCLUSION: Iron deficiency could affect VA nutritional status by influencing absorption, storage and transportation of VA.

[Effect of all-trans retinoic acid deficiency on iron metabolism in rat primary hepatocyte].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of atRA on iron metabolism in cultured primary rat hepatocyte. METHODS: Rat primary hepatocytes were isolated by two-step in situ collagenase perfusion method by Seglen, and after that Cell viability was observed by 0.4% trypan blue. And then primary hepatocyte were treated into 6 wells plate with 0, 0.5, 1 and 50 micromol/L atRA and DMEM contained 10% fetal bovine serum. After 72h, IRP2 mRNA, TFR mRNA, Fnm RNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS: VA deficiency can decrease the viability and function. Moreover hepatic IRP2 mRNA and TFRmRNA levels were increased by VA deficiency, which diminishing expression of Fn mRNA. CONCLUSION: vitamin A deficiency can change cellular iron metabolism by inducing IRP2-Fn-TFR pathway. AtRA supplementation inhibited the increase in IRP2 mRNA expression. Taken together, these results indicate that vitamin A deficiency can regulate iron metabolism by IRP2-TFR-Fn pathway.