Attenuated neural activity in processing decision-making feedback in uncertain conditions in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

The present study aimed to explore the potential neural correlates during feedback evaluation during decision-making under risk and ambiguity in MCI. Nineteen individuals with MCI and twenty age-matched HCs were enrolled. Decision-making performance under risk and ambiguity was examined with the modified game of dice task (GDT) and an Iowa gambling task (IGT). Using task-related EEG data, reward positivity (RewP) and feedback P3 (fb-P3) were used to characterize participants' motivation and allocation of cognitive resources. Also, response time and event-related oscillation (ERO) were used to evaluate information processing speed, and the potent of post-feedback information integration and behavioral modulation. MCI patients had lower RewP (p = 0.022) and fb-P3 (p = 0.045) amplitudes in the GDT than HCs. Moreover, the amount and valence of feedback modulated the RewP (p = 0.008; p = 0.017) and fb-P3 (p < 0.001; p < 0.001). In the IGT, in addition to the significantly reduced fb-P3 observed in MCI patients (p = 0.010), the amount and valence of feedback modulated the RewP (p = 0.002; p = 0.020). Furthermore, MCI patients took longer to make decisions (t = 2.15, p = 0.041). The ERO analysis revealed that delta power was reduced in MCI (GDT: p = 0.045; p = 0.011). The findings suggest that, during feedback evaluation when making risky and ambiguous decisions, motivation, allocation of cognitive resources, information processing and neuronal excitability were attenuated in MCI. It implies that neural activity related to decision making was compromised in MCI.

Magnetic molecular imprinted covalent organic framework composite for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of bisphenol AF.

A magnetic molecular imprinted covalent organic framework composite (MCOF-MIP) that possessed the 'dual-selectivity' of a covalent organic framework and molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) with rapid response performance was successfully prepared for the removal of bisphenol AF (BPAF) from real water and blood samples. First, the MCOF was separately synthesized using magnetic Fe3O4 as the magnetic core, 1,3,5-triaminobenzene and 2,5-dibromobenzene-1,4-diformaldehyde as precursors and a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the solvent using a solvothermal synthesis method. The MCOF showed high crystallinity and good adsorption capacities for BPAF (107.4 mg g-1), bisphenol A (113.6 mg g-1), bisphenol S (120.0 mg g-1) and bisphenol F (82.1 mg g-1). To further improve the selectivity for BPAF, an MIP, which uses BPAF as a template, was introduced to form the MCOF-MIP. Due to the dual selectivity of MCOF and MIP, the MCOF-MIP exhibited relatively high selective adsorption capacity to BPAF (243.1 mg g-1) compared to that for the MCOF (107.4 mg g-1), while the adsorption capacities (149.7-109.4 mg g-1) for the other three compounds were not significantly improved. Furthermore, a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method was established, and MSPE parameters such as adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, desorption solvent and desorption time were optimized. Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis, a rapid and sensitive method was developed to detect BPAF, which showed good linearity (r > 0.9969) ranging from 0.1 to 400 µg mL-1. Low limits of detection (0.04 µg mL-1, S/N = 3) and quantitation (0.1 µg mL-1, S/N = 10) and good precision with low relative SDs (<1.2 % for intra-day and <1.1 % for inter-day) were also obtained. Finally, MSPE coupled with HPLC-DAD was employed for the analysis of BPAF in water and blood samples, and the recoveries of BPAF were satisfactory (91.1-112.6 %).

A Stable and Scalable Digital Composite Neurocognitive Test for Early Dementia Screening Based on Machine Learning: Model Development and Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: Dementia has become a major public health concern due to its heavy disease burden. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional stage between healthy aging and dementia. Early identification of MCI is an essential step in dementia prevention. OBJECTIVE: Based on machine learning (ML) methods, this study aimed to develop and validate a stable and scalable panel of cognitive tests for the early detection of MCI and dementia based on the Chinese Neuropsychological Consensus Battery (CNCB) in the Chinese Neuropsychological Normative Project (CN-NORM) cohort. METHODS: CN-NORM was a nationwide, multicenter study conducted in China with 871 participants, including an MCI group (n=327, 37.5%), a dementia group (n=186, 21.4%), and a cognitively normal (CN) group (n=358, 41.1%). We used the following 4 algorithms to select candidate variables: the F-score according to the SelectKBest method, the area under the curve (AUC) from logistic regression (LR), P values from the logit method, and backward stepwise elimination. Different models were constructed after considering the administration duration and complexity of combinations of various tests. Receiver operating characteristic curve and AUC metrics were used to evaluate the discriminative ability of the models via stratified sampling cross-validation and LR and support vector classification (SVC) algorithms. This model was further validated in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative phase 3 (ADNI-3) cohort (N=743), which included 416 (56%) CN subjects, 237 (31.9%) patients with MCI, and 90 (12.1%) patients with dementia. RESULTS: Except for social cognition, all other domains in the CNCB differed between the MCI and CN groups (P<.008). In feature selection results regarding discrimination between the MCI and CN groups, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-5 minutes Recall had the best performance, with the highest mean AUC of up to 0.80 (SD 0.02) and an F-score of up to 258.70. The scalability of model 5 (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-5 minutes Recall and Trail Making Test-B) was the lowest. Model 5 achieved a higher level of discrimination than the Hong Kong Brief Cognitive test score in distinguishing between the MCI and CN groups (P<.05). Model 5 also provided the highest sensitivity of up to 0.82 (range 0.72-0.92) and 0.83 (range 0.75-0.91) according to LR and SVC, respectively. This model yielded a similar robust discriminative performance in the ADNI-3 cohort regarding differentiation between the MCI and CN groups, with a mean AUC of up to 0.81 (SD 0) according to both LR and SVC algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a stable and scalable composite neurocognitive test based on ML that could differentiate not only between patients with MCI and controls but also between patients with different stages of cognitive impairment. This composite neurocognitive test is a feasible and practical digital biomarker that can potentially be used in large-scale cognitive screening and intervention studies.

Fluorescent covalent organic frameworks for environmental pollutant detection sensors and enrichment sorbents: a mini-review.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous crystalline materials based on organic building blocks containing light elements, such as C, H, O, N, and B, interconnected by covalent bonds. Because of their regular crystal structure, high porosity, stable mechanical structure, satisfactory specific surface area, easy functionalization, and high tunability, they have important applications in several fields. Currently, most of the established methods based on COFs can only be used for individual detection or adsorption of the target. Impressively, fluorescent COFs as a special member of the COF family are able to achieve highly selective and sensitive detection of target pollutants by fluorescence enhancement or quenching. The construction of a dual-functional platform for detection and adsorption based on fluorescent COFs can enable the simultaneous realization of visual monitoring and adsorption of target pollutants. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of fluorescent COFs as fluorescence sensors and adsorbents. First, the fluorescent COFs were classified according to the different bonding modes between the building blocks, and then the applications of fluorescent COF-based detection and adsorption bifunctional materials for various environmental contaminants were highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future application prospects of fluorescent COFs are discussed.

[Therapeutic efficacy of volume-guaranteed high frequency oscillation ventilation on respiratory failure in preterm infants with a gestational age of 28-34 weeks: a prospective randomized controlled study]. / 容量保证的高频振荡通气模式对胎龄28~34å‘¨æ—©äº§å„¿å‘¼å¸è¡°ç«­ç–—æ•ˆçš„å‰çž»æ€§éšæœºå¯¹ç §ç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of volume-guaranteed high frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV-VG) versus conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) in the treatment of preterm infants with respiratory failure. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 112 preterm infants with respiratory failure (a gestational age of 28-34 weeks) who were admitted to the Department of Neonatology, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Southeast University, from October 2018 to December 2022. The infants were randomly divided into an HFOV-VG group (44 infants) and a CMV group (68 infants) using the coin tossing method based on the mode of mechanical ventilation. The therapeutic efficacy was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: After 24 hours of treatment, both the HFOV-VG and CMV groups showed significant improvements in arterial blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and partial pressure of oxygen/fractional concentration of inspired oxygen ratio (P<0.05), and the HFOV-VG group had better improvements than the CMV group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidence rate of complications, 28-day mortality rate, and length of hospital stay (P>0.05), but the HFOV-VG group had a significantly shorter duration of invasive mechanical ventilation than the CMV group (P<0.05). The follow-up at the corrected age of 6 months showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in the scores of developmental quotient, gross motor function, fine motor function, adaptive ability, language, and social behavior in the Pediatric Neuropsychological Development Scale (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with CMV mode, HFOV-VG mode improves partial pressure of oxygen and promotes carbon dioxide elimination, thereby enhancing oxygenation and shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory failure, while it has no significant impact on short-term neurobehavioral development in these infants.

Cerebral dominance representation of directed connectivity within and between left-right hemispheres and frontal-posterior lobes in mild cognitive impairment.

Electroencephalography can assess connectivity between brain hemispheres, potentially influencing cognitive functions. Much of the existing electroencephalography research primarily focuses on undirected connectivity, leaving uncertainties about directed connectivity alterations between left-right brain hemispheres or frontal-posterior lobes in mild cognitive impairment. We analyzed resting-state electroencephalography data from 34 mild cognitive impairment individuals and 23 normal controls using directed transfer function and graph theory for directed network analysis. Concerning the dominance within left-right hemispheres or frontal-posterior lobes, the mild cognitive impairment group exhibited decreased connectivity within the frontal compared with posterior brain regions in the delta and theta bands. Regarding the dominance between the brain hemispheres or lobes, the mild cognitive impairment group showed reduced connectivity from the posterior to the frontal regions versus the reverse direction in the same bands. Among all participants, the intra-lobe frontal-posterior dominance correlated positively with executive function in the delta and alpha bands. Inter-lobe dominance between frontal and posterior regions also positively correlated with executive function, attention, and language in the delta band. Additionally, interhemispheric dominance between the left and right hemispheres positively correlated with attention in delta and theta bands. These findings suggest altered cerebral dominance in mild cognitive impairment, potentially serving as electrophysiological markers for neurocognitive disorders.

ZnS/CuFe2O4/MXene ternary heterostructure photocatalyst for efficient adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes under visible light: Synergistic effect, mechanism, and application.

ZnS/CuFe2O4/MXene (ZSCFOM) composite with ternary heterostructures was prepared by solvothermal methods for the first time to effectively adsorb and photodegrade the azo dyes. ZSCFOM mainly adsorbed azo dyes through the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, with saturated adsorption capacities of 377 mg g-1 for direct brown M and 390 mg g-1 for direct black RN. ZSCFOM exhibited both characteristics of Schott heterostructure and p-n heterostructure, but it is not a simple superposition of the two heterostructures, but rather achieves better photocatalytic property. ZSCFOM performed a higher separation efficiency of electrons and holes than pure CuFe2O4 and pure ZnS. Under visible light, ZSCFOM was more effective in removing the azo dyes than MXene, CuFe2O4, ZnS, CuFe2O4/MXene, ZnS/MXene, and ZnS/CuFe2O4. The migration pathways of photogenerated carriers in ZSCFOM were inferred as that the electrons were concentrated in MXene and conduction band of ZnS, and holes were gathered in valence band of CuFe2O4. MXene served as a cocatalyst to accelerate the separation of electrons and holes. ZSCFOM mainly degraded DBM and DBRN by catalyzing the generation of holes, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals. The 100% of 0.05 g L-1 azo dyes were removed by ZSCFOM within 30 min from the environmental water systems.

Characteristics and Potential Neural Substrates of Encoding and Retrieval During Memory Binding in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND: Whether encoding or retrieval failure contributes to memory binding deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) has not been elucidated. Also, the potential brain structural substrates of memory binding remained undiscovered. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics and brain atrophy pattern of encoding and retrieval performance during memory binding in aMCI. METHODS: Forty-three individuals with aMCI and 37 cognitively normal controls were recruited. The Memory Binding Test (MBT) was used to measure memory binding performance. The immediate and delayed memory binding indices were computed by using the free and cued paired recall scores. Partial correlation analysis was performed to map the relationship between regional gray matter volume and memory binding performance. RESULTS: The memory binding performance in the learning and retrieval phases was worse in the aMCI group than in the control group (F = 22.33 to 52.16, all p < 0.001). The immediate and delayed memory binding index in the aMCI group was lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The gray matter volume of the left inferior temporal gyrus was positively correlated with memory binding test scores (r = 0.49 to 0.61, p < 0.05) as well as the immediate (r = 0.39, p < 0.05) and delayed memory binding index (r = 0.42, p < 0.05) in the aMCI group. CONCLUSION: aMCI may be primarily characterized by a deficit in encoding phase during the controlled learning process. Volumetric losses in the left inferior temporal gyrus may contribute to encoding failure.

Characteristics and outcomes of full-thickness macular holes created during vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical features, management, and prognosis of full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs) inadvertently created during vitrectomy for eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and fibrovascular proliferation (FVP). METHODS: Eyes with PDR and FVP that had intraoperatively created FTMHs were retrospectively collected as the study group, and age- and sex-matched subjects with PDR and FVP who did not have intraoperative FTMHs were selected as the control group. Fundus abnormalities, optical coherence tomography (OCT) features, and anatomical and functional outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Eleven eyes of 11 patients (5 male and 6 female) were identified as the study group. Follow-up duration was 36.8 ± 47.2 months. FTMHs were managed by ILM peeling or the inverted ILM flap technique. Anatomical success and MH closure were achieved in 100% of eyes in the study group. In comparison to the control group, the study group had a higher proportion of condensed prefoveal tissue (63.6% vs. 22.7%, p = 0.028), and a higher ratio of silicone oil tamponade (63.6% vs. 18.2%, p = 0.014), whereas there were no differences in preoperative and final BCVA, and the severity, activity, and locations of FVP between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Condensed prefoveal tissue was a risk factor of FTMHs created during operation for eyes with PDR and FVP. The ILM peeling or the inverted ILM flap technique may be beneficial for the treatment with favorable anatomical and functional outcomes.

Carbonized human hair derived carbon dots for detection of clozapine.

Clozapine (CLZ) is known as the most effective antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. However, low dosage or over dosage of CLZ is adverse to the treatment of Schizophrenia. Thus, it is necessary to develop effective detection method for CLZ. Recently, due to the advantages such as excellent optical properties, good photobleachability and sensitivity, carbon dots (CDs)-based fluorescent sensors for the detection of target analytes have drawn a great deal of attention. In this work, blue fluorescent CDs (Named as B-CDs) with quantum yield (QY) as high as 38% were obtained by using carbonized human hair as source material through one-step dialysis method for the first time. B-CDs showed obvious graphite-like structure with an average of 1.76 nm, containing abundant functional groups such as -C=O, amino N and C-N on the surface of carbon cores. Optical analysis showed that the B-CDs exhibited excitation-dependent emission property with maximum emission wavelength of 450 nm. Moreover, B-CDs were further applied as a fluorescence sensor to the detection of CLZ. The B-CDs based sensor exhibited a good quenching response by CLZ through the inner filter effect and static quenching mechanism with a limit of detection of 67 ng/mL, which was much lower than the minimal effective concentration in blood (0.35 µg/mL). Finally, to test the practical application value of the developed fluorescence method, the determination of the content of CLZ in tablets and the concentration in blood was carried out. Compared with the results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, it can be found that the constructed fluorescence detection method showed high accuracy and had great application potential in the detection of CLZ. Additionally, the results of cytotoxicity experiment showed that B-CDs had low cytotoxicity, which laid the foundation for the subsequent application of B-CDs in biological systems.

Decrease in naturally occurring antibodies against epitopes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene products is associated with cognitive decline in AD.

BACKGROUND: Naturally occurring antibodies (NAbs) are germline-encoded immunoglobulins that can bind to and clear out self-neo-epitopes as well as apoptotic and necrotic cells. However, NAbs pathological relevance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not well-understood. METHODS: Twenty-eight candidate proteins encoded by AD-associated genes were selected for this study based on a number of selection criteria, including preferential expression in the brain and B-lymphocyte cells. The levels of NAbs in plasma were analyzed according to their epitopes in age- and gender-matched cognitively normal subjects (CN, n = 56), subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 16) and subjects with AD (n = 56). We aimed to study the levels of their NAbs in plasma and their associations with cognitive decline in individuals with AD. RESULTS: Of the 28 antigens tested, 17 showed decreased NAbs in individuals with AD; in particular, NAb-TREM2 had an area under the ROC curve of 0.806, with the highest sensitivity (0.370) at 95% specificity among all 28 tests. Further protein-protein interaction networks and functional enrichment analysis suggested that target genes were enriched in AD-related pathological processes classified under "Alzheimer's disease", "neurodegenerative disease" and "amyloidosis". The "Alzheimer's disease" and "neurodegenerative disease" clusters, which converged on the initial "recognition" step of microglial phagocytosis, showed the best diagnostic performance for AD. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a decline in the function of the adaptive immune system in AD, and the levels of circulating NAbs are likely to serve as biomarkers for surveilling the progression of AD.

Fabrication of highly crystalline covalent organic framework for solid-phase extraction of three dyes from food and water samples.

Herein, a covalent organic framework, which was fabricated at room temperature by using 1,3,5-tris(p-formylphenyl) benzene and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene as building blocks, was employed as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of dyes including congo red, methyl blue and direct red 80 for the first time. The prepared covalent organic framework was properly characterized by different techniques and the results revealed that it had a uniform spherical structure, high crystallinity, satisfactory surface area, and good thermal stability. Moreover, the adsorption performance of the material was explored by using static and dynamic adsorption experiments and the results indicated that the material showed good adsorption capacities for three dyes with adsorption capacities in the range of 55.25-284.10 mg/g and the adsorption equilibrium can be achieved in 15 min. Further, to achieve the best adsorption effects of the material, the influence parameters such as pH, ionic strength, type of desorption solvent, and the material dosage in the solid-phase extraction column, were optimized in turn. Finally, under optimal conditions, the solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC was applied to the analysis of dyes in food and water samples. The recoveries of dyes in actual samples were satisfactory, revealing the unique applicability of the material in the sample pretreatment field.

Sulfuric acid induced-synthesis coupled with ethanol extraction-water precipitation purification method for orange fluorescent carbon dots with dual-emission: Application for methyl blue detection and cell imaging.

In this work, by adjusting the sulfuric acid content in reaction solvent of ethanol, orange fluorescent carbon dots (O-FCDs) with dual-emission wavelength and blue fluorescent carbon dots (B-FCDs) with single-emission wavelength were successfully prepared using 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene as precursor. Coupling with ethanol extraction-water precipitation purification method, pure O-FCDs and B-FCDs with yields of 9.0 % and 21.3 %, quantum yields (QYs) of 43.0 % and 13.7 % were obtained, respectively. The structures and optical properties of O-FCDs and B-FCDs were investigated by TEM, AFM, Raman, FT-IR, XPS, UV-vis, fluorescence analysis etc. The results revealed that sulfuric acid promoted the carbonization and the oxidation of precursor in the reaction process. In comparison with the B-FCDs, O-FCDs showed narrower lattice spacing and band gap, demonstrating the important role of sulfur-doping in fluorescence tuning. Additionally, O-FCDs showed good sensitivity for methyl blue with a linear response range of 0.05-100 µM (LOD was 20 nM) and the satisfactory results were obtained when O-FCDs were applied to the detection of methyl blue in real fish sample. Moreover, two FCDs showed good biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity proved by MTT experiment, while, O-FCDs showed better cell imaging effects than that of B-FCDs. Therefore, the O-FCDs had a broad application prospect as sensing platform in detection of methyl blue and for imaging in biological field.

Incongruent gray matter atrophy and functional connectivity of striatal subregions in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.

Previous studies on the striatum demonstrated that it is involved in the regulation of cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Multiple lines of evidence have shown that striatal subregions have their own functions. However, the results of the existing studies on striatal subregions are inconsistent and unclear. In this study, we found that structural imaging analysis revealed that the bvFTD patients had smaller volumes of striatal subregions than the controls. We found that the degree of atrophy varied across the striatal subregions. Additionally, the right striatal subregions were significantly more atrophic than the left in bvFTD. Functional imaging analysis revealed that bvFTD patients exhibited different changed patterns of resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) when striatal subregions were selected as regions of interest (ROI). The RSFC extending range on the right ROIs was more significant than on the left in the same subregion. Interestingly, the RSFC of the subregions extending to the insula were consistent. In addition, the left dorsolateral putamen may be involved in executive function regulation. This suggests that incongruence in striatal subregions may be critical to the bvFTD characteristics.

Risk factors for rapid eye-movement sleep-related behavioral disorders (RBDs): A systematic review and a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to systematically analyze the risk factors for RBD. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies derived from the articles published in eight electronic databases before December 1, 2021. The primary outcome was the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and heterogeneity was quantified using I2. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were used to explore sources of heterogeneity. Egger's test and sensitivity analysis were performed. The PROSPERO ID number of the present study is CRD42021293942. RESULTS: We identified 26 studies (44,230 subjects) among 2022 citations, and 13 factors were considered. Male sex (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.13-1.64), smoking (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.26-1.50), depression (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.66-2.56), antidepressant use (OR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.98-2.82), duration of neuropsychiatric disorders(OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.13-1.73), levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD, OR = 60.15, 95% CI = 23.95-96.35) and observable motor dysfunction (OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 0.65-4.22) were associated with a higher risk of RBD. Tertiary education and above (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35-0.96) was associated with a lower RBD risk. Men (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.10-1.78, I2 = 0%, P = 0.005) and older individual (OR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.03-4.43, I2 = 60%, P = 0.002) were more likely to have iRBD. CONCLUSION: Six modifiable risk factors and one protective factor were associated with RBD. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms and to develop preventative strategies.

Hydroxyl-riched covalent organic framework for solid-phase microextraction of flavonoids aglycones or their metabolites in mice's plasma: Luteolin and quercetagetin as examples.

Herein, a hydroxyl­riched covalent organic framework (named COF-DES-1) was synthesized using 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde as building blocks and employed as a coating of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. Ascribed to the advantages (e.g. suitable pore size and rich functional group characteristics) of coating, the SPME fiber showed good adsorption capacities to flavonoids aglycones including luteolin and quercetagetin, and the maximum adsorption capacities for them were 145.31 µg and 84.75 µg, respectively. Due to the size exclusion property of COF-DES-1, SPME fiber showed good protein exclusion effects on seven selected proteins with high exclusion efficiencies (>93%). Accordingly, an attractive strategy of the combination of COF-DES-1 based SPME fiber and HPLC-MS/MS was proposed for the extraction and determination of luteolin, quercetagetin or their metabolites. The results revealed that the fiber can be effectively applied to extract luteolin and its metabolites, and quercetagetin from mice's palsma. Compared with the traditional protein precipitation methods, the extraction effects of SPME fiber based extraction method were much better, indicating the promising applicability of the fiber for the enrichment of flavonoids aglycones or their metabolites in biological samples.

A novel hydroxyl-riched covalent organic framework as an advanced adsorbent for the adsorption of anionic azo dyes.

Considering the highly carcinogenic and mutagenic of anionic azo dyes to the environment and humans, the development of high efficiency adsorbent for them are of great significance. In this study, a novel hydroxyl-riched covalent organic framework (denoted as COF-OH), which can act as an advance adsorbent for anionic azo dyes, was fabricated for the first time. The as-prepared COF-OH demonstrated good dispersion in water, remarkable adsorption performances and good selectivity for anionic azo dyes including eriochrome black T, eriochrome blue black R and congo red. The adsorption capacities of them ranged from 90.71 to 229.12 mg g-1, and the extraction efficiencies of them (>75.91%) were much higher than other dyes (e.g. Methylene blue, direct red 80, 1.46%-39.57%). By optimizing the adsorption conditions (adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, pH, and salt concentration) and desorption conditions (desorption solvent, desorption time and desorption frequency), a dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D-µ-SPE) method was developed. Further, coupled D-µ-SPE with HPLC-PDA analysis, an effective method was fabricated for the extraction and detection of three selected dyes. The method showed good linearity in the range of 0.1-200 µg mL-1 (R2 > 0.9966), low limits of quantification (0.10 µg mL-1-2.00 µg mL-1), low limits of detection (0.03-1.50 µg mL-1) and good precision. Finally, the COF-OH based D-µ-SPE was successfully applied to extract three selected dyes from water samples (recoveries ranged from 73.90 to 104.00%) and congo red from beverages (recoveries ranged from 81.40 to 111.80%). Besides, by using computer simulation, FT-IR and UV-vis analysis, the adsorption mechanisms of COF-OH to three selected dyes were explored preliminarily.

Heterogenous Subtypes of Late-Life Depression and Their Cognitive Patterns: A Latent Class Analysis.

Background: Late-life depression (LLD), characterized by cognitive deficits, is considered heterogeneous across individuals. Previous studies have identified subtypes with diverse symptom profiles, but their cognitive patterns are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the subtypes of LLD and the cognitive profile of each group. Methods: In total, 109 depressed older adults were enrolled. We performed latent class analysis using Geriatric Depression Scale items as indicators to generate latent classes. We compared the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with cognitive functions between groups and conducted regression analysis to investigate the association between class membership and variables with significant differences. Results: Two classes were identified: the "pessimistic" group was characterized by pessimistic thoughts and the "worried" group with a relatively high prevalence of worry symptoms. The two groups did not differ in sociodemographic characteristics. The "pessimistic" group showed a higher rate of past history of depression and lower age of onset. The "worried" group had more physical comorbidities and a higher rate of past history of anxiety. The "pessimistic" group was more impaired in general cognitive function, executive function, information processing speed, and attention. Lower general and executive functions were associated with the membership in the "pessimistic" group. Conclusions: Subjects with pessimistic symptoms and subjects with a propensity to worry may form two distinct subtypes of late-life depression with different cognitive profiles. Further, the cognitive evaluation of subjects with pessimistic symptoms is of utmost importance.

Preparation of sulphuric acid-mediated N,S-codoped red emissive carbon dots: Applications in food dyes detection, solid-state luminescence and cell imaging.

As diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer caused by food problems are more and more frequent, food safety has received great attention. Among them, the safety problem caused by food dyes is more prominent. Thus, it is of great value to develop sensitive detection methods for food dyes. In present study, sulphuric acid-mediated N,S-codoped red emissive carbon dots (namely as R-CDs) had been manufactured by using N-phenyl-o-phenylenediamine as precursor, sulfuric acid as additive for the first time. The structural and fluorescence properties of R-CDs had been systematically studied. The results demonstrated that R-CDs showed uniform spherical morphology and had a graphite-like structure, for which the average diameters size was 5.05 nm. Due to the various functional groups such as hydroxyl, pyridinic N, pyrrolic N and -C-SO4, R-CDs emitted bright red fluorescence. Importantly, because of the interactions between the functional groups of R-CDs with the selected food dyes, three dyes including amaranth, brilliant blue FCF and methylene blue can sensitively quench the fluorescence of R-CDs through IFE and static quenching effects. The linearity ranges of them were separately detected as 0.20 µM -20 µM, 10 nM-1 µM and 60 nM-8 µM. The limits of detection (LODs) of them were 70 nM, 4 nM and 20 nM, respectively. Further, R-CDs was successfully applied to the sensitive detection of three dyes from various food samples. To maximize the fluorescence properties of R-CDs, a R-CDs/PVA composite gel was fabricated to make R-CDs fluoresce in solid state condition. The potential of R-CDs/PVA composite gel for preliminary visualization analysis of three dyes was studied. Finally, ascribed to the low toxicity and good biocompatibility, the potential of R-CDs as probe for cell imaging was explored preliminarily.

Secondary Full-thickness Macular Holes after Diabetic Vitrectomy: Clinical Manifestations and Rational Approaches to the Treatment.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to present the clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of secondary full-thickness macular hole (MH) after diabetic vitrectomy (DV) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Methods: In this retrospective, observational, and longitudinal study, we enrolled consecutive patients with PDR who developed MH after DV. The macular structure was evaluated using optical coherence tomography. The clinical characteristics, surgical techniques, and outcomes were also recorded. Results: Three patients developed MH within 6 weeks, which was associated with foveal thinning, residual fibrovascular proliferation, or anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Six patients developed MH originating from the epiretinal membrane (ERM) with lamellar MH (LMH) after a median interval of 16.5 months. Three of them were complicated with retinal detachment (RD). Various surgical procedures were performed according to the clinical scenarios, including internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, inverted ILM flap insertion, temporal inverted ILM flap, lens posterior capsular flap insertion, and neurosensory retinal free flap insertion. All patients achieved MH closure after surgery, and 5 patients exhibited improved visual acuity. Conclusions: MH may develop after successful DV, with a high rate of associated RD. Rapid MH formation was attributed to unreleased tractional force and weakened foveal structure. The development of ERM and LMH also led to MH. Various surgical techniques could be used for MH closure.