Comorbidity of loneliness and social anxiety in adolescents: Bridge symptoms and peer relationships.

RATIONALE: Previous research investigating the comorbidity of loneliness and social anxiety symptoms in population samples has relied on latent variable modeling in which averaged scores representing dimensions were derived from observed symptoms. Studies have not examined how loneliness and social anxiety co-occur at the symptom level or their relations with peer relationships. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the comorbidity of loneliness and social anxiety and the role of peer relationships (i.e., the number of reciprocated friends, friendship quality, and bullying victimization) in adolescents' co-occurring network using a large sample of Chinese adolescents. METHODS: We performed a network analysis in a sample of Chinese adolescents (N = 2601, 51.6% male, M age = 13.9 years, SD = 0.60). Participants completed self-report measures of loneliness, social anxiety, bullying victimization, and friendship quality as well as peer nomination measures of the number of reciprocated friends. RESULTS: Network analysis revealed that feeling ridiculed, fear of being rejected, having difficulty asking others to do things together, and feeling left out at school were essential bridge symptoms in the co-occurrence of loneliness and social anxiety. Bullying victimization had more positive associations with symptoms of social anxiety, and friendship quality had more negative associations with symptoms of loneliness. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide preliminary evidence for the comorbidity of loneliness and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. The results also highlight the potential importance of targeting peer relationships in the prevention and intervention of loneliness and social anxiety symptoms. The combination of longitudinal networks and interventions on bridge symptoms may provide further insight into the development of the links between peer relationships, loneliness, and social anxiety symptoms.

Profiles and Transitions of Loneliness and Depressive Symptoms among Migrant Children: Predictive Role of Bullying Victimization.

Although loneliness and depressive symptoms are particularly prominent among migrant children and often occur simultaneously, little is known about the co-occurring and transitional nature of loneliness and depressive symptoms among migrant children, and the role of bullying victimization on their profiles and transitions. This study examined the profiles and transitions of loneliness and depressive symptoms among migrant children using latent profile analysis and latent transition analysis, as well as how bullying victimization predicted their profile memberships and transitions. A total of 692 migrant children (55.3% males, Mage = 9.41, SD = 0.55, range = 8 to 12 years old at T1) participated in both two waves of the study over six months. The results indicated that low profile (59.2%), moderate profile (22.0%), moderately high profile (14.3%), and high profile (4.5%) were identified at Time 1; low profile (69.4%), predominantly loneliness profile (16.8%), predominantly depressive symptoms profile (6.5%), and high profile (7.3%) were identified at Time 2. Migrant children in at-risk profiles displayed varying degrees of transition. Migrant children experiencing more bullying victimization were more likely to belong or transition to at-risk profiles. The findings highlight the importance of subgroup differences considerations in understanding the co-occurring and transitional nature of loneliness and depressive symptoms, as well as the predictive role of bullying victimization, informing effective strategies for prevention and intervention.

Peer victimization and Internet addiction among adolescents: The role of anger rumination and social dominance orientation.

INTRODUCTION: Internet addiction has garnered growing attention in recent years, and peer victimization plays a major contributor to adolescents' Internet addiction. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms in the association between peer victimization and Internet addiction. Guided by cognitive behavioral model and worldview verification model, this study examined a moderated mediation model in which anger rumination at Time 1 (T1) mediated the association between peer victimization at T1 and Internet addiction at Time 2 (T2), and this mediation effect was moderated by T1 social dominance orientation (SDO). METHODS: A short-term longitudinal design was adopted, incorporating two measurement occasions (with approximately 6-month intervals). Participants were 2597 adolescents (51.5% male, Mage = 13.9, SD = 0.60) from seven secondary schools in Zhengzhou City, China. All participants were invited to complete the self-reported questionnaires assessing peer victimization, anger rumination, SDO at T1 (December 2015) and Internet addiction at T2 (June 2016), respectively. A short-term longitudinal moderated mediation model was conducted to analyze the association between variables. RESULTS: The results showed that T1 peer victimization was positively associated with T2 Internet addiction in which association was mediated by T1 anger rumination. T1 SDO moderated the associations between T1 peer victimization and T1 anger rumination and this effect was stronger with lower levels of SDO. In terms of gender differences, SDO moderated the associations between peer victimization and anger rumination only for boys. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight that anger rumination is a potential mechanism explaining how peer victimization is related to Internet addiction and that this relation may be moderated by SDO.

Bidirectional relationship between bullying victimization and functions of aggression in adolescents: The mediating effect of teacher justice.

INTRODUCTION: Bullying victimization and aggression are frequent phenomena among adolescents and have been linked to various mental health problems. Although the correlation between bullying victimization and aggression is well-documented, the direction between the two has been debated. Moreover, the underlying mechanism through which victimization influences aggression or vice versa has gained little attention. The current study used data across two-time points to address this gap and explore the reciprocal relationships between victimization and aggression. The mediating role of teacher justice and related gender differences were also examined. METHODS: A total of 2462 Chinese adolescents (50.9% boys; Mage = 13.95 years, SD = 0.60) completed measures on two occasions in 1 year with 6-month assessment intervals. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the longitudinal relations among the variables. RESULTS: Results found that bullying victimization significantly and positively predicted both reactive and proactive aggression over time among the total sample. Reactive aggression significantly positively predicted victimization, while proactive aggression negatively predicted victimization in boys. Furthermore, teacher justice mediated the relationships between victimization and both functions of aggression. Mediation was gender-specific, with a significant mediating effect on girls. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal the violent cycle of bullying victimization and aggression and underscore the role of teacher justice in this process. These findings have important implications for targeted interventions.

Profiles and Transitions of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescent Boys and Girls: Predictive Role of Bullying Victimization.

Although non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and depressive symptoms often co-occur, as well as display distinct profiles in different genders, few studies examined the gender-specific profiles and transitions of NSSI and depressive symptoms among adolescents and the role of bullying victimization on their profiles and transitions. This study examined the profiles and transitions of NSSI and depressive symptoms for Chinese adolescent boys and girls separately, along with the predictive role of bullying victimization in subgroup memberships and transitions. A total of 3510 adolescents (52.9% boy, M age = 13.36, SD = 0.50) participated in two waves of the study over six months. The results indicated that four and three profiles identified for girls and boys separately. Adolescents in at-risk profiles showed varying degrees of transition. Adolescents with more bullying victimization were more likely to belong or transition to at-risk profiles for both genders, and bullying victimization exacerbated girls transitioning into co-occurring high profile but not in boys. The findings indicate distinct profile and transition patterns of NSSI and depressive symptoms, as well as different risk role of bullying victimization on their profiles and transitions in boys and girls, highlighting the importance of gender differences in understanding co-occurring and transitional nature of NSSI and depressive symptoms and the risk role of bullying victimization, informing effective strategies for prevention and intervention.

Stereoselective C-Aryl Glycosylation by Catalytic Cross-Coupling of Heteroaryl Glycosyl Sulfones.

Stereoselective C-glycosylation reactions are increasingly gaining attention in carbohydrate chemistry because they enable glycosyl precursors, readily accessible as anomeric mixtures, to converge to a single diastereomeric product. However, controlling the stereochemical outcome through transition-metal catalysis remains challenging, and methods that leverage bench-stable heteroaryl glycosyl sulfone donors to facilitate glycosylation are rare. Herein, we show two complementary nonprecious metal catalytic systems, based on iron or nickel, which are capable of promoting efficient C-C coupling between heteroaryl glycosyl sulfones and aromatic nucleophiles or electrophiles through distinct mechanisms and modes of activation. Diverse C-aryl glycosides were secured with excellent selectivity, scope, and functional-group compatibility, and reliable access to both α and ß isomers was possible for key sugar residues.

Child Abuse and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Chinese Migrant Adolescents: The Moderating Roles of Beliefs About Adversity and Family Socioeconomic Status.

Although research has indicated the association between child abuse and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), few studies have examined their relationship in a particular sample of Chinese rural-to-urban migrant adolescents who tend to experience parental abuse and engage in NSSI. More importantly, factors moderating the relationship between child abuse and migrant adolescents' NSSI have been understudied. To address this issue, this study aimed to examine whether beliefs about adversity and family socioeconomic status (SES) moderated the longitudinal relationship between child abuse and NSSI in a sample of Chinese migrant adolescents. 308 Chinese rural-to-urban migrant adolescents (aged 10-14; 138 boys) completed the two-wave survey. Self-reported questionnaires regarding child abuse, NSSI, beliefs about adversity, and family SES were used. Results showed that child abuse was significantly positively related to NSSI a year later. Moreover, the interaction of child abuse, beliefs about adversity, and family SES was significant. Specifically, for migrant adolescents with low SES, positive beliefs about adversity played a protective role in the association between child abuse and NSSI; while for those with high SES, such beliefs showed vulnerability. Findings underscore the importance of considering multiple resilient factors simultaneously by examining beliefs about adversity and SES as the moderating mechanisms in the association between child abuse and NSSI. Findings also emphasize the significance of developing differential interventions targeting NSSI in abused Chinese migrant adolescents. Positive beliefs about adversity are important in buffering the negative effect of child abuse for migrant adolescents with low SES. For those with high SES, special attention should be given to the interactive impact of child abuse, beliefs about adversity, and family SES.

Can Lower Levels of Classroom Victimization be harmful? Healthy Context Paradox Among Chinese Adolescents.

The healthy context paradox is defined as the phenomenon that victims' psychological adjustment worsens in a context with a lower rate of victimization. The unexpected pattern was primarily confirmed in children and adolescents from western societies, and it is unclear whether classroom-level victimization could moderate the link between peer victimization and psychological adjustment in the Chinese cultural context, where Confucian philosophies and collectivism are highly valued. Furthermore, most existing research used a single method to assess peer victimization. The current study attempted to examine classroom-level peer victimization as a moderator in the association between individual-level peer victimization and depression, self-esteem, and well-being among 2613 Chinese seventh graders (1237 girls, Mage = 13.00±.61) from 47 classrooms (Mclassroom size = 55.60, range from 45 to 65) using both self-reported and peer-reported information on peer victimization. At the individual level, the results revealed that both self- and peer-reported victimization were positively related to depression and negatively related to self-esteem and well-being. Most importantly, consistent with past findings documenting the healthy context paradox, self-reported victimized youth experienced a higher level of depression and lower level of self-esteem and well-being in classrooms where the overall level of victimization was relatively low. However, the healthy context paradox was not replicated in the nominated data of peer victimization. These results confirmed the healthy context paradox in Chinese culture to some extent. The findings emphasize the importance of measuring peer victimization from multiple sources and suggest there is a need for additional support to victimized middle school students where the classroom context was relatively healthy.

A novel xenograft model of human hepatocellular carcinoma in immunocompetent mice based on the microcarrier-6.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors that threaten human health; thus, the establishment of an animal model with clinical features similar to human hepatocellular carcinoma is of important practical significance. METHODS: Taking advantage of the novel microcarrier-6, human HCC cells were injected into immunocompetent mice to establish a novel human HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Primary HCC cells were isolated from fresh hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, which were subsequently co-cultured with microcarrier-6 to construct a three-dimensional tumor cell culture model in vitro. The HCC-microcarrier complex was implanted into mice by subcutaneous inoculation, and the tumor formation time, tumor formation rate, and pathological manifestation were recorded. Changes of immune parameters in mice were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The success rate was 60% (6/10) in the establishment of hepatocellular carcinoma PDX mouse model, and the total tumor formation rate of the tumor-forming model is 90-100%. H&E staining and immunohistochemical experiments indicate that the model well retained the characteristics of the primary tumor. Interestingly, M2 macrophages in tumor-bearing mice increased significantly, and the levels of CD4+ T cells were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Through the application of the microcarrier-6 in immunocompetent mice, we successfully established a novel human HCC PDX model, which can be used to better study and further elucidate the occurrence and pathogenic mechanism of HCC, improve the predictability of toxicity and drug sensitivity in HCC.

A Photoinduced, Nickel-Catalyzed Reaction for the Stereoselective Assembly of C-Linked Glycosides and Glycopeptides.

C-Alkyl glycosides and glycoproteins exist in natural products and are prized for their role as carbohydrate mimics in drug design. However, a practical strategy that merges glycosyl donors with readily accessible reagents, derived from abundant carboxylic acid and amine feedstocks, is yet to be conceived. Herein, we show that a nickel catalyst promotes C-C coupling between glycosyl halides and aliphatic acids or primary amines (converted into redox-active electrophiles in one step), in the presence of Hantzsch ester and LiI (or Et3 N) under blue LED illumination to deliver C-alkyl glycosides with high diastereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies support the photoinduced formation of alkyl radicals that react with a glycosyl nickel species generated in situ to facilitate cross-coupling. Through this manifold, innate CO2 H and NH2 motifs embedded within amino acids and oligopeptides are selectively capped and functionalized to afford glycopeptide conjugates through late-stage glycosylation.

Bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents: the roles of belief in a just world and classroom-level victimization.

Studies have demonstrated that bullying victimization is a risk factor for depressive symptoms; however, little is known about the underlying processes that may mediate or moderate this relationship. To address this research gap, this study examined the mediating effects of personal and general belief in a just world (BJW) and the moderating effect of classroom-level victimization on the relationship between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms. Using a short-term longitudinal design, two-wave data were obtained from 2,551 Chinese adolescents (initial age = 12.99 ± 0.61, 52.2% boys) from 47 classes over 6 months. The results indicated that Time 1 personal BJW mediated the relationship between Time 1 bullying victimization and Time 2 depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the mediating effect of Time 1 personal BJW was moderated by Time 1 classroom-level victimization; this effect was stronger for adolescents in classrooms with low levels of victimization. These findings contribute to our understanding of how and when bullying victimization impacts youth depressive symptoms. Education practitioners should pay special attention to personal BJW in victimized adolescents, especially when classroom-level victimization is low.

Tumor-associated macrophages are shaped by intratumoral high potassium via Kir2.1.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a unique niche governed by constant crosstalk within and across all intratumoral cellular compartments. In particular, intratumoral high potassium (K+) has shown immune-suppressive potency on T cells. However, as a pan-cancer characteristic associated with local necrosis, the impact of this ionic disturbance on innate immunity is unknown. Here, we reveal that intratumoral high K+ suppresses the anti-tumor capacity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We identify the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir2.1 as a central modulator of TAM functional polarization in high K+ TME, and its conditional depletion repolarizes TAMs toward an anti-tumor state, sequentially boosting local anti-tumor immunity. Kir2.1 deficiency disturbs the electrochemically dependent glutamine uptake, engendering TAM metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation toward glycolysis. Kir2.1 blockade attenuates both murine tumor- and patient-derived xenograft growth. Collectively, our findings reveal Kir2.1 as a determinant and potential therapeutic target for regaining the anti-tumor capacity of TAMs within ionic-imbalanced TME.

Catalytic Multicomponent Synthesis of C-Acyl Glycosides by Consecutive Cross-Electrophile Couplings.

C-Acyl glycosides are versatile intermediates to natural products and medicinally relevant entities. Conventional cross-coupling strategies to secure these molecules often relied on two-component manifolds in which a glycosyl precursor is coupled with an acyl donor (pre-synthesized or generated in situ) under transition metal or dual catalysis to forge a C-C bond. Here, we disclose a three-component Ni-catalyzed reductive regime that facilitates the chemoselective union of glycosyl halides, organoiodides and commercially available isobutyl chloroformate as a CO surrogate. The method tolerates multiple functionalities and the resulting products are obtained in high diastereoselectivities. Theoretical calculations provide a mechanistic rationale for the unexpectedly high chemoselectivity of sequential cross-electrophile couplings. This approach enables the expeditious assembly of difficult-to-synthesize C-acyl glycosides, as well as late-stage keto-glycosylation of oligopeptides.

[Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics and Source Analysis of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Load in Guangdong During the Past 20 Years].

The agricultural non-point source pollution (ANPSP) load in Guangdong province is very large and has a serious impact on the regional ecological environment. Inventory analysis was used to assess and analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the ANPSP load of Guangdong province during 1999-2019, and the sources of ANPSP were discussed, as well as the relationship between them. The results showed that, during the past 20 years, the total ANPSP pollution loads of Guangdong province decreased by 6.08%, and the pollution loads of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) increased by -11.88%, 4.99%, and 26.17%, respectively. The input intensity of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased by 112.19% and 60.38%, respectively. The Pearl River Delta had the highest ANPSP loads in Guangdong province, followed by those in northern, western, and eastern Guangdong. Livestock and poultry breeding were the main sources of COD, the total percent fertilizers and livestock and poultry breeding were the main sources of TN, and livestock and poultry breeding and aquaculture were the main sources of TP. In addition, the contribution of pollutants discharged from aquaculture showed an obvious increasing trend. There were certain differences in the pollution sources in different regions. In western Guangdong, northern Guangdong, and eastern Guangdong, livestock and poultry breeding were the main sources of COD and TP, and fertilizer was the main source of TN; by contrast in the Pearl River Delta, aquaculture had become the main source of TN and TP pollution loads. The correlation results showed that the decline in the total ANPSP in Guangdong province was mainly due to the increase in high urbanization rate and the decrease in the proportion of rural population. In general, there were stage changes in the time and differences in spatial characteristics and sources of ANPSP in Guangdong province. A combination of comprehensive treatment and targeted pollution treatment should be adopted, and fertilizer reduction measures and pollution treatment in the aquaculture should be strengthened in an all-around way, focusing on strengthening the treatment of pollution from aquaculture in the Pearl River Delta region and the treatment of rural life pollution in northern Guangdong.

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Pyridine-Directed Aryl C-H Glycosylation with Glycosyl Chlorides.

Metal-catalyzed C-H glycosylation reactions with glycosyl chloride donors have emerged as a useful strategy for the synthesis of C-glycosides. Previously, palladium and nickel complexes were reported to catalyze C-H glycosylation reactions using amide-linked bidentate auxiliaries. Herein, a ruthenium-catalyzed ortho C-H glycosylation reaction of arenes with various glycosyl chloride donors using a monodentate pyridine directing group is developed. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that two-electron oxidative addition and reductive elimination of ruthenocycle intermediate led to the glycosylation products.

The Clinical, Myopathological, and Genetic Analysis of 20 Patients With Non-dystrophic Myotonia.

Introduction: Non-dystrophic myotonias (NDMs) are skeletal muscle ion channelopathies caused by CLCN1 or SCN4A mutations. This study aimed to describe the clinical, myopathological, and genetic analysis of NDM in a large Chinese cohort. Methods: We reviewed the clinical manifestations, laboratory results, electrocardiogram, electromyography, muscle biopsy, genetic analysis, treatment, and follow-up of 20 patients (from 18 families) with NDM. Results: Cases included myotonia congenita (MC, 17/20) and paramyotonia congenita (PMC, 3/20). Muscle stiffness and hypertrophy, grip and percussion myotonia, and the warm-up phenomenon were frequently observed in MC and PMC patients. Facial stiffness, eye closure myotonia, and cold sensitivity were more common in PMC patients and could be accompanied by permanent weakness. Nine MC patients and two PMC patients had cardiac abnormalities, mainly manifested as cardiac arrhythmia, and the father of one patient died of sudden cardiac arrest. Myotonic runs in electromyography were found in all patients, and seven MC patients had mild myopathic changes. There was no difference in muscle pathology between MC and PMC patients, most of whom had abnormal muscle fiber type distribution or selective muscle fiber atrophy. Nineteen CLCN1 variants were found in 17 MC patients, among which c.795T>G (p.D265E) was a new variant, and two SCN4A variants were found in three PMC patients. The patients were treated with mexiletine and/or carbamazepine, and the symptoms of myotonia were partially improved. Conclusions: MC and PMC have considerable phenotypic overlap. Genetic investigation contributes to identifying the subtype of NDM. The muscle pathology of NDM lacks specific changes.

Stereoselective Synthesis of C-Vinyl Glycosides via Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Glycosylation of Alkenes.

C-vinyl glycosides are an important class of carbohydrates and pose a unique synthetic challenge. A new strategy has been developed for stereoselective synthesis of C-vinyl glycosides via Pd-catalyzed directed C-H glycosylation of alkenes with glycosyl chloride donors using an easily removable bidentate auxiliary. Both the γ C-H bond of allylamines and the δ C-H bond of homoallyl amine substrates can be glycosylated in high efficiency and with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. The resulting C-vinyl glycosides can be further converted to a variety of C-alkyl glycosides with high stereospecificity. These reactions offer a broadly applicable method to streamline the synthesis of complex C-vinyl glycosides from easily accessible starting materials.

Parental Involvement in Adolescents' Learning and Academic Achievement: Cross-lagged Effect and Mediation of Academic Engagement.

Parental involvement in adolescents' learning has been linked to high academic achievement, yet few studies have examined its reverse relationship at the same time and the potential mechanisms that underly these associations. To address this research gap, this study investigated the reciprocal relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement as well as the mediating role of adolescents' academic engagement among Chinese adolescents. In addition, the current study explored whether these relationships varied by gender. Using a longitudinal design, a total of 2381 secondary school students (48.8% girls, Mage = 13.38 ± 0.59) participated in the study. The results found significant positive directional effects from academic achievement to parental involvement among total sample, but not vice versa. The cross-lagged effect from academic achievement to parental involvement only existed among adolescent girls. Bootstrap analyses in the total sample revealed that parental involvement was related to academic achievement through the indirect effects of adolescents' behavioral engagement. In terms of gender differences, behavioral engagement totally mediated the path from academic achievement to parental involvement for boys, while no significant mediation effect was found for girls. These results have provided empirical evidence of the evocative role of adolescents' academic characteristics on parenting behaviors and the double-edged effect of parental involvement on adolescents' academic performance, they also suggest that further research is needed to explore effective and appropriate ways for parents to get involved in adolescents' learning in order to promote their children's academic achievement.

The clinical and genetic heterogeneity analysis of five families with primary periodic paralysis.

To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of five families with primary periodic paralysis (PPP). We reviewed clinical manifestations, laboratory results, electrocardiogram, electromyography, muscle biopsy, and genetic analysis from five families with PPP. Five families with PPP included: hypokalemic periodic paralysis type 1 (HypoPP1, CACNA1S, 1/5), hypokalemic periodic paralysis type 2 (HypoPP2, SCN4A, 2/5), normokalemic periodic paralysis (NormoPP, SCN4A, 1/5), and Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS, KCNJ2, 1/5). The basic clinical manifestations of five families were consistent with PPP, presenting with paroxysmal muscle weakness, with or without abnormal serum potassium. ATS was accompanied by ventricular arrhythmias, and skeletal and craniofacial anomalies, developing with a permanent fixed myopathy later. The electromyography showed diffuse myopathic discharge, and muscle biopsy showed tubular aggregates. Genetic testing revealed five families with PPP carried CACNA1S (R1242S), SCN4A (R675Q, T704M), and KCNJ2 (R218Q) respectively. The novel heterozygous R1242S mutation in CACNA1S caused a conformational change in the protein structure, and the amino acid of this mutation site was highly conserved among different species. SCN4A mutations led to two phenotypes of HypoPP2 and NormoPP. PPPs are autosomal dominant disorders of ion channel dysfunction characterized by episodic flaccid muscle weakness secondary to abnormal sarcolemmal excitability. PPPs are caused by mutations in skeletal muscle calcium channel CaV1.1 gene (CACNA1S), sodium channel NaV1.4 gene (SCN4A), and potassium channels Kir2.1, Kir3.4 genes (KCNJ2, KCNJ5), including HypoPP1, HypoPP2, NormoPP, HyperPP, and ATS, which have significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic clinical presentation then confirmed by genetic testing.

Peer Victimization and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Chinese Left-Behind Children: The Moderating Roles of Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Social Support.

Peer victimization is a serious issue among school-aged children. Chinese left-behind children tend to experience peer victimization and associated nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior. However, the possible improvement of subjective socioeconomic status (SES) based on increased family income may serve to buffer the relationship between peer victimization and NSSI, and this buffering effect may differ by level of social support. Thus, the current study aimed to examine the moderating effect of subjective SES on the relationship between peer victimization and NSSI by the level of social support among Chinese left-behind children. A total of 431 left-behind children and 447 non-left-behind children (comparison group) completed self-report scales measuring peer victimization, NSSI, subjective SES, and social support. Results showed that peer victimization was positively related to NSSI among left-behind children, but not among non-left-behind children. Moreover, for left-behind children with low levels of social support, high subjective SES intensified the association between peer victimization and NSSI; peer victimization was positively associated with NSSI among left-behind children who reported high subjective SES, but not among those with low subjective SES. However, high levels of social support seemed to protect the left-behind children with high subjective SES who experienced peer victimization from NSSI. For non-left-behind children with both parents present, high subjective SES played a protective role in the association between peer victimization and NSSI, regardless of the levels of social support they enjoyed. These findings contribute to an understanding of subjective SES as a moderating mechanism in the association between peer victimization and NSSI among left-behind children. Social support proved central to the protective role of subjective SES. Intervention programs to enhance social support can help to strengthen the protective effect of subjective SES on NSSI among left-behind children who experience peer victimization.