Cobalt-Catalyzed Deprotection of Allyl Carboxylic Esters Induced by Hydrogen Atom Transfer.

A brief, efficient method has been developed for the removal of the allyl protecting group from allyl carboxylic esters using a Co(II)/TBHP/(Me2SiH)2O catalytic system. This facile strategy displays excellent chemoselectivity, functional group tolerance, and high yields. This transformation probably occurs through the hydrogen atom transfer process, and a Co(III)-six-membered cyclic intermediate is recommended.

High-performance 1-10 THz integrating sphere.

The SPICA far-infrared instrument (SAFARI), one of instruments of the space infrared telescope for cosmology and astrophysics, requires a calibration source assembly to calibrate the transition edge sensor readout circuits. A high-performance integrating sphere working at SAFARI wavelength (34-230 µm) is essential. A novel process for preparing terahertz integrating spheres was developed. The aluminum surfaces after sandblasting, wet-etching, and gold plating processes demonstrate rough morphology but high reflectance of 0.91 in 1-10 THz. The spatial distribution of the measured output power excellently agrees with the numerical simulation results based on the assumption of uniform surface radiation at the output port.

Construction of a Ginseng Root-Meristem Sensor and a Sensing Kinetics Study on the Main Nitrogen Nutrients.

Severe continuous cropping obstacles exist in ginseng cultivation. In order to assess these obstacles, a "sandwich" ginseng root tissue sensor was developed for the kinetic determination of five nitrogen nutrients. The results showed that the sensing parameters of the sensor reached an ultrasensitive level (limit of detection up to 5.451 × 10-24 mol/L) for the five nitrogen nutrients, and exhibited good stability and reproducibility. In the order of two-, four-, and six-year-old ginseng plants, the sensitivity to inorganic nitrogen nutrients (sodium nitrate and urea) showed an upward trend following an initial decline (the interconnected allosteric constant Ka values acted as the parameter). The fluctuations in sensor sensitivity to organic nitrogen nutrients, specifically nucleotides (disodium inosinate and disodium guanylate), were relatively small. The sensor sensitivity of two-, four-, and six-year-old ginseng plants to sodium glutamate was 9.277 × 10-19 mol/L, 6.980 × 10-21 mol/L, and 5.451 × 10-24 mol/L, respectively. Based on the survival rate of the seedlings and mortality rate of the ginseng in each age group, a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis was carried out. The results showed that the sensing ability of the root system to sodium glutamate may be an important factor affecting its survival under continuous cropping obstacles with increasing age.

Active auroral arc powered by accelerated electrons from very high altitudes.

Bright, discrete, thin auroral arcs are a typical form of auroras in nightside polar regions. Their light is produced by magnetospheric electrons, accelerated downward to obtain energies of several kilo electron volts by a quasi-static electric field. These electrons collide with and excite thermosphere atoms to higher energy states at altitude of ~ 100 km; relaxation from these states produces the auroral light. The electric potential accelerating the aurora-producing electrons has been reported to lie immediately above the ionosphere, at a few altitudes of thousand kilometres1. However, the highest altitude at which the precipitating electron is accelerated by the parallel potential drop is still unclear. Here, we show that active auroral arcs are powered by electrons accelerated at altitudes reaching greater than 30,000 km. We employ high-angular resolution electron observations achieved by the Arase satellite in the magnetosphere and optical observations of the aurora from a ground-based all-sky imager. Our observations of electron properties and dynamics resemble those of electron potential acceleration reported from low-altitude satellites except that the acceleration region is much higher than previously assumed. This shows that the dominant auroral acceleration region can extend far above a few thousand kilometres, well within the magnetospheric plasma proper, suggesting formation of the acceleration region by some unknown magnetospheric mechanisms.

Wavelength tuning of surface plasmon coupled quantum well infrared photodetectors.

A novel method of detection wavelength tuning for surface plasmon coupled quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) was demonstrated. By changing of the thickness of the top contact layer, the detection wavelength can be adjusted. The displacement of the detection wavelength is related to the effective dielectric constant of the dielectric layers in the device structure. The peak wavelength moves toward longer wavelength as the contact layer thickness decreases. With a proper match of the 2D metal hole array and the QW absorption region, the responsivity can be kept within a reasonable range for samples with different top contact layer thicknesses.

Robust terahertz polarizers with high transmittance at selected frequencies through Si wafer bonding technologies.

Terahertz (THz) polarizers with robust structure and high transmittance are demonstrated using 3D-integrated circuit (IC) technologies. A Cu wire-grid polarizer is sealed and well protected by Si-bonded wafers through a low-temperature eutectic bonding method. Deep reactive-ion etching is used to fabricate the anti-reflection (AR) layers on outward surfaces of bonded wafers. The extinction ratio and transmittance of polarizers are between 20 dB and 33 dB, and 13 dB and 27 dB for 10 µm and 20 µm pitch wire-grids, respectively, and 100% at central frequency, depending on frequency and AR layer thickness. The process of polarizer fabrication is simple from mature semiconductor manufacturing techniques that lead to high yield, low cost, and potential for THz applications.

Cardiac autonomic control and complexity during sleep are preserved after chronic sleep restriction in healthy subjects.

Acute sleep deprivation (SD) alters cardiovascular autonomic control (CAC) and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. However, the effects of partial SD on CAC are unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of partial SD on CAC during sleep. We randomized seventeen healthy subjects to a restriction group (RES, n = 8, subjects slept two-thirds of normal sleep time based on individual habitual sleep duration for 8 days and 8 nights) or a Control group (CON, n = 9, subjects were allowed to sleep their usual sleep time). Attended polysomnographic (PSG) studies were performed every night; a subset of them was selected for the analysis at baseline (day 3-D3), the first night after sleep restriction (day 5-D5), at the end of sleep restriction period (day 11-D11), and at the end of recovery phase (day 14-D14). We extracted electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration from the PSG and divided into wakefulness (W), nonrapid eye movements (REM) sleep (N2 and N3) and REM sleep. CAC was evaluated by means of linear spectral analysis, nonlinear symbolic analysis and complexity indexes. In both RES and CON groups, sympathetic modulation decreased and parasympathetic modulation increased during N2 and N3 compared to W and REM at D3, D5, D11, D14. Complexity analysis revealed a reduction in complexity during REM compared to NREM sleep in both DEP and CON After 8 days of moderate SD, cardiac autonomic dynamics, characterized by decreased sympathetic, and increased parasympathetic modulation, and higher cardiac complexity during NREM sleep, compared to W and REM, are preserved.

A Study of Personal Health Record User's Behavioral Model Based on the PMT and UTAUT Integrative Perspective.

The personal health record (PHR) is a system that enables borderless medical care services by combining technological innovation and human consideration. This study explored factors affecting the adoption of PHR from technical, medical, and social perspectives according to the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. A survey using a structured questionnaire was subsequently conducted, which produced the following results: (1) The PMT and UTAUT were effective at predicting PHR usage behaviors; (2) Perceived ease-of-use was the most decisive factor influencing the use of PHR, followed by self-efficacy and perceived usefulness; and (3) Behavioral intention for PHR was significantly and positively correlated with usage behavior. From the obtained results, this study recommends that health authorities and medical institutions promote self-efficacy in the use of PHR to improve the levels of behavioral intention and usage behavior among the people. Additionally, medical care institutions are recommended to promote health management and preventive healthcare concepts to help improve public acceptance of the PHR system as a means to self-manage their health. Finally, community centers, medical institutions, and health authorities are urged to work together to enhance public medical knowledge and pool resources for the PHR system, both of which are essential for improving the popularity of the PHR, public quality of life, and the effectiveness of health management.

Structural Factors Affecting Health Examination Behavioral Intention.

Disease screening instruments used for secondary prevention can facilitate early determination and treatment of pathogenic factors, effectively reducing disease incidence, mortality rates, and health complications. Therefore, people should be encouraged to receive health examinations for discovering potential pathogenic factors before symptoms occur. Here, we used the health belief model as a foundation and integrated social psychological factors and investigated the factors influencing health examination behavioral intention among the public in Taiwan. In total, 388 effective questionnaires were analyzed through structural model analysis. Consequently, this study yielded four crucial findings: (1) The established extended health belief model could effectively predict health examination behavioral intention; (2) Self-efficacy was the factor that most strongly influenced health examination behavioral intention, followed by health knowledge; (3) Self-efficacy substantially influenced perceived benefits and perceived barriers; (4) Health knowledge and social support indirectly influenced health examination behavioral intention. The preceding results can effectively increase the acceptance and use of health examination services among the public, thereby facilitating early diagnosis and treatment and ultimately reducing disease and mortality rates.

Repetitive patterns in rapid optical variations in the nearby black-hole binary V404 Cygni.

How black holes accrete surrounding matter is a fundamental yet unsolved question in astrophysics. It is generally believed that matter is absorbed into black holes via accretion disks, the state of which depends primarily on the mass-accretion rate. When this rate approaches the critical rate (the Eddington limit), thermal instability is supposed to occur in the inner disk, causing repetitive patterns of large-amplitude X-ray variability (oscillations) on timescales of minutes to hours. In fact, such oscillations have been observed only in sources with a high mass-accretion rate, such as GRS 1915+105 (refs 2, 3). These large-amplitude, relatively slow timescale, phenomena are thought to have physical origins distinct from those of X-ray or optical variations with small amplitudes and fast timescales (less than about 10 seconds) often observed in other black-hole binaries-for example, XTE J1118+480 (ref. 4) and GX 339-4 (ref. 5). Here we report an extensive multi-colour optical photometric data set of V404 Cygni, an X-ray transient source containing a black hole of nine solar masses (and a companion star) at a distance of 2.4 kiloparsecs (ref. 8). Our data show that optical oscillations on timescales of 100 seconds to 2.5 hours can occur at mass-accretion rates more than ten times lower than previously thought. This suggests that the accretion rate is not the critical parameter for inducing inner-disk instabilities. Instead, we propose that a long orbital period is a key condition for these large-amplitude oscillations, because the outer part of the large disk in binaries with long orbital periods will have surface densities too low to maintain sustained mass accretion to the inner part of the disk. The lack of sustained accretion--not the actual rate--would then be the critical factor causing large-amplitude oscillations in long-period systems.

2-D PSTD Simulation of the time-reversed ultrasound-encoded deep-tissue imaging technique.

We present a robust simulation technique to model the time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) technique for deep-tissue imaging. The pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm is employed to rigorously model the electromagnetic wave interaction of light propagating through a macroscopic scattering medium. Based upon numerical solutions of Maxwell's equations, the amplitude and phase are accurately accounted for to analyze factors that affect the TRUE propagation of light through scattering media. More generally, we demonstrate the feasibility of modeling light propagation through a virtual tissue model of macroscopic dimensions with numerical solutions of Maxwell's equations.

Voltage-tunable dual-band quantum dot infrared photodetectors for temperature sensing.

We report voltage-tunable 3-5 µm & 8-12 µm dual-band detection in the InAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As/In0.15Ga0.85As confinement-enhanced dots-in-a-well quantum dot infrared photodetectors. The capability in temperature sensing is also demonstrated. Distinct response peaks at 5.0 µm and 8.6 µm were observed in the photocurrent spectra with working temperature up to 140K. The two peaks correspond to the transition paths from the quantum dot ground state to the quantum well state and the quantum dot excited state, respectively. At 77K, the response ratio of the 8.6 µm peak over the 5.0 µm peak changes from 0.29 at -3V to 5.8 at + 4.8V. Excellent selectivity between the two peaks with bias voltage makes the device attractive for third-generation imaging systems with pixel-level multicolor functionality.

Metallic stent in the treatment of ureteral obstruction: experience of single institute.

BACKGROUND: The Resonance(®) metallic stent has been reported to be sufficient for the management of malignant extrinsic ureteral obstructions within a 12-month time period. To determine the effectiveness in each specific patient group, we report our experience using the Resonance(®) stent in the treatment of ureteral obstructions. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 20 patients (23 stents) who successfully received the Resonance(®) metallic stents and divided them into a patent group (n = 19) and an obstructive group (n = 4) according to the treatment results. Twenty-one stents were inserted via cystoscopy or ureteroscopy in a retrograde fashion. The remaining two were inserted via percutaneous nephrostomy in an antegrade manner. Follow-up serum creatinine measurements and sonography were performed. The overall ureteral patency rate and the risk of stent failure were evaluated. RESULTS: The overall ureteral patency rate was 82.6% (19/23). Patients with previous radiotherapy had a 50% (4/8) patency rate which was significantly lower than non-radiotherapy patients (100%, 15/15, p = 0.028). Malignant obstructions in those other than radiotherapy patients had a 100% patency rate (5/5). Benign obstructions in those other than radiotherapy patients had a 100% patency rate (10/10). In the radiotherapy patients, the mode of therapy did not dominate the stent outcome. CONCLUSION: Patients with ureteral obstructions can be treated sufficiently with the Resonance(®) metallic stent. Patients who had gynecological malignancies and received radiotherapy had a higher failure rate after Resonance(®) metallic stent insertion.

New constituents with iNOS inhibitory activity from mycelium of Antrodia camphorata.

In continuing our investigation on the bioactive constituents of mycelium of Antrodia camphorata, antroquinonol B (1), 4-acetyl-antroquinonol B (2), 2,3-(methylenedioxy)-6-methylbenzene-1,4-diol (3) and 2,4-dimethoxy-6-methylbenzene-1,3-diol (4) along with antrodin D (5) were isolated by the guidance of an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitory assay and identified on the basis of their spectroscopic analysis. The effect of these compounds on the inhibition of NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophages was further evaluated. Compounds 4 and 5 significantly inhibited NO production without any cytotoxicity, the IC(50) values being 32.2 +/- 0.1 and 26.3 +/- 1.6 microg/mL, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 possessed greater effects on NO inhibition, with IC(50) values of 16.2 +/- 0.8 and 14.7 +/- 2.8 microg/mL, respectively, but displayed cytotoxicity at considerably higher concentrations. Compound 3 showed the lowest percent cell viability of 45.5 +/- 1.8 % as observed in treated cells at a concentration of 16.8 microg/mL.

Heterologous protection in pigs induced by a plasmid-cured and crp gene-deleted Salmonella choleraesuis live vaccine.

In this study, we exploited a crp (cAMP receptor protein) gene-deleted, virulence plasmid-cured Salmonella choleraesuis mutant with decreased carbon source utilization, designated S.C.-Deltacrp/vpl(-), as a live vaccine strain. Normal weight gain with no clinical signs was observed in pigs immunized with high doses of S.C.-Deltacrp/vpl(-) live vaccine. Vaccination in pregnant sows induced high maternal antibodies, which could prevent piglets from Salmonella infection. Moreover, serial transmission of the vaccine strain in piglets produced no evidence of reversion to virulence. Furthermore, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from immunized piglets also developed Salmonella specific T-cell proliferative response in vitro. Our results indicate that immunogenic antigens in S.C.-Deltacrp/vpl(-) can induce adequate immunity to protect pigs against challenge with a heterologous virulent strain. Thus, this mutant holds promise for the development of a new live S. choleraesuis vaccine.

DNA sequence analysis of glycoprotein G gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus and development of a double oil emulsion vaccine against bovine ephemeral fever.

The surface glycoprotein G is considered as the major neutralizing and protective antigen of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of G protein of BEFV isolates during the period 1984-2004 outbreaks in Taiwan showed amino acid substitutions in the neutralizing epitopes. All the isolates differ markedly in the neutralizing epitope at the same amino acid positions compared to the currently available killed vaccine strain (Tn73). Tn88128 strain isolated in 1999 showed the maximum variability of 12 amino acids, 5 amino acid in the neutralization epitope and 7 apart from, respectively. Combinations of both Tn88128 (1999) and commercially available vaccine strain (Tn73) were developed and its safety was evaluated in mice, guinea pigs, calves, and pregnant cows. None of the animals showed any adverse effect or clinical signs. Calves were immunized with commercial vaccine (Tn73) and, combined vaccine (Tn73 and Tn88128), respectively, with adjuvants such as Al-gel and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) oil and PBS alone and challenged with Tn88128 strains. Except PBS administered animals, all the vaccinated animals showed protective immune response. However, animals immunized with combined vaccine plus w/o/w adjuvant elicited stronger neutralization antibodies and long lasting immunity compared to other vaccines.

Enhancement of humoral and cellular immune responses by an oral Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine expressing porcine prothymosin alpha.

Previously, we showed that murine prothymosin alpha (ProT) enhances the efficacy of a pseudorabies DNA vaccine delivered by bacterial vectors. In this study, we cloned and sequenced the cDNA for porcine ProT. The deduced amino acid sequence of porcine ProT exhibited high homology to ProT from other mammals. Oral Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine carrying the ProT eukaryotic expression plasmid protected mice against virulent S. choleraesuis challenge. The adjuvant effect of ProT on humoral and cellular immune responses enhanced protective efficacy of the vaccine. Furthermore, both humoral and cellular immune responses played roles in the protective immune responses induced by the vaccine. Collectively, our results show that delivery of the ProT gene carried by attenuated S. choleraesuis augmented the immunogenicity of oral S. choleraesuis vaccine.

Depression in chronic haemodialysed patients.

From April 2000 to April 2001, a total of 108 chronic stable haemodialysed patients (34 males aged 57.76 +/- 12.68 years under haemodialysis treatment for 31.41 +/- 24.71 months and 74 females aged 54.99 +/- 12.87 years under haemodialysis for 41.47 +/- 33.47 months) were studied for signs of clinical depression. Depression was measured by using 'The Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire (TDQ)'. After analysing various possible factors, we chose to study three dimensions: affective change, somatic complaint and cognitive disturbance. Thirty-six (33.4%) of the patients were found to have TDQ scores above 19; our cut-off value. Diabetic patients were also found to have higher depression scores and affective change scores than those without diabetes. The elderly suffered more from somatic complaints, and patients without jobs also tended to have higher depression scores. We compared the nutrition indexes and uraemic toxin removal indexes of those with higher depression scores (score > or =19) with those with normal scores (score <19), and we found no differences between the two groups. We found that an underlying disease and job status were the major differences found in the two groups. Therefore, our findings suggest that the depression found in our chronic haemodialysed patients was not a result of the physical conditions, but a result of psychosocial problems indicating a need for psychosocial support for these patients.

A simple selection system for construction of recombinant gD-negative pseudorabies virus as a vaccine vector.

We describe a simple, efficient two-step method for construction of glycoprotein D (gD)-negative pseudorabies virus (PrV) carrying transgenes inserted in place of the gD gene. The first step was the use of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV) for insertional inactivation of the gD gene in a PrV mutant deficient in both TK and glycoprotein E (gE). The gD-negative, HSV-TK-positive mutant could be selected in HAT medium. The second step was substitution of HSV-TK with other genes of interest. The resultant gD/gE/TK-negative mutant was easily isolated by acyclovir selection. The expression of the transgene was detectable in vivo and the antibody responses against both inserted antigens and PrV were induced. The protective efficacy of the gD/gE/TK-negative PrV against lethal PrV challenge was also demonstrated. This PrV mutant carrying immunogenic proteins from unrelated porcine pathogens may be tested as a multivalent vaccine candidate for swine.