IDD10-NAC079 transcription factor complex regulates sheath blight resistance by inhibiting ethylene signaling in rice.

INTRODUCTION: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a pathogen causing rice sheath blight (ShB). Ammonium transporter 1 (AMT1) promotes resistance of rice to ShB by activating ethylene signaling. However, how AMT1 activates ethylene signaling remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the indeterminate domain 10 (IDD10)-NAC079 interaction model was used to investigate whether ethylene signaling is modulated downstream of ammonium signaling and modulates ammonium-mediated ShB resistance. METHODS: RT-qPCR assay was used to identify the relative expression levels of nitrogen and ethylene related genes. Yeast two-hybrid assays, Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay were conducted to verify the IDD10-NAC079-calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 31 (CIPK31) transcriptional complex. Yeast one-hybrid assay, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, and Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were used to verify whether ETR2 was activated by IDD10 and NAC079. Ethylene quantification assay was used to verify ethylene content in IDD10 transgenic plants. Genetic analysis is used to detect the response of IDD10, NAC079 and CIPK31 to ShB infestation. RESULTS: IDD10-NAC079 forms a transcription complex that activates ETR2 to inhibit the ethylene signaling pathway to negatively regulating ShB resistance. CIPK31 interacts and phosphorylates NAC079 to enhance its transcriptional activation activity. In addition, AMT1-mediated ammonium absorption and subsequent N assimilation inhibit the expression of IDD10 and CIPK31 to activate the ethylene signaling pathway, which positively regulates ShB resistance. CONCLUSION: The study identified the link between ammonium and ethylene signaling and improved the understanding of the rice resistance mechanism.

Meiotic transcriptional reprogramming mediated by cell-cell communications in humans and mice revealed by scATAC-seq and scRNA-seq.

Meiosis is a highly complex process significantly influenced by transcriptional regulation. However, studies on the mechanisms that govern transcriptomic changes during meiosis, especially in prophase I, are limited. Here, we performed single-cell ATAC-seq of human testis tissues and observed reprogramming during the transition from zygotene to pachytene spermatocytes. This event, conserved in mice, involved the deactivation of genes associated with meiosis after reprogramming and the activation of those related to spermatogenesis before their functional onset. Furthermore, we identified 282 transcriptional regulators (TRs) that underwent activation or deactivation subsequent to this process. Evidence suggested that physical contact signals from Sertoli cells may regulate these TRs in spermatocytes, while secreted ENHO signals may alter metabolic patterns in these cells. Our results further indicated that defective transcriptional reprogramming may be associated with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). This study revealed the importance of both physical contact and secreted signals between Sertoli cells and germ cells in meiotic progression.

Traditional Chinese Nursing Using Fennel With Coarse Salt for Ironing and Umbilical Moxibustion for Epigastric Pain With Spleen-stomach Vacuity Cold.

Context: Spleen-stomach vacuity cold is the primary TCM pattern for epigastric pain, accounting for 75% of the patients. According to the TCM theory of treating both the tip and the root, epigastric pain requires the caregiver to dissipate cold and relieve pain, the treatments for the tip, which warm and supplement the spleen and stomach, the treatments for the root. Objective: This study aimed to explore effectiveness of traditional Chinese nursing care using fennel mixed with coarse salt for ironing,with umbilical moxibustion, for epigastric pain, with a pattern of spleen-stomach vacuity cold. Design: The research team designed a randomized control trial (RCT). Setting: The study was conducted at Ruikang Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine in the capital city of the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region in the People's Republic of China. Participants: Participants were 96 patients who had been admitted to the hospital between October and November 2020 with epigastric pain resulting from the TCM spleen-stomach vacuity cold pattern, equivalent to chronic atrophic gastritis in Western medicine. Intervention: The research team randomly divided participants into an intervention group (n = 48) and a control group (n = 48) using a random digits table. The intervention group received fennel mixed with coarse salt for ironing, combined with umbilical moxibustion, whereas the control group received routine care. Outcome Measures: The study's instruments included the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Syndrome Score Scale (TCMSSS), Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Short Form 36 (SF-36), and Satisfaction with TCM Nursing Program (STCMNP). Data were collected and analyzed through descriptive statistics a Chi-square test and independent t test. A significance level of P < .05 was accepted for all statistical analyses. Results: The intervention group had mean scores that indicated significantly higher decreases in epigastric pain, and increases in quality of life and level of satisfaction with the traditional Chinese nursing care than the control group did (P < .05). Conclusions: The traditional Chinese nursing care was able to improve epigastric pain, enhance quality of life, and increase satisfaction with the traditional Chinese nursing care.

Indeterminate domain 3 negatively regulates plant erectness and the resistance of rice to sheath blight by controlling PIN-FORMED gene expressions.

Plant architecture and disease resistance are the key factors that control the production of yield. However, the mechanism behind these factors is largely unknown. In this study, we identified that indeterminate domain 3 (IDD3) was obviously induced by inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. Plants that overexpressed IDD3 (IDD3 OX) were more susceptible, while idd3 mutants showed a similar response to sheath blight disease compared with wild-type plants. Interestingly, IDD3 OX plants developed a wider tiller angle and exhibited altered shoot gravitropism, while idd3 knock-out mutants showed no visible morphological differences compared with the wild-type plants. IDD3 is ubiquitously expressed in different tissues and stages, and the IDD3 transcript was induced by exogenously applied auxin. Expression of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) and Aux/IAA genes was altered in IDD3 OX compared with wild-type plants. Furthermore, IDD3 OX plants are sensitive to auxin and the polar auxin transporter inhibitor N-1-naphthylphalamic acid (NPA). Further yeast-one hybrid, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and transient assays revealed that IDD3 directly represses PIN1b via promoter binding. Inoculation with R. solani indicated that PIN1b RNAi plants are more susceptible to sheath blight disease (ShB) compared with the wild-type. Taken together, our analyses suggest that IDD3 controls plant architecture and the resistance of rice to ShB via the regulation of PIN auxin transporter genes.