Hot Deformation Behavior of Free-Al 2.43 wt.% Si Electrical Steel Strip Produced by Twin-Roll Strip Casting and Its Effect on Microstructure and Texture.

Twin-roll strip casting (TRSC) technology has unique advantages in the production of non-oriented electrical steel. However, the hot deformation behavior of high-grade electrical steel produced by TRSC has hardly been reported. This work systematically studied the hot deformation behavior of free-Al 2.43 wt.% Si electrical steel strip produced by twin-roll strip casting. During the simulated hot rolling test, deformation reduction was set as 30%, and the ranges of deformation temperature and strain rate were 750~950 °C and 0.01~5 s-1, respectively. The obtained true stress-strain curves show that the peak true stress decreased with an increase in the deformation temperature and with a decrease in the strain rate. Then, the effect of hot deformation parameters on microstructure and texture was analyzed using optical microstructure observation, X-ray diffraction, and electron backscattered diffraction examination. In addition, based on the obtained true stress-strain curves of the strip cast during hot deformation, the constitutive equation for the studied silicon steel strip was established, from which it can be found that the deformation activation energy of the studied steel strip is 83.367 kJ/mol. Finally, the kinetics model of dynamic recrystallization for predicting the recrystallization volume percent was established and was verified by a hot rolling experiment conducted on a rolling mill.

Overview of Multi-Scale Simulation Techniques for Three Typical Steel Manufacturing Processes.

Steel products typically undergo intricate manufacturing processes, commencing from the liquid phase, with casting, hot rolling, and laminar cooling being among the most crucial processes. In the background of carbon neutrality, thin-slab casting and direct rolling (TSCR) technology has attracted significant attention, which integrates the above three processes into a simpler and more energy-efficient sequence compared to conventional methods. Multi-scale computational modeling and simulation play a crucial role in steel design and optimization, enabling the prediction of properties and microstructure in final steel products. This approach significantly reduces the time and cost of production compared to traditional trial-and-error methodologies. This study provides a review of cross-scale simulations focusing on the casting, hot-rolling, and laminar cooling processes, aiming at presenting the key techniques for realizing cross-scale simulation of the TSCR process.

Cowhide gelatin peptide as a source of antioxidants for inhibiting the deterioration of pudding quality during storage.

To investigate the effect of gelatin peptide on the inhibition of quality deterioration in stored pudding, gelatin peptide with antioxidant properties was added to pudding products. For this purpose, a pudding recipe containing gelatin peptides was created. The gelatin peptides were characterized based on their antioxidant activity and protein structure. It was found that gelatin peptides had better antioxidant properties, lower thermal stability and crystallinity, higher hydrophobic amino acid content, and greater surface hydrogen bond exposure than commercially available peptides. Properties such as the pH, colony growth, and sensory characteristics of the pudding were characterized at 4 °C and 25 °C. The results showed that the addition of 0.5-1.0 % gelatin peptide to pudding was capable of significantly (P< 0.05) slowing down the decline in pH and sensory scores of the pudding and significantly inhibiting colony growth. It could prolong its storage life by five days at 4 °C and three days at 25 °C.

Investigation of Mold Flux Entrapment in Deep Oscillation Mark of Interstitial-Free Steel Shell Using Mold Simulator.

The slag entrapment defect has become a big issue for the IF steel casting process. In this study, the mechanism of mold flux entrapment in deep oscillation mark of an IF steel shell was studied by a high-temperature mold simulator. Results show that both temperature and heat flux in a copper mold become lower when mold flux B with lower melting and viscosity is used, compared with these when mold flux A with higher melting and viscosity is used. The average thickness of the slag film for mold fluxes A and B is 1.31 mm and 1.63 mm, and the consumption of them is 0.33 kg/m2 and 0.35 kg/m2, respectively. The shell for mold flux A exhibits sharper oscillation marks, while the shell for mold flux B has shallower oscillation marks. These deeper oscillation marks capture the mold flux by overflow of molten steel at the meniscus, which finally produces the slag entrapment defect in the shell.

Limited Independent Follow-Up with Germline Testing of Variants Detected in BRCA1 and BRCA2 by Tumor-Only Sequencing.

Introduction: Genomic profiling is performed in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer, in order to direct cancer treatment, often sequencing tumor-only, without a matched germline comparator. However, because many of the genes analyzed on tumor profiling overlap with those known to be associated with hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes (HCPS), tumor-only profiling can unknowingly uncover germline pathogenic (P) and likely pathogenic variants (LPV). In this study, we evaluated the number of patients with P/LPVs identified in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) via tumor-only profiling, then determined the germline testing outcomes for those patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients with BRCA1/2 variants on tumor-only genomic profiling, and whether they had germline testing. Results: This study found that of 2923 patients with 36 tumor types who underwent tumor-only testing, 554 had a variant in BRCA1/2 (19.0%); 119 of the 554 patients (21.5%) had a P/LP BRCA1/2 variant, representing 4.1% of the overall population who underwent genomic profiling. Seventy-three (61.3%) of 119 patients with BRCA1/2 P/LPV on tumor-only testing did not undergo germline testing, 34 (28.6%) had already had germline testing before tumor-only testing, and 12 (10.1%) underwent germline testing after tumor-only testing. Twenty-eight germline BRCA1/2 P/LPVs were detected, 24 in those who had prior germline testing, and 4 among the 12 patients who had germline testing after tumor-only testing. Conclusion: Tumor-only testing is likely to identify P/LPVs in BRCA1/2. Efforts to improve follow-up germline testing is needed to improve identification of germline BRCA1/2 alterations.

Effect of glycolysis on water holding capacity during postmortem aging of Jersey cattle-yak meat.

BACKGROUND: Postmortem muscle moisture loss leads to a decrease in carcass weight and can adversely impact overall meat quality. Therefore, it is critical to investigate water holding capacity (WHC) to enhance meat quality. Current research has primarily focused on examining the correlation between signaling molecules and meat quality in relation to the glycolysis effect on muscle WHC. But there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding the mechanism of WHC in Jersey cattle-yak meat. RESULTS: Jersey cattle-yak meat pH decreased and then increased during postmortem aging. Lactate content, cooking loss, pressing loss, drip loss and centrifuging loss of Jersey cattle-yak meat increased and then decreased during postmortem aging. The glycogen content of Jersey cattle-yak meat was significantly higher than that of yak meat at 6-120 h, being 8.40% higher than that of yak meat at 120 h. The activity of key glycolytic enzymes hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in Jersey cattle-yak meat was lower than that in yak meat. Correlation analysis showed that Jersey cattle-yak meat WHC was positively correlated with the activity of HK, PK, PFK and LDH. CONCLUSIONS: The WHC of Jersey cattle-yak meat was higher than that of Gannan yak meat, and it was significantly positively correlated with the activity of key enzymes of the glycolytic signaling pathway. Therefore, the glycolysis rate can be reduced by inhibiting enzyme activity to improve Jersey cattle-yak meat WHC and meat quality. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Scalable, Color-Matched, Flexible Plasmonic Film for Visible-Infrared Compatible Camouflage.

The multispectral compatible infrared camouflage technology is implemented these days to counter the developing infrared detectors and detectors of other bands. However, the conflict between delicate optical structures and scalable procedures has significantly impeded the development and application of multispectral-compatible camouflage technology. Therefore, a semi-open Fabry-Perot structure is introduced, and the color and infrared emissivity by structural parameters for color-matched visible-infrared compatible camouflage are modulated. The prepared compatible camouflage film exhibits visible camouflage by the minimum color difference of 1.6 L*a*b* (under desert background) and infrared camouflage by low emission (ε3-5 µm ≈ 0.17 and ε8-14 µm ≈ 0.143). Due to its flexibility and scalability, the compatible camouflage film can be applied in practical applications and exhibits desirable visible and infrared camouflage performance in different battlefield backgrounds.

Modification and application of "zero-line" incision design in total endoscopic gasless unilateral axillary approach thyroidectomy: A preliminary report.

Introduction: Gasless unilateral trans-axillary approach (GUA) thyroidectomy has witnessed rapid development in technologies and applications. However, the existence of surgical retractors and limited space would increase the difficulty of guaranteeing the visual field and disturb safe surgical manipulation. We aimed to develop a novel zero-line method for incision design to access optimal surgical manipulation and outcomes. Methods: A total of 217 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent GUA were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly classified into two groups (classical incision and zero-line incision), and their operative data were collected and reviewed. Results: 216 enrolled patients underwent and completed GUA; among them, 111 patients were classified into the classical group, and 105 patients were classified into the zero-line group, respectively. Demographic data, including age, gender, and the primary tumor side, were similar between the two groups. The duration of surgery in the classical group was longer (2.66 ± 0.68 h) than in the zero-line group (1.40 ± 0.47 h) (p < 0.001). The counts of central compartment lymph node dissection were higher in the zero-line group (5.03 ± 3.02 nodes) than that in the classical group (3.05 ± 2.68 nodes) (p < 0.001). The score of postoperative neck pain was lower in the zero-line group (1.0 ± 0.36) than that in the classical group (3.3 ± 0.54) (p < 0.05). The difference in cosmetic achievement was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The "zero-line" method for GUA surgery incision design was simple but effective for GUA surgery manipulation and worth promoting.

Efficient free-space to on-chip coupling of THz-bandwidth pulses for biomolecule fingerprint sensing.

Wide bandwidth THz pulses can be used to record the distinctive spectral fingerprints related to the vibrational or rotational modes of polycrystalline biomolecules, and can be used to resolve the time-dependent dynamics of such systems. Waveguides, owing to their tight spatial confinement of the electromagnetic fields and the longer interaction distance, are promising platforms with which to study small volumes of such systems. The efficient input of sub-ps THz pulses into waveguides is challenging owing to the wide bandwidth of the THz signal. Here, we propose a sensing chip comprised of a pair of back-to-back Vivaldi antennas feeding into, and out from, a 90° bent slotline waveguide to overcome this problem. The effective operating bandwidth of the sensing chip ranges from 0.2 to 1.15 THz, and the free-space to on-chip coupling efficiency is as high as 51% at 0.44 THz. Over the entire band, the THz signal is ∼42 dB above the noise level at room temperature, with a peak of ∼73 dB above the noise. In order to demonstrate the use of the chip, we have measured the characteristic fingerprint of α-lactose monohydrate, and its sharp absorption peak at ∼0.53 THz was successfully observed, demonstrating the promise of our technique. The chip has the merits of efficient in-plane coupling, ultra-wide bandwidth, ease-of-integration, and simple fabrication. It has the potential for large-scale manufacture, and can be a strong candidate for integration into other THz light-matter interaction platforms.

Virulence characteristics of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and its genetic diversity by EST-SSR analyses.

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (an obligate biotrophic pathogen) is a worldwide threat to wheat production that occurs over a wide geographic area in China. For monitoring genetic variation and virulence structure of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in Liaoning, Heilongjiang, and Sichuan in 2015, 31 wheat lines with known Powdery mildew resistance genes and 2 EST-SSR markers were used to characterize the virulence and genetic diversity. Results indicated that 90% of all isolates were virulent on Pm3c, Pm3e, Pm3f, Pm4a, Pm5, Pm6 (Timgalen), Pm7, Pm16, Pm19, and Pm1 + 2 + 9 and 62.6% to 89.9% of isolates were virulent on Pm3a, Pm3b, Pm3d, Pm4b, Pm6 (Coker747), Pm8, Pm17, Pm20, Pm23, Pm30, Pm4 + 8, Pm5 + 6, Pm4b + mli, Pm2 + mld, Pm4 + 2X, Pm2 + 6. The Pm13 and PmXBD genes were effective against most collected isolates from Liaoning and Heilongjiang Provinces. Only Pm21 exhibited an immune infection response to all isolates. Furthermore, closely related isolates within each region were distinguished by cluster analyses using EST-SSR representing some gene exchanges and genetic relationships between the flora in Northeast China (Liaoning, Heilongjiang) and Sichuan. Only 45% of the isolates tested show a clear correlation between EST-SSR genetic polymorphisms and the frequency of virulence gene data. However, the EST-SSR polymorphism of isolated genes did not correspond to the virulence diversity of isolates in the single-gene lineage identification of hosts.

Study on the Effect of Processing Parameters on Residual Stresses of Injection Molded Micro-Pillar Array.

As one of the main methods for fabricating microstructured surfaces, micro-injection molding has the advantages of short cycle time, high production efficiency, and the potential for batch manufacturing. However, non-negligible residual stresses inside the molded part could affect the replication quality, dimensions, and physical properties of the microstructure. Therefore, studying the effects of processing parameters on residual stresses is a necessary prerequisite to ensure the successful fabrication of microstructured parts. In this paper, an injection molding simulation model of micro-pillar arrays was developed using molecular dynamics software, and a series of injection molding experiments were conducted. It was found that increasing the mold temperature and melt temperature can reduce the thermal residual stresses and molecular orientation stresses, and effectively improve the uniformity of residual stress distribution. The increase in the packing pressure can make the shear field of flow more intense and increase the molecular orientation stresses, thus making the residual stresses more severe.

Clinical and Molecular Characterization of POLE Mutations as Predictive Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Cancers.

PURPOSE: DNA polymerase epsilon is critical to DNA proofreading and replication. Mutations in POLE have been associated with hypermutated tumors and antitumor response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. We present a clinicopathologic analysis of patients with advanced cancers harboring POLE mutations, the pattern of co-occurring mutations, and their response to ICI therapy within the context of mutation pathogenicity. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of next-generation sequencing data at MD Anderson Cancer Center to identify patient tumors with POLE mutations and their co-occurring mutations. The pathogenicity of each mutation was annotated using InterVar and ClinVar. Differences in therapeutic response to ICI, survival, and co-occurring mutations were reported by POLE pathogenicity status. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-eight patient tumors with POLE mutations were identified from 14,229 next-generation sequencing reports; 15.0% of POLE mutations were pathogenic, 15.9% benign, and 69.1% variant of unknown significance. Eighty-two patients received either programmed death 1 or programmed death ligand-1 inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte-4 inhibitors. Patients with pathogenic POLE mutations had improved clinical benefit rate (82.4% v 30.0%; P = .013), median progression-free survival (15.1 v 2.2 months; P < .001), overall survival (29.5 v 6.8 months; P < .001), and longer treatment duration (median 15.5 v 2.5 months; P < .001) compared to those with benign variants. Progression-free survival and overall survival remained superior when adjusting for number of co-occurring mutations (≥ 10 v < 10) and/or microsatellite instability status (proficient mismatch repair v deficient mismatch repair). The number of comutations was not associated with response to ICI (clinical benefit v progressive disease: median 13 v 11 comutations; P = .18). CONCLUSION: Pathogenic POLE mutations were associated with clinical benefit to ICI therapy. Further studies are warranted to validate POLE mutation as a predictive biomarker of ICI therapy.

Activating a Multielectron Reaction of NASICON-Structured Cathodes toward High Energy Density for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

The increasing demand to efficiently store and utilize the electricity from renewable energy resources in a sustainable way has boosted the request for sodium-ion battery technology due to the high abundance of sodium sources worldwide. Na superionic conductor (NASICON) structured cathodes with a robust polyanionic framework have been intriguing because of their open 3D structure and superior thermal stability. The ever-increasing demand for higher energy densities with NASICON-structured cathodes motivates us to activate multielectron reactions, thus utilizing the third sodium ion toward higher voltage and larger capacity, both of which have been the bottlenecks for commercializing sodium-ion batteries. A doping strategy with Cr inspired by first-principles calculations enables the activation of multielectron redox reactions of the redox couples V2+/V3+, V3+/V4+, and V4+/V5+, resulting in remarkably improved energy density even in comparison to the layer structured oxides and Prussian blue analogues. This work also comprehensively clarifies the role of the Cr dopant during sodium storage and the valence electron transition process of both V and Cr. Our findings highlight the importance of a broadly applicable doping strategy for achieving multielectron reactions of NASICON-type cathodes with higher energy densities in sodium-ion batteries.

Simulation of Subrapid Solidification and Secondary Cooling for the Strip Casting of IF Steel.

A combination of droplet solidification tester and confocal laser scanning microscope was used to simulate subrapid solidification and secondary cooling process pertinent to the strip casting. The IF steel droplet had a delamination structure and the bottom part went through sub-rapid solidification. During secondary cooling, γ/α transformation mechanism belonged to interface-controlled massive transformation and the ferrite grains grew quickly. With the increase of cooling rate, the γ/α transformation temperature decreased and the incubation period and phase transformation duration reduced. The hardness showed a slight increase due to fine-grain strengthening. With coiling temperature increasing from 600 °C to 800 °C, the grain size became larger, precipitates became coarse, and defects in grain were recovered. Consequently, the hardness decreased.

Janus Multilayer for Radiative Cooling and Heating in Double-Side Photonic Thermal System.

The temperature of outdoor structures, such as automobiles, buildings, and clothing, can be tuned by designing photonic properties. However, particular challenges arise when considering the temperature of an object itself rather than the enclosure in these outdoor structures. We present a double-side photonic thermal (DSPT) system. In the DSPT system, the tunable range of photonic thermal load for heating and cooling functions is calculated by designing the absorption spectra of both sides to adapt to different temperature conditions. These include the proper photonic design of not only the side facing outward but also the inner side and more complex temperature conditions of the object, enclosures, and atmosphere. According to the DSPT mechanisms, we developed a Janus material that can achieve the opposite functions (cooling and heating) with one film by simply flipping the sides of the Janus material, which does not require any additional energy input. The Janus material is designed and fabricated by common materials and a simple multilayer structure, which is attractive for large-scale fabrication. The thermal experiment proved the Janus multilayer could achieve a high temperature in the heating mode and a low temperature in the cooling mode, and the range of the tunable temperature would be wider with stronger sun radiation. The Janus material can passively achieve more efficient temperature control in enclosures while offering both side photonic design comparable to conventional radiative coolers and heaters.

Epitaxial Nickel Ferrocyanide Stabilizes Jahn-Teller Distortions of Manganese Ferrocyanide for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Manganese-based Prussian Blue, Na2-δ Mn[Fe(CN)6 ] (MnPB), is a good candidate for sodium-ion battery cathode materials due to its high capacity. However, it suffers from severe capacity decay during battery cycling due to the destabilizing Jahn-Teller distortions it undergoes as Mn2+ is oxidized to Mn3+ . Herein, the structure is stabilized by a thin epitaxial surface layer of nickel-based Prussian Blue (Na2-δ Ni[Fe(CN)6 ]). The one-pot synthesis relies on a chelating agent with an unequal affinity for Mn2+ and Ni2+ ions, which prevents Ni2+ from reacting until the Mn2+ is consumed. This is a new and simpler synthesis of core-shell materials, which usually needs several steps. The material has an electrochemical capacity of 93 mA h g-1 , of which it retains 96 % after 500 charge-discharge cycles (vs. 37 % for MnPB). Its rate capability is also remarkable: at 4 A g-1 (ca. 55 C) it can reversibly store 70 mA h g-1 , which is also reflected in its diffusion coefficient of ca. 10-8  cm2 s-1 . The epitaxial outer layer appears to exert an anisotropic strain on the inner layer, preventing the Jahn-Teller distortions it normally undergoes during de-sodiation.

A P3-Type K1/2Mn5/6Mg1/12Ni1/12O2 Cathode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries with High Structural Reversibility Secured by the Mg-Ni Pinning Effect.

Mn-based layered oxides are very attractive as cathodes for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their low-cost and environmentally friendly precursors. Their transfer to practical application, however, is inhibited by some issues including consecutive phase transitions, sluggish K+ deintercalation/intercalation, and serious capacity loss. Herein, Mg-Ni co-substituted K1/2Mn5/6Mg1/12Ni1/12O2 is designed as a promising cathode material for PIBs, with suppressed phase transitions that occurred in K1/2MnO2 and improved K+ storage performance. Part of Mg2+ and Ni2+ occupies the K+ layer, playing the role of a "nailed pillar", which restrains metal oxide layer gliding during the K+ (de)intercalation. The "Mg-Ni pinning effect" not only suppresses the phase transitions but also reduces the cell volume variation, leading to the improved cycle performance. Moreover, K1/2Mn5/6Mg1/12Ni1/12O2 has low activation barrier energy for K+ diffusion and high electron conductivity as demonstrated by first-principles calculations, resulting in better rate capability. In addition, K1/2Mn5/6Mg1/12Ni1/12O2 also delivers a higher reversible capacity owing to the participation of the Ni element in electrochemical reactions and the pseudocapacitive contribution. This study provides a basic understanding of structural evolution in layered Mn-based oxides and broadens the strategic design of cathode materials for PIBs.

Multiregion Janus-Featured Cobalt Phosphide-Cobalt Composite for Highly Reversible Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries.

Electrode materials with high conductivity, strong chemisorption, and catalysis toward polysulfides are recognized as key factors for metal-sulfur batteries. Nevertheless, the construction of such functional material is a challenge for room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT-Na/S) batteries. Herein, a multiregion Janus-featured CoP-Co structure obtained via sequential carbonization-oxidation-phosphidation of heteroseed zeolitic imidazolate frameworks is introduced. The structural virtues include a heterostructure existing in a CoP-Co structure and a conductive network of N-doped porous carbon nanotube hollow cages (NCNHCs), endowing it with superior conductivity in both the short- and long-range and strong polarity toward polysulfides. Thus, the S@CoP-Co/NCNHC cathode exhibits superior electrochemical performance (448 mAh g-1 remained for 700 times cycling under 1 A g-1) and an optimized redox mechanism in polysulfides conversion. Density functional theory calculations present that the CoP-Co structure optimizes bond structure and bandwidth, whereas the pure CoP is lower than the corresponding Fermi level, which could essentially benefit the adsorptive capability and charge transfer from the CoP-Co surface to Na2Sx and therefore improve its affinity to polysulfides.

3D Interconnected Gyroid Au-CuS Materials for Efficient Solar Steam Generation.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), a promising technology, is beneficial for various applications, such as photothermal conversion, solar cells, photocatalysts, and sensing. However, the SPR performance may be restricted by the 1D- or 2D-distributed hotspots. The bicontinuous interconnected gyroid-structured materials have emerged in light energy conversion due to a high density of 3D-distributed hotspots, ultrahigh light-matter interactions and large scattering cross-section. Here, a series of bioinspired Au-CuS gyroid-structured materials are fabricated by precisely controlling the deposition time of CuS nanoparticles (NPs) and then adopted for solar steam generation. Specifically, Au-CuS/GMs-80 present the highest evaporation efficiency of 88.8% under normal 1 sun, with a suitable filling rate (57%) and a large inner surface area (∼2.72 × 105 nm2 per unit cell), which simultaneously achieves a dynamic balance between water absorption and evaporation as well as efficient heat conduction with water in nanochannels. Compared with other state-of-the-art devices, Au-CuS/GMs-80 steam generator requires a much lower photothermal component loading (<1 mg cm-2) and still guarantees outstanding evaporation performance. This superior evaporation performance is attributed to broadband light absorption, continuous water supply, excellent heat generation and thermal insulation, and good light-heat-water interaction. The combination of 3D interconnected nanostructures with controllable metal-semiconductor deposition could provide a new method for the future design of high-performance plasmonic devices.

Self-assembling RuO2 nanogranulates with few carbon layers as an interconnected nanoporous structure for lithium-oxygen batteries.

Electrocatalysis for cathodic oxygen is of great significance for achieving high-performance lithium-oxygen batteries. Herein, we report a facile and green method to prepare an interconnected nanoporous three-dimensional (3D) architecture, which is composed of RuO2 nanogranulates coated with few layers of carbon. The as-prepared 3D nanoporous RuO2@C nanostructure can demonstrate a high initial specific discharge capacity of 4000 mA h g-1 with high round-trip efficiency of 95%. Meanwhile, the nanoporous RuO2@C could achieve stable cycling performance with a fixed capacity of 1500 mA h g-1 over 100 cycles. The terminal discharge and charge potentials of nanoporous RuO2@C are well maintained with minor potential variation of 0.14 and 0.13 V at the 100th cycle, respectively. In addition, the formation of discharge products is monitored by using in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD).