Precise GDP Spatialization and Analysis in Built-Up Area by Combining the NPP-VIIRS-like Dataset and Sentinel-2 Images.

Spatialization and analysis of the gross domestic product of second and tertiary industries (GDP23) can effectively depict the socioeconomic status of regional development. However, existing studies mainly conduct GDP spatialization using nighttime light data; few studies specifically concentrated on the spatialization and analysis of GDP23 in a built-up area by combining multi-source remote sensing images. In this study, the NPP-VIIRS-like dataset and Sentinel-2 multi-spectral remote sensing images in six years were combined to precisely spatialize and analyze the variation patterns of the GDP23 in the built-up area of Zibo city, China. Sentinel-2 images and the random forest (RF) classification method based on PIE-Engine cloud platform were employed to extract built-up areas, in which the NPP-VIIRS-like dataset and comprehensive nighttime light index were used to indicate the nighttime light magnitudes to construct models to spatialize GDP23 and analyze their change patterns during the study period. The results found that (1) the RF classification method can accurately extract the built-up area with an overall accuracy higher than 0.90; the change patterns of built-up areas varied among districts and counties, with Yiyuan county being the only administrative region with an annual expansion rate of more than 1%. (2) The comprehensive nighttime light index is a viable indicator of GDP23 in the built-up area; the fitted model exhibited an R2 value of 0.82, and the overall relative errors of simulated GDP23 and statistical GDP23 were below 1%. (3) The year 2018 marked a significant turning point in the trajectory of GDP23 development in the study area; in 2018, Zhoucun district had the largest decrease in GDP23 at -52.36%. (4) GDP23 gradation results found that Zhangdian district exhibited the highest proportion of high GDP23 (>9%), while the proportions of low GDP23 regions in the remaining seven districts and counties all exceeded 60%. The innovation of this study is that the GDP23 in built-up areas were first precisely spatialized and analyzed using the NPP-VIIRS-like dataset and Sentinel-2 images. The findings of this study can serve as references for formulating improved city planning strategies and sustainable development policies.

Developing a Modular Continuous Drug Product Manufacturing System with Real Time Quality Assurance for Producing Pharmaceutical Mini-Tablets.

The pharmaceutical industry has shown keen interest in developing small-scale modular manufacturing systems for producing medicinal products. These systems offer agile and flexible manufacturing, and are well-suited for use in situations requiring rapid production of drugs such as pandemics and humanitarian disasters. The creation of such systems requires the development of modular facilities for making solid oral drug products. In recent years, however, the development of such facilities has seen limited progress. This study presents a development of a prototype modular system that uses drop on demand (DoD) printing to produce personalized solid oral drug products. The system's operation is demonstrated for manufacturing mini-tablets, a category of pediatric drug products, in continuous and semi-batch modes. In this process, the DoD printer is used to generate molten formulation drops that are solidified into mini-tablets. These dosages are then extracted, washed and dried in a continuous filtration and drying unit which is integrated with the printer. Process monitoring tools are also incorporated in the system to track the critical quality attributes of the product and the critical process parameters of the manufacturing operation in real time. Future areas of innovation are also proposed to improve this prototype unit and to enable the development of advanced drug manufacturing systems based on this platform.

Manufacturing pharmaceutical mini-tablets for pediatric patients using drop-on-demand printing.

The pharmaceutical industry has traditionally manufactured medicines in a limited range of dose strengths, with an emphasis on addressing the needs of the largest patient subgroups. This has disadvantaged smaller patient subsets, such as children, who often cannot find drug products in dosage levels suitable for their requirements. In recent years, development of pharmaceutical mini-tablets has emerged as an attractive solution to this problem. These are small-size dosages that offer attractive features such as flexible and personalized drug dosing, ease of swallowing, and tailored drug release, making them an excellent choice for administering medicines to children. This study presents a novel technique for manufacturing pharmaceutical mini-tablets, using a drop-on-demand (DoD) printing system. In this method, a DoD system is used to generate precise droplets of a melt-based formulation, which are then captured and solidified in an inert solvent bath to produce individual mini-tablets. The study also evaluates the performance of this technique for various formulations, and quantifies two critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the resulting mini-tablets: content uniformity and dissolution behavior. The findings demonstrate that the manufactured mini-tablets can meet regulatory specifications for both CQAs, and that their release profiles can be customized by modifying the excipients used. The study also discusses promising areas of application and limitations of this technique.

Epigenetic modification in diabetic kidney disease.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common microangiopathy in diabetic patients and the main cause of death in diabetic patients. The main manifestations of DKD are proteinuria and decreased renal filtration capacity. The glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin level are two of the most important hallmarks of the progression of DKD. The classical treatment of DKD is controlling blood glucose and blood pressure. However, the commonly used clinical therapeutic strategies and the existing biomarkers only partially slow the progression of DKD and roughly predict disease progression. Therefore, novel therapeutic methods, targets and biomarkers are urgently needed to meet clinical requirements. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the role of epigenetic modification in the pathogenesis of DKD. Epigenetic variation mainly includes DNA methylation, histone modification and changes in the noncoding RNA expression profile, which are deeply involved in DKD-related inflammation, oxidative stress, hemodynamics, and the activation of abnormal signaling pathways. Since DKD is reversible at certain disease stages, it is valuable to identify abnormal epigenetic modifications as early diagnosis and treatment targets to prevent the progression of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Because the current understanding of the epigenetic mechanism of DKD is not comprehensive, the purpose of this review is to summarize the role of epigenetic modification in the occurrence and development of DKD and evaluate the value of epigenetic therapies in DKD.

Ferroptosis and the bidirectional regulatory factor p53.

Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death characterized by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, in contrast with apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. It can be triggered by many pathological processes, including cellular metabolism, tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and ischemia-reperfusion injuries. In recent years, ferroptosis has been discovered to be associated with p53. P53 is a tumor suppressor protein with multiple and powerful functions in cell cycle arrest, senescence, cell death, repair of DNA damage, and mitophagy. Emerging evidence shows that ferroptosis plays a crucial role in tumor suppression by p53. P53 functions as a key bidirectional regulator of ferroptosis by adjusting metabolism of iron, lipids, glutathione peroxidase 4, reactive oxygen species, and amino acids via a canonical pathway. In addition, a noncanonical pathway of p53 that regulates ferroptosis has been discovered in recent years. The specific details require to be further clarified. These mechanisms provide new ideas for clinical applications, and translational studies of ferroptosis have been performed to treat various diseases.

Role of sex hormones in diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common microvascular complication in diabetes and one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease. The standard treatments for patients with classic DN focus on blood glucose and blood pressure control, but these treatments can only slow the progression of DN instead of stopping or reversing the disease. In recent years, new drugs targeting the pathological mechanisms of DN (e.g., blocking oxidative stress or inflammation) have emerged, and new therapeutic strategies targeting pathological mechanisms are gaining increasing attention. A growing number of epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that sex hormones play an important role in the onset and progression of DN. Testosterone is the main sex hormone in males and is thought to accelerate the occurrence and progression of DN. Estrogen is the main sex hormone in females and is thought to have renoprotective effects. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which sex hormones regulate DN has not been fully elucidated and summarized. This review aims to summarize the correlation between sex hormones and DN and evaluate the value of hormonotherapy in DN.

Metastatic germ cell tumor showing a durable response to the anti-PD-1 antibody toripalimab.

The outcome for patients with recurrent and metastatic germ cell tumors can be dismal, and novel salvage therapies are required for these patients. Here we describe a case of metastatic germ cell tumor in which 30% of cells were positive for PD-L1. This tumor achieved a durable response to toripalimab, a monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody. Follow-up for 36 months post-treatment confirmed no disease progression. Continuous remission was maintained even when treatment was interrupted after 18 months because of an immune-related adverse event (allergic rhinitis). Thus, toripalimab may be an alternative choice for salvage therapy in patients with recurrent and metastatic germ cell tumors.

Rescue treatment for recurrent and metastatic germ cell tumors is limited. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown certain efficacy and safety in the treatment of a variety of tumors. Here we describe a case of metastatic germ cell tumor in which 30% of cells were positive for PD-L1. This tumor achieved a durable response to toripalimab, a monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody. Follow-up for 36 months post-treatment confirmed no disease progression. We not only report the first use of toripalimab for the treatment of a metastatic germ cell tumor but also describe a patient with the longest sustained remission with an anti-PD-1 antibody to date.

AIDS with obesity, hypothyroidism and elevated serum creatinine: A case report.

Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine illness with a variety of clinical symptoms, but among which elevated serum creatinine is uncommon. Hypothyroidism is also common in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, especially those receiving highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Here we present a case of a young AIDS patient with hypothyroidism, increased serum creatinine, and obesity. Despite the lack of a kidney biopsy, following levothyroxine (LT4) therapy, his serum creatinine recovered to normal levels, and weight loss, edema, weakness, rough skin and other clinical symptoms obtained notable improvement. This highlights the need of clinicians paying attention to whether thyroid function is aberrant in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients with increased creatinine, edema and significant weight gain since prompt thyroid hormone therapy can restore the alterations in renal function and avoid invasive renal biopsy.

Differential prognostic significance of sarcopenia in metastatic esophageal squamous and adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia indicates poor prognosis in various malignancies. We evaluated the association of sarcopenia with overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in metastatic esophageal cancer (MEC) patients, a population often presenting with poor nutritional status. METHODS: In newly diagnosed MEC patients managed at the Princess Margaret (PM) Cancer Centre (diagnosed 2006-2015), total muscle area, visceral adiposity (VA), and subcutaneous adiposity (SA) were quantified on abdominal computed tomography at L3. Sarcopenia was determined using published cutoffs, based on sex and height. RESULTS: Of 202 MEC patients, most were male (166/82%), < 65 years (116/57%), and had adenocarcinoma histology (141/70%); 110/54% had recurrent MEC after initial curative-intent treatment; 92/46% presented with de novo MEC. At stage IV diagnosis, 20/10% were underweight, 97/48% were normal-weight and 84/42% were overweight/obese; 103/51% were sarcopenic. Sarcopenia was associated with worse median OS (4.6 vs. 7.9 months; log-rank p = 0.03) and 1-year survival, even after adjusting for other body composition variables (e.g., BMI, VA, and SA): adjusted-HR 1.51 [95% CI 1.1-2.2, p = 0.02]. In post hoc analysis, sarcopenia was highly prognostic in adenocarcinomas (p = 0.003), but not squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). In patients receiving palliative systemic treatment (104/51%), sarcopenia was associated with shorter PFS (p = 0.004) in adenocarcinoma patients (75/72%). CONCLUSIONS: In metastatic esophageal adenocarcinomas, sarcopenia is associated with worse PFS and OS. In metastatic esophageal SCC, there was a non-significant trend for worse PFS but no association with OS. In order to offset the poor prognosis associated with sarcopenia particularly in metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma patients, future research should focus on possible countermeasures.

Organic solvent-free constructing of stable zeolitic imidazolate framework functional layer enhanced by halloysite nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol on polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membranes for treating dyeing wastewater.

In this study, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) loose nanofiltration (NF) hollow fiber membranes were fabricated by constructing ZIF-8 functional layer on the PVDF supporting membranes based on the vacuum-assisted assembly process. The ZIF-8 synthesis was completed in a water system, and the synthesized ZIF-8 suspension was directly added to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) aqueous solution system without drying to prepare the casting solution, which could solve the agglomeration and poor dispersion problem of ZIF-8 particles. In addition, the embedded HNTs and the loaded PVA among the ZIF-8 layer could improve the bonding strength between the ZIF-8 layer and the supporting membranes. After constructing ZIF-8 functional layer, the pore size of supporting membranes decreased from more than 300 nm to several nanometers. Furthermore, the water contact angle reduced from 91.1° to 54.2°. Applied to treat dye wastewater, the prepared ZIF-8/PVDF membranes maintained high dye rejection (˃99.0 %) for Congo red (CR), but low salt rejection for NaCl (about 2 %). In addition, the flux could reach 21.6 L m-2h-1 after continuous filtration 360 min, exhibiting a potential for treating the dye/salt wastewater. In particular, there were no organic solvents used in the work, which provided a promising idea for solvent-free fabrication of loose NF membranes.

As the SARS-CoV-2 virus evolves, should Omicron subvariant BA.2 be subjected to quarantine, or should we learn to live with it?

It has been nearly 35 months since the COVID-19 outbreak. The pathogen SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into several variants. Among them, Omicron is the fifth variant of concern which have rapidly spread globally during the past 8 months. Omicron variant shows different characteristics from previous variants, which is highly infectious, highly transmissible, minimally pathogenic, vaccine and antibody tolerant; however, it is less likely to cause severe illness, resulting in fewer deaths. Omicron has evolved into five main lineages, including BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5. Before BA.5, Omicron BA.2 sublineage was the dominant strain all over the world for several months. The experience of prevention and treatment against BA.2 is worth studying and learning for overcoming other Omicron subvariants. Although the Omicron subvariant BA.2 is significantly less severe than that caused by ancestral strains, it is still far more dangerous than influenza, and its long-term sequelae are unknown. Effective treatments are currently limited; therefore, effective defense may be the key to controlling the epidemic today, rather than just "living with" the virus.

Advances in the study of HLA class Ib in maternal-fetal immune tolerance.

The HLA class Ib molecule is an alloantigen that causes transplant rejection on behalf of individual human and plays an important role in maternal-fetal immune tolerance. Early studies on HLA class Ib focused on the mechanism of HLA-G-induced immune escape, but in recent years, studies on the mechanism of HLA-G have deepened and gradually explored the mechanism of HLA-E and HLA-F, which are also HLA class Ib molecules. In the maternal-fetal interface, trophoblast cells express HLA class Ib molecules to protect the fetus from maternal immune cells by binding to inhibitory receptors of decidual immune cells (DICs) and shifting Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 bias. Further studies on the molecular mechanism of HLA class Ib molecules provide a reference for its application in the field of clinical assisted reproduction.

Relationships of the Trace Elements Zinc and Magnesium With Diabetic Nephropathy-Associated Renal Functional Damage in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) are essential trace elements in humans. Their deficiency may be associated with inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanisms involved have not been fully characterized. We aimed to investigate the relationships between circulating concentrations of Zn and Mg and pro-inflammatory factors with DN-associated renal functional damage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To this end, we studied 20 healthy people, 24 patients with T2DM, and 59 patients with T2DM and T2DN. Serum and urine Zn and Mg concentrations were measured using the 2-(5-nitro-2-pyridylazo)-5-(N-propyl-N-sulfopropylamine) phenol (nitro-PAPS) chromogenic method and the xylidyl blue method, respectively, and the circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] were measured using flow cytometry. The serum concentrations of Zn and Mg were significantly lower in patients with T2DM and DN than in healthy controls. Serum Zn, urine Zn, and urine Mg concentrations decreased, while those of IL-6 and IL-8 increased with the progression of DN-associated renal functional damage. Furthermore, the serum and urine Zn concentrations negatively correlated with the serum IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations. Notably, the serum Zn concentration was found to independently protect against DN in patients with T2DM. Hypozincemia may be associated with the T2DN-associated renal functional damage because it exacerbates inflammation.

Interfacial Sites in Ag Supported Layered Double Oxide for Dehydrogenation Coupling of Ethanol to n-Butanol.

Upgrading of ethanol to n-butanol through dehydrogenation coupling has received increasing attention due to the wide application of n-butanol. But the enhancement of ethanol dehydrogenation and followed coupling to produce high selectivity to n-butanol is still highly desired. Our previous work has reported an acid-base-Ag synergistic catalysis, with Ag particles supported on Mg and Al-containing layered double oxides (Ag/MgAl-LDO). Here, Ag-LDO interfaces have been manipulated for dehydrogenation coupling of ethanol to n-butanol by tailoring the size of Ag particles and the interactions between Ag and LDO. It has been revealed that increasing the population of surface Ag sites at Ag-LDO interfaces promotes not only the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde but also the subsequent aldol condensation of generated acetaldehyde. A selectivity of up to 76 % to n-butanol with an ethanol conversion of 44 % has been achieved on Ag/LDO with abundant interfacial Ag sites, much superior to the state-of-the-art catalysts.

Research progress of sirtuins in renal and cardiovascular diseases.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sirtuins are a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+-dependent enzymes catalyzing target protein deacetylation to modulate cellular metabolism, response to oxidative stress and inflammation, senescence, autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies regarding the alterations and roles of sirtuins in a variety of renal and cardiovascular diseases. We are also going to highlight activators and inhibitors of sirtuins in the prevention of these diseases. This will help us to understand how this field may change in the future. RECENT FINDING: Recent studies have elucidated how physical or diseased conditions alter the expressions and enzyme activity of sirtuins and expounded sexual differences in sirtuins functions. In addition, interventions by targeting sirtuins have been applied in preclinical and clinical studies to prevent or slow the development of related diseases. SUMMARY: The advantages of female sex in renal and cardiovascular diseases are partially due to the expression and function of sirtuins. Estrogen activates sirtuins and in turn sirtuins promote estrogen receptor signaling. In addition, the hypoglycemic agents, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors protect against diabetic nephropathy at least in part via activating SIRT-1. Although several compounds targeted sirtuins are promising drug candidates in a variety of renal and cardiovascular diseases, well designed large clinical trials are still required to identify their efficacy and safety.

Therapeutic Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 on Diabetic Nephropathy and the Possible Mechanism in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Mice.

BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been only reported to prevent type 1 diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mouse model. However, the FVB (Cg)-Tg (Cryaa-Tag, Ins2-CALM1) 26OVE/PneJ (OVE26) transgenic mouse is a widely recommended mouse model to recapture the most important features of T1DM nephropathy that often occurs in diabetic patients. In addition, most previous studies focused on exploring the preventive effect of FGF21 on the development of DN. However, in clinic, development of therapeutic strategy has much more realistic value compared with preventive strategy since the onset time of DN is difficult to be accurately predicted. Therefore, in the present study OVE26 mice were used to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of FGF21 on DN. METHODS: Four-month-old female OVE26 mice were intraperitoneally treated with recombinant FGF21 at a dose of 100 µg/kg/day for 3 months. The diabetic and non-diabetic control mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline at the same volume. Renal functions, pathological changes, inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and fibrosis were examined in mice of all groups. RESULTS: The results showed that severe renal dysfunction, morphological changes, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis were observed in OVE26 mice. However, all the renal abnormalities above in OVE26 mice were significantly attenuated by 3-month FGF21 treatment associated with improvement of renal adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. CONCLUSION: Therefore, this study demonstrated that FGF21 might exert therapeutic effects on DN through AMPK-SIRT1 pathway.

The Role of Akt2 in the Protective Effect of Fenofibrate against Diabetic Nephropathy.

Fenofibrate (FF) protects against diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 1 diabetic (T1D) mice by upregulating the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), leading to the activation of the Akt-mediated Nrf2 antioxidant pathways. Here, we examined which isoforms of Akt contribute to FF activation of FGF21-mediated renal protection by examining the phosphorylation and expression of three isoforms, Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3. T1D induced by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (STZ) resulted in reduced phosphorylation of one isoform, Akt2, but FF treatment increased renal Akt2 phosphorylation in these and normal mice, suggesting a potential and specific role for renal Akt2 in FF protection against T1D. This was further confirmed using in vitro cultured HK-2 human kidney tubule cells exposed to high glucose (HG) with siRNA silencing of the Akt2 gene and STZ-induced diabetic Akt2-knockout mice with and without 3-month FF treatment. In normal HK-2 cells exposed to HG for 24 hours, FF completely prevented cell death, reduced total Akt expression and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3ß phosphorylation, increased nuclear accumulation of Fyn, and reduced nuclear Nrf2 levels. These positive effects of FF were partially abolished by silencing Akt2 expression. Similarly, FF abolished T1D-induced renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal dysfunction in wild-type mice, but was only partially effective in Akt2-KO mice. Furthermore, FF treatment stimulated phosphorylation of AMPKα, an important lipid metabolism mediator, which in parallel with Akt2 plays an important role in FF protection against HG-induced HK-2 cells oxidative stress and damage. These results suggest that FF protects against DN through FGF21 to activate both Akt2/GSK-3ß/Fyn/Nrf2 antioxidants and the AMPK pathway. Therefore, FF could be repurposed for the prevention of DN in T1D patients.

Role of Magnesium in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Magnesium (in its ionized and biologically active form, Mg2+) is an essential trace element that participates in numerous physiologic processes. Abnormal Mg2+ homeostasis can lead to many metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Mg2+ participates in energy generation and is required for DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction, and protein synthesis. Additionally, Mg2+ acts as a calcium antagonist and protects vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Imbalances in Mg2+ status, more frequently hypomagnesemia, inhibit glucose transporter type 4 translocation, increase insulin resistance, affect lipid metabolism, induce oxidative stress, and impair the antioxidant system of endothelial cells, In these ways, hypomagnesemia contributes to the initiation and progression of DM and its macrovascular and microvascular complications. In this review, we summarize recent advances in knowledge of the mechanisms whereby Mg2+ regulates insulin secretion and sensitivity. In addition, we discuss the future prospects for research regarding the mechanisms whereby Mg2+ status impacts DM and its complications.

Sex differences in progression of diabetic nephropathy in OVE26 type 1 diabetic mice.

AIMS: OVE26 mice (FVB background), genetically overexpressing calmodulin in pancreatic beta cells, develop early onset type 1 diabetes, leading to progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN), with features of established human DN. The role of gender in characteristics of renal lesions has remained unexplored. METHODS: Male and female OVE26 mice were compared to age and sex matched wild-type, nondiabetic FVB mice at ages of 4, 12, 24 and 36 weeks. Nephropathy was examined by measuring urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, histopathology, expression of pathological markers and immunochemistry in the same cohort of mice. RESULTS: Progression of diabetic kidney disease was evident first in the OVE26 glomerulus, initially as mesangial matrix expansion at 4 weeks followed by loss of podocytes, glomerular volume expansion and severe albuminuria at 12 weeks. Tubule dilation and initiation of interstitial fibrosis did not become significant until 24 weeks. T-lymphocyte infiltration into the renal parenchyma appeared at 36 weeks. OVE26 female mice developed more advanced DN than male OVE26 mice, such as more severe albuminuria, greater podocyte loss, additional fibrosis and significantly more inflammatory cell infiltration. The female OVE26 mice had lowest level of plasma estradiol in all 36 weeks old mice, as well as renal estrogen receptors. CONCLUSIONS: This demonstration of the role of gender, combined with the detailed characterization of DN progression illustrates the value of OVE26 mice for understanding gender effects on DN and provides the basis for researchers to better select the age and sex of OVE26 mice in future studies of type 1 DN. RESEARCH IN CONTEXT: What is already known about this subject? What is the key question? What are the new findings? How might this impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?