RESUMO
Acquisition of nutrients from different species is necessary for pathogen colonization. Iron is an essential mineral nutrient for nearly all organisms, but little is known about how pathogens manipulate plant hosts to acquire iron. Here, we report that AvrRps4, an effector protein delivered by Pseudomonas syringae bacteria to plants, interacts with and targets the plant iron sensor protein BRUTUS (BTS) to facilitate iron uptake and pathogen proliferation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Infection of rps4 and eds1 by P. syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 expressing AvrRps4 resulted in iron accumulation, especially in the plant apoplast. AvrRps4 alleviates BTS-mediated degradation of bHLH115 and ILR3(IAA-Leucine resistant 3), two iron regulatory proteins. In addition, BTS is important for accumulating immune proteins Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 (EDS1) at both the transcriptional and protein levels upon Pst (avrRps4) infections. Our findings suggest that AvrRps4 targets BTS to facilitate iron accumulation and BTS contributes to RPS4/EDS1-mediated immune responses.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/fisiologia , Ferro/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Mutação , Imunidade Vegetal/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Pseudomonas syringae/metabolismo , Pseudomonas syringae/patogenicidade , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare different methods for assessment of the limbs joints function and to discuss the rationality of the methods. METHODS: Eight hundred and six cases were collected from the Fujian Minzhong Forensic Appraisal Center from 2007 to 2010. These cases included injuries of large limbs joints with or without peripheral nerve injury. The loss of joint function was calculated according to the simple joint mobility method or the table method introduced in the book "Forensic Clinical Judicial Authentication Practice". The results of disability evaluation with different methods were analyzed and compared between different joints and injury patterns. RESULTS: In 642 cases of simple joint injuries without peripheral nerve injury, the results of disability evaluation based on simple joint mobility were the same as that based on the table. In 118 cases of joint injuries with peripheral nerve injury, all of them could be classified as disability, 33 cases (28.00%) had higher degree based on the table method than based on the simple joint mobility method. While 21 cases (17.80%) did not be evaluated as disabled based on the simple joint mobility method. CONCLUSION: The evaluation for loss of limb function would be easier, more scientific and reasonable by the direct table method than the simple joint mobility method.
