RESUMO
Time-based prospective memory (TBPM) refers to the ability of an individual to successfully execute an expected plan in the future at a certain time point or after a definite period of time. This study investigated the potential developmental mechanism of school-age children's TBPM ability from the perspective of time monitoring. Experiment 1 used a between-subjects design of three ages (7, 9, 11) × two TBPM types (time point, time period) to investigate the trends and characteristics of two types of TBPM in children aged 7-11 years old. Experiment 2 used a between-subjects design of three ages (7, 9, 11) × two monitoring conditions (free monitoring, fixed monitoring) to investigate differences in two types of TBPM and monitoring behavior among school-age children under different monitoring conditions. These results showed that the age effect of TBPM was affected by the type of prospective memory (PM) and that time-point PM performance was significantly better than time-period PM performance among school-age children. These findings indicate that clear and definite external cues are helpful for school-age children in performing TBPM tasks. Moreover, there were significant differences found in the TBPM performance of school-age children under different time monitoring conditions. The performance of older children was significantly better than that of younger children. This indicates that older children can better allocate their attentional resources and use time monitoring strategies to improve their performance in PM tasks. Accordingly, this study showed that the TBPM ability of 7- to 11-year-old children is in continuous development and that the time monitoring behavior in the TBPM task is affected by task type and monitoring conditions.
RESUMO
From June to August in 2014, the distributions of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and correlations with environmental factors were investigated, the eutrophication status and causes were discussed in Tianchi Lake of Tianshan Mountains. The results showed that the Chl-a concentrations ranged from 2. 11 to 4. 06 µg. L -1 with a mean value of (2. 8 ± 0. 69) µg . L-1 in summer, the vertical distribution of Chl-a in different monitoring zones had a similar characteristic that the Chl-a concentration in epilimnionis (2-12 m) was higher than those at the surface (0-2 m) and hypolimnion (below 12 m). The Chl-a concentration had significant negative correlations with depth and conductivity, significant positive correlations with water temperature, pH value, the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the cell density of algae and TP, and less correlation with TN. The mean concentrations of TN and TP in Tianchi Lake in summer were 0.27 mg . L-1 and 0.035 mg. L-1 respectively, both of which exceeded the international standards of general eutrophic lakes. The modified Carlson trophic state index was used to assess the eutrophication status of Tianchi Lake, which is currently at a moderate eutrophication level. The reasons might be the increased nutrients attributed to soil erosion, and algae blooms due to the changes in the composition of hydrobios. Therefore, it is important to use ecological restoration and management to protect the water quality and surrounding vegetation, which may mitigate the risk of eutrophication in Tianchi Lake.
