First report of Capsicum chlorosis virus naturally infecting Ageratum conyzoides in China.

Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV; family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus) was first reported to infect capsicum (Capsicum annuum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Australia in 2002 (McMichael et al., 2002). Subsequently, its infection was detected in different plants including waxflower (Hoya calycina Schlecter) in the United States (Melzer et al. 2014), peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in India (Vijayalakshmi et al. 2016), and spider lily (Hymenocallis americana) (Huang et al. 2017), Chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) (Zheng et al. 2020), and Feiji cao (Chromolaena odorata) (Chen et al. 2022) in China. Ageratum conyzoides L. (commonly known as goat weed, family Asteraceae) is a natural weed in crop fields distributed in subtropical and tropical areas and a reservoir host of numerous plant pathogens (She et al. 2013). In April 2022, we observed that 90% of plants of A. conyzoides in maize fields in Sanya, Hainan province, China, exhibited typical virus-like symptoms of vein yellowing, leaf chlorosis, and distortion (Fig. S1 A-C). Total RNA was extracted from one symptomatic leaf of A. conyzoides. Small RNA libraries were constructed using the small RNA Sample Pre Kit (Illumina, San Diego, USA) for sequencing with an Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform (Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China). A total 15,848,189 clean reads were obtained after removing low-quality reads. Quality-controlled qualified reads were assembled into contigs using Velvet 1.0.5 software with a k-mer value of 17. One hundred contigs shared nucleotide identity ranging from 85.7% to 100% with the CaCV using BLASTn searches online (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?). Numerous contigs (45, 34, and 21) obtained in this study were mapped to the L, M, and S RNA segments of the CaCV-Hainan isolate (GenBank accession no. KX078565- KX078567) from spider lily (Hymenocallis americana) in Hainan province, China, respectively. The full-length of L, M, and S RNA segments of CaCV-AC were determined to be 8,913, 4,841, and 3,629 bp, respectively (GenBank accession no. OQ597167- OQ597169). Furthermore, five symptomatic leaf samples were tested to be positive for CaCV using a CaCV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (MEIMIAN, Jiangsu, China) (Fig. S1-D). Total RNA from these leaves was amplified by RT-PCR with two sets of primer pairs. Primers CaCV-F (5'-ACTTTCCATCAACCTCTGT-3') and CaCV-R (5'-GTTATGGCCATATTTCCCT-3') were used for the amplification of 828 bp fragment from nucleocapsid protein (NP) on CaCV S RNA. While another, primers gL3637 (5'-CCTTTAACAGTDGAAACAT-3') and gL4435c (5'-CATDGCRCAAGARTGRTARACAGA-3') were used for the amplification of 816 bp fragment from RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) on CaCV L RNA (Fig. S1-E and -F) (Basavaraj et al. 2020). These amplicons were cloned into the pCE2 TA/Blunt-Zero vector (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) and three independent positive colonies of Escherichia coli DH5α carrying each viral amplicon were sequenced. These sequences were deposited in the GenBank database under accession nos. OP616700-OP616709. Pairwise sequence comparison revealed that nucleotide sequences of NP and RdRP genes of the five CaCV isolates shared 99.5% (812 bp out of 828 bp) and 99.4% (799 bp out of 816 bp) nucleotide identities, respectively. They showed 86.2-99.2% and 86.5-99.1% nucleotide identities with corresponding nucleotide sequences of other CaCV isolates derived from GenBank database, respectively. The highest nucleotide sequence identity (99%) of the CaCV isolates obtained in the study was observed with the CaCV-Hainan isolate. Phylogenetic analysis based on NP amino acid demonstrated that six CaCV isolates (this study = 5 and NCBI database = 1) clustered into one distinct clade (Fig. S2). Our data confirmed for the first time the presence of CaCV naturally infecting A. conyzoides plant in China, which enriches information on the host range and will be helpful for disease management.

Fluorescent conjugated microporous polymer based on perylene tetraanhydride bisimide for sensing o-nitrophenol.

A novel conjugated microporous polymer based on perylene tetraanhydride bisimide (DP2A2) has been synthesized through Sonogashira-Hagihara cross-coupling polymerization of tetrabromo-substituted perylene tetraanhydride bisimide derivative (DPBr2ABr2) with 1,4-diethynylbenzene, whose Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area is about 378 m2 g-1. The fluorescence quenching behaviors of the DP2A2 were investigated. It is found that the DP2A2 shows high sensitivity and selectivity to tracing o-nitrophenol (o-NP) in THF with KsV constant of 2.00 × 104 L mol-1. The detection limit (LOD) is 1.50 × 10-9 mol L-1. The possible sensing mechanism for the luminescent quenching of DP2A2 towards o-NP exciting at 365 nm was considered the donor-acceptor electron transfer mechanism, which is a combined result from both dynamic (collisional) and static quenching. Moreover, the static quenching process is dominant for DP2A2.

[Role of changes in sodium pump activity and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the ischemia/reperfusion induced injury of isolated hearts].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the roles of change in sodium pump activity and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the isolated rat hearts. METHODS: Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=10 each):normal control group (NC), I/R group (I/R), ouabain-I/R group (OUA-I/R), anti-digoxin antiserum-I/R group (Anti-Dig-I/R), PP2 (Src kinase inhibitor)-ouabain-I/R group (PP2-OUA-I/R),U73122 (PLC inhibitor)-ouabain-I/R group (PP2-OUA-I/R). The isolated rat hearts were perfused on the Langendorff apparatus. Except for NC group, all the hearts were subjected to 30 min global ischemia and followed by 120 min reperfusion. The cardiac function indexes were recorded at the same time. The coronary effluent was collected for estimating the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK). The activity of Na+-K+-ATPase and intracellular calcium concentration in myocardial tissue were measured. Apoptosis was evaluated by Flow cytometric analysis. The expressions of sodium pump α1 subunit, glucose regulated protein(GRP78),C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and Bcl-2/Bax were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: Pretreatment with ouabain significantly reduced the recovery of cardiac function, increased the levels of CK, LDH and intracellular calcium concentration, decreased the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase. In addition, ouabain markedly increased the myocardial apoptosis index, down-regulated the expressions of sodium pump α1 subunit and Bcl-2, up-regulated the expressions of GRP78,CHOP and Bax; while these changes were significantly improved in the Anti-Dig-I/R group compared with those in the I/R group; PP2 or U73122 partially blocked the effects of ouabain on myocardial I/R injury. Compared with the OUA-IR group, the recovery of cardiac function, the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase and the expressions of sodium pump α1 subunit and Bcl-2 were significant higher, meanwhile the leakage of CK and LDH, intracellular calcium concentration, myocardial apoptosis index and the expressions of GRP78 and Bax were significantly lower in PP2-OUA-I/R and U73122-OUA-I/R group. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in sodium pump function and endoplasmic reticulum stress all participate in the process of I/R injury. Current findings further suggest that sodium pump mediates ERS by activating signals of Src and PLC pathway, which may be one of the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by I/R injury.

[Association study between candidate genes on transforming growth factor-ß signaling pathway and the risk of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Chinese populations].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between 10 candidate genes on transforming growth factor-ß (TGFB) signaling pathway and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) among Chinese populations, and to study the gene-environment interaction. METHODS: A total of 806 Chinese Han NSCL/P trios were ascertained from an international consortium, which conducted a genome-wide association study using a case-parent trio design to investigate the genes affecting risk to NSCL/P. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was used to test for effects of 343 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 10 genes on TGFB signaling pathway including DCN, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, BAMBI, SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD4. The conditional regression models were used to test for gene-environment interaction. RESULTS: For TDT, although 19 SNPs showed nominal significant association with NSCL/P, no significant evidence of association was seen for all SNPs in 806 NSCL/P trios after Bonferroni correction. The interactions between genes and maternal smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, alcohol consumption and multi-vitamin supplementation during pregnancy did not attain statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION: No evidence for SNP effect of genes on TGFB signaling pathway and significant gene-environment interaction was seen in our data.

Effects of single and double bonds in linkers on colorimetric and fluorescent sensing properties of polyving akohol grafting rhodamine hydrazides.

Two rhodamine derivatives, N-mono-maleic acid amide-N'-rhodamine B hydrazide (MRBH) and N-mono-succinic acid amide-N'-rhodamine 6G hydrazide (SR6GH), were synthesized by amidation with maleic anhydride (MAH), succinic anhydride (SAH) and rhodamine B hydrazide, rhodamine 6G hydrazide, which were identified by FTIR, (1)H NMR and elemental analysis. Two water-soluble fluorescent materials (PVA-MRBH and PVA-SR6GH) were prepared via esterification reaction with N-mono-maleic acyl chloride amide-N'-rhodamine B hydrazide (MRBHCl) or N-mono-maleic acyl chloride amide-N'-rhodamine 6G hydrazide (SR6GHCl) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in DMSO solution. The sensing behaviors of PVA-MRBH and PVA-SR6GH were explored by recording the fluorescence spectra in completely aqueous solution. Upon the addition of Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) ions to the aqueous solution of PVA-MRBH, visual color change from rose pink to amaranth and orange for Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) ions, respectively, and fluorescence quenching were observed. Titration of Cu(2+), Fe(3+), Cr(3+) or Hg(2+) into the aqueous solution of PVA-SR6GH, although they induced fluorescence enhancement, only Fe(3+) made the color changing from colorless to yellow. Moreover, other metal ions did not induce obvious changes to color and the fluorescence spectra.

[Research on high resolution spectrum measurements of methane at 1.65 microm].

The high resolution spectrum of methane was obtained around 1.65 microm using a tunable DFB diode laser with a long adjustable optical path white * cell (46.36-1 158.90 m) at room temperature through the direct absorption technique. The typical line width of the DFB diode laser is about 10 MHz and the wavelength of DFB laser was calibrated by an optical wavemeter. A total of 259 new absorption lines were studied from 6 043.00 to 6 053.72 cm(-1) at five different pressures and optical lengths. All the data were fitted by Gaussian profile, the line intensities, positions and the percent of the statistical standard deviation (sigmaS/ S) % of the line intensities were obtained, and the absorption lines which are hard to be distinguished were analyzed in this paper. The weakest absorption line is 4.3 x 10(-27) cm(-1) x (mol x cm(-2))(-1), while the lines stronger than 3.0 x 10(-24) cm(-1) x (mol x cm(-2))(-1) were ignored for their saturated absorption due to the long absorption optical length(788-1 000 m). Meantime, the spectrum shows the abundance of methane weak lines and its extremely complex structure around 1.65 microm. All the lines cannot be found in HITRAN2004 database, and as to our knowledge, they were not reported before by other papers.

[The measurement of water vapor isotope based on mid-infrared difference frequency generation].

Stable-isotope ratio analysis of water is an important tool for geology, meteorology, and earth sciences. Measurements of water vapor isotopes are very helpful to explaining stratospheric aridity and related issues in atmospheric sciences. The absorption of water vapor near 2.7 microm is very strong so it is suitable for measuring high sensitivity spectra. Based on difference frequency generation and quasi-phase matching, by mixing an Nd : YAG laser with Ti : Sapphire tunable from 750 to 840 nm in a 50 mm long periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal, a widely tunable CW laser source was generated for the mid-infrared spectral range from 2.5 to 4 microm. We chose lambda = 20 microm for PPLN crystal, the generated laser was around 2.7 microm. This laser is widely tunable and of inherent narrow linewidth based on difference-frequency generation. Using this idler laser and 100 m multi-pass cell, and direct absorption the water vapor isotopes were measured in the laboratory air. The authors measured isotopes ratios and delta17O, delta18O and deltaD. The values were found to be in excellent agreement with the standard value for three individual lines.

[Bovine serum albumin in the presence of zinc (II) by fluorescence method].

The interaction between norfloxacin and bovine serum albumin, and the influence of Zinc (II) on the system of norfloxacin and bovine serum albumin was studied under physiological condition by fluorescence method. It was shown that norfloxacin has a powerful ability to quench the BSA fluorescence via a nonradiative energy transfer mechanism. The fluorescence quenching data were analyzed according to Stern-Volmer equation and double-reciprocal equation, and the binding constant (K) and the binding sites (n) were obtained. In the system of binary complex of NFLX and BSA, K = 6.80 x 10(5) and n = 1.21. There is a strong combination between NFLX and BSA, which offers the condition for the serum protein to be deposited and transported in vivo. Besides, the combination between NFLX and BSA becomes stronger in the presence of Zinc (II). According to Stern-Volmer equation and double-reciprocal equation, the concentration of Znic (II) is denser, and the binding constant (K) and the binding sites (n) are bigger. By studying the binding interaction between Zinc (II), norfloxacin and BSA, the mechanism of the interaction among norfloxacin, Zinc (II) and protein in organism, is furtherly discussed.